氯诺昔康用于腹部手术后患者自控静脉镇痛45例

目的研究氯诺昔康对腹部手术后患者自控静脉镇痛(PCIA)的有效性及安全性。方法将90例妇科腹部手术患者随机分为对照组和治疗组,每组45例。手术结束后对照组和治疗组分别使用芬太尼和氯诺昔康自控静脉镇痛,治疗组首次静脉注射12 mg氯诺昔康,将40 mg氯诺昔康用0.9%氯化钠注射液稀释至100 mL,以每小时2 mL静脉泵注射;对照组首次静脉注射0.05 mg芬太尼,将0.8 mg芬太尼加入100 mL 0.9%氯化钠注射液。连接电子镇痛泵,基础剂量为2 mL/h,患者自控镇痛为每次0.5 mL,锁定时间为15 min。于开始镇痛后4,8,12,24,48 h观察并记录患者疼痛视觉模拟(VAS)动态评分、PCA的次数及药品不良反应发生情况。结果两组患者在镇痛各时间点VAS动态评分和PCA次数等方面比较,差异无统计学意义(P>0.05);治疗组不良反应发生率显著低于对照组,两组差异有统计学意义(P<0.05)。结论氯诺昔康对腹部手术后患者自控静脉镇痛效果确切,不良反应少,可在临床推广。     

氯诺昔康复合芬太尼在上腹部手术自控镇痛中的平衡应用

目的:观察氯诺昔康复合芬太尼用于上腹部手术患者自控静脉镇痛(PCIA)的有效性和不良反应.方法:选择择期上腹部手术患者120例,随机分成三组:F组用芬太尼0.6mg 氟哌利多5mg,100mL·48h-1,L组用氯诺昔康48mg 氟哌利多5mg,100mL·48h-1,M组用氯诺昔康32mg 芬太尼0.2mg 氟哌利多5mg,100mL·48h-1.手术结束后,给予负荷剂量8mL,接镇痛泵由患者行PCIA.记录三组患者在1,4,8,16,24及48h等时间点的镇痛(VAS)、镇静(OAA/S)评分及不良反应.结果:F组的基本无痛率(65%)优于L组(55%)与M组(60%),但总的优良率三组间无统计学差异(P>0.05).F组尿潴留、呼吸抑制、恶心呕吐、嗜睡、和皮肤瘙痒等不良反应明显高于L组与M组(P<0.05).结论:氯诺昔康镇痛效果明显,与芬太尼合用于上腹部手术的PCIA镇痛,可减少芬太尼的不良反应,提高镇痛质量.     

不同剂量芬太尼联合氯诺昔康用于神经外科患者术后镇痛的疗效分析

目的：探讨不同剂量芬太尼联合氯诺昔康用于神经外科患者术后静脉自控镇痛（PCA）的疗效分析。方法将符合标准的病例随机分为A组（氯诺昔康40 mg＋芬太尼0.7 mg）、B组（氯诺昔康40 mg＋芬太尼0.5 mg）、C组（氯诺昔康40 mg＋芬太尼0.3 mg）,对比分析3组的镇痛情况及不良反应。结果同时段内A、B两组的视觉模拟评分（VAS）无显著性差异,但C组明显高于A、B两组;B、C两组的Ramsay镇静评分无显著性差异, A组镇静评分明显高于B、C两组;A组患者术后镇痛相关不良反应明显多于B、C两组,B、C两组间无显著差异。结论氯诺昔康联合小剂量芬太尼用于神经外科手术PCA,镇痛效果满意,值得推广。     

手术后氯诺昔康静脉自控镇痛的临床研究

目的评价氯诺昔康在手术后患者静脉自控镇痛(PCIA)的临床效果和不良反应。方法96例ASAⅠ～Ⅱ择期手术患者随机分两组:氯诺昔康组(L组,n=48)于手术结束前约30min静注氯诺昔康8mg和丹恩西酮4mg后连接镇痛泵(48mg氯诺昔康+生理盐水至100ml);曲马朵组(T组,n=48)于手术结束前约30min时静注曲马朵100mg和丹恩西酮4mg后连接镇痛泵(800mg曲马朵+生理盐水至100ml),连续量为2ml/h,自控量为0.5ml/15min。术后连续监测BP、RR、ECG、SpO2,定时观察记录视觉模拟评分法(VAS)的评分及恶心、呕吐、嗜睡多汗等不良反应的发生情况。结果两组术后4h、8h、16h、20h、24h、32h和48h的VAS评分接近(P>0.05)。恶心、呕吐、多汗发生率T组明显多于L组(P<0.05)。其他不良反应T组高于L组,但差异无显著意义(P>0.05)。结论氯诺昔康手术后PCIA效果良好,镇痛效果与曲马朵接近,但不良反应较少。     

氯诺昔康与曲马多在骨科术后患者自控静脉镇痛中的应用

目的:探讨氯诺昔康、曲马多与芬太尼配伍用于患者自控静脉镇痛(PCIA)的镇痛效果比较.方法:60例各类骨科术后中等以上疼痛患者随机分为两组(每组30例),试验组(L组)用芬太尼 氯诺昔康,对照组(T组)用芬太尼 曲马多.芬太尼用量0.02mg·kg-1,根据患者体重计算芬太尼总用量后,分别用8mg氯诺昔康或100mg曲马多替代0.1mg芬太尼.在L组中芬太尼与氯诺昔康各占一半,T组中芬太尼与曲马多各占一半.镇痛泵背景剂量2mL·h-1,PCIA剂量2mL·次-1,锁定时间15min.依据VAS评分标准分别测定术后4,16,24,36,50h的疼痛值,并观察两组在恶心、呕吐等方面不良反应,最后记录镇痛结束时患者对镇痛效果的总体评价.结果:两组镇痛效果VAS评分无显著差异(P>0.05),L组恶心呕吐等不良反应少于T组.结论:氯诺昔康和曲马多分别与芬太尼配伍用于PCIA镇痛效果无显著差异.氯诺昔康在恶心呕吐等不良反应方面优于曲马多.     

氯诺昔康和吗啡用于腹部、骨科手术后镇痛的评价

目的:评价非甾体抗炎药氯诺昔康用于腹部、骨科手术后患者自控镇痛的有效性及安全性.方法:选择240例20～60岁手术患者,随机分为腹部组(胃、肝、胆、肠)和骨科组(脊柱、下肢).腹部组120例,随机分为氯诺昔康组(A组)60例,吗啡组(B组)60例;骨科组120例,为氯诺昔康组(C组)60例和吗啡组(D组)60例.A组:氯诺昔康4支(8mg·支-1) 氟哌利多5mg,以生理氯化钠溶液稀释至100mL;B组:吗啡4支(10mg·支-1) 氟哌利多5mg,以生理氯化钠溶液稀释至100mL;C,D组药液配制与A,B组相同.采用自控镇痛泵以2mL·h-1持续输入.分别于4,8,16,24,36,48h进行随访,观察镇痛效果及出现的不良反应,如恶心、呕吐、头晕和嗜睡、面色潮红、皮肤瘙痒、呼吸抑制、肠蠕动时间及肛门排气时间.结果:骨科手术C,D组镇痛效果无显著性差异(P>0.05);腹部手术,A组镇痛效果低于B组有显著性差异(P<0.05),而C组与A组镇痛效果比较,差异非常显著(P<0.01).不良反应发生率,吗啡组均高于氯诺昔康组(P<0.01);肠蠕动及肛门排气时间,氯诺昔康组平均26h,吗啡组平均35h(P<0.05).结论:氯诺昔康用于骨科手术镇痛疗效比腹部手术强,不良反应发生率比吗啡低.     

氯诺昔康联合舒芬太尼用于肛肠手术后皮下自控镇痛的临床观察

目的观察氯诺昔康联合小剂量舒芬太尼与单纯芬太尼在肛肠手术后皮下自控镇痛效果及不良反应。方法 100例ASAⅠ～Ⅱ级并自愿接受术后镇痛的肛肠手术患者,随机分为A、B两组,每组50例。两组均于术毕连接皮下镇痛泵;A组为氯诺昔康40mg+舒芬太尼50μg+利多卡因200mg,B组为芬太尼1mg+利多卡因200mg,均用生理盐水稀释至100mL。观察并记录术后6、12、24、48h的VAS评分及不良反应,并在镇痛结束后统计患者对镇痛治疗的总体满意度。结果术后各点VAS镇痛评分无统计学意义(P>0.05)镇痛期间不良反应发生率和患者满意度两组间有统计学意义(P<0.05)。结论氯诺昔康联合小剂量舒芬太尼用于肛肠术后皮下镇痛效果确切,不良反应发生率低。     

氯诺昔康与曲马多患者自控静脉镇痛的比较

目的:评价氯诺昔康与曲马多自控静脉镇痛的镇痛效果及不良反应.方法:40例ASA Ⅰ～Ⅱ级喉癌根治术患者,随机分为L(氯诺昔康)组和T(曲马多)组,手术缝合时,L组静注氯诺昔康8mg,T组静注曲马多100mg,手术结束前经外周静脉连接自控式镇痛泵.输注模式:背景量2mL·h-1,追加量0.5mL,锁定时间15min.药液配制:L组:氯诺昔康48mg加生理氯化钠溶液至120mL;T组:曲马多1000mg加生理氯化钠溶液至120mL.镇痛期间观察视觉模拟评分(VAS)、舒适评分(BCS)及不良反应.结果:两组比较VAS与BCS均无统计学差异.曲马多组恶心、呕吐、出汗等反应高于氯诺昔康组.结论:氯诺昔康与曲马多都能提供良好的术后镇痛.氯诺昔康伴有较少的不良反应,在临床上更值得应用和推广.     

氯诺昔康在甲状腺手术中的应用评价

目的:探讨氯诺昔康用于甲状腺手术麻醉的有效性及安全性.方法:择期甲状腺手术患者56例,麻醉方式以局麻为主,随机分为氯诺昔康组(A组)和对照组(B组).A组在切皮前30min给予氯诺昔康16mg静脉注射,而B组在切皮前30min给予生理氯化钠溶液4mL静脉注射.通过下列指标评价临床效果:① VAS评分;②局麻药和芬太尼的用量;③ Ramsay镇静评分;④患者对术中镇痛效果总体印象评分;⑤术中呼吸循环指标;⑥术后24h内不良反应如恶心呕吐的发生情况.结果:A组术中血流动力学稳定,术中VAS评分较低,局麻药和芬太尼用量及加药次数显著减少,术后恶心呕吐等不良反应少.结论:氯诺昔康用于甲状腺手术可以提供满意的镇痛效果.     

氯诺昔康用于颌面外科手术后病人自控镇痛的临床研究

目的以曲马多为对照药物对各类颌面外科术后患者应用氯诺昔康行病人自控静脉镇痛(PCIA)的有效性和安全性进行评价.方法将60例成年ASAⅠ～Ⅱ级行择期颌面外科手术患者,随机分为3组,曲马多(T)组:曲马多16 mg·kg-1;氯诺昔康(L)组:氯诺昔康1.3 mg·kg-1;曲马多和氯诺昔康(T L)组:曲马多8 mg·kg-1 氯诺昔康0.65 mg·kg-1,均稀释至100 mL,以2 mL·h-1行PCIA.记录3组在置泵后2、4、8、12、24、48 h的视觉模拟评分值(VAS)、患者对镇痛治疗总体印象评分及在各时间段中的不良反应.结果T组、L组、T L组48 h内各时间点VAS和PCIA结束后镇痛治疗总体印象评分无显著性差异(P＞0.05),T组、L组、T L组恶心呕吐发生率分别为33.3%、20.0%和6.67%,其中T L组明显低于T组(P＜0.05).结论采用氯诺昔康对颌面外科手术后病人自控镇痛安全有效,和曲马多复合使用能减少各自不良反应,可作为术后平衡镇痛的药物组成.     

Efficacy of gut lavage,hemodialysis, and hemoperfusion in the therapy of paraquat or diquat intoxication

Clinical and in vitro investigations were carried out to test the efficacy of gut lavage, hemodialysis, and hemoperfusion in the treatment of poisoning with paraquat or diquat. In a patient suffering from diquat intoxication 130 times more diquat was removed by gut lavage 30 h after ingestion than was removed by complete aspiration of the gastric contents.Determination of in vitro clearances for paraquat and diquat by hemodialysis showed that, at serum concentrations of 1–2 ppm, such as are frequently encountered in poisoning in man, toxicologically relevant quantities of herbicide cannot be removed from the body. At a concentration of 20 ppm, on the other hand, hemodialysis proved to be effective, the clearance being 70 ml/min at a blood flow rate of 100 ml/min. The efficacy of hemoperfusion with coated activated charcoal was on the whole better. Especially at concentrations around 1–2 ppm, the clearance values for hemoperfusion were some 5–7 times higher than those for hemodialysis.In a patient suffering from paraquat poisoning, both hemodialysis as well as hemoperfusion were carried out. The in vitro results could be confirmed: At serum concentrations of paraquat less than 1 ppm no clearance could be obtained by hemodialysis while by hemoperfusion with activated charcoal quite high clearance values were measured and the serum level dropped down to zero.

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Zusammenfassung Klinische Untersuchungen und Laboratoriumsversuche wurden durchgeführt, um die Wirksamkeit von Darmspülung, Hämodialyse und Hämoperfusion bei Paraquat- und Deiquat-Vergiftungen zu prüfen.Bei einem Patienten wurde 30 Std nach Deiquat-Aufnahme durch Darmspülung 130mal mehr Deiquat entfernt als durch vollständige Aspiration des Mageninhaltes. In vitro-Versuche ergaben, daß bei Blutserumkonzentrationen von 1–2 ppm, die bei Vergiftungen oft gemessen werden, durch Hämodialyse keine toxikologisch relevanten Paraquat- oder Deiquat-Mengen entfernt werden können. Dagegen erwies sich die Hämodialyse bei 20 ppm und einer Blutumlaufgeschwindigkeit von 100 ml/min mit einer Clearance von 70 ml/min als wirksam. Die Hämoperfusion mit beschicheter Aktivkohle war in diesen Versuchen aber eindeutig überlegen, denn insbesondere bei Konzentrationen um 1–2 ppm waren die Clearance-Werte 5–7mal höher als bei der Hämodialyse.Die in vitro-Ergebnisse wurden bei einem Patienten mit einer Paraquat-Vergiftung bestätigt: Bei Konzentrationen unter 1 ppm war die Hämodialyse wirkungslos, während durch Hämoperfusion relativ hohe Clearance-Werte erreicht wurden, so daß der Serumspiegel rasch unter die Nachweisgrenze abfiel.

     

In vitro studies on sterically stabilized liposomes (SL) as enzyme carriers in organophosphorus (OP) antagonism

This study describes a new approach for organophosphorous (OP) antidotal treatment by encapsulating an OP hydrolyzing enzyme, OPA anhydrolase (OPAA), within sterically stabilized liposomes. The recombinant OPAA enzyme was derived from Alteromonas strain JD6. It has broad substrate specificity to a wide range of OP compounds: DFP and the nerve agents, soman and sarin. Liposomes encapsulating OPAA (SL)* were made by mechanical dispersion method. Hydrolysis of DFP by (SL)* was measured by following an increase of fluoride ion concentration using a fluoride ion selective electrode. OPAA entrapped in the carrier liposomes rapidly hydrolyze DFP, with the rate of DFP hydrolysis directly proportional to the amount of (SL)* added to the solution. Liposomal carriers containing no enzyme did not hydrolyze DFP. The reaction was linear and the rate of hydrolysis was first order in the substrate. This enzyme carrier system serves as a biodegradable protective environment for the recombinant OP-metabolizing enzyme, OPAA, resulting in prolongation of enzymatic concentration in the body. These studies suggest that the protection of OP intoxication can be strikingly enhanced by adding OPAA encapsulated within (SL)* to pralidoxime and atropine.     

Aquatic Insects and Trace Metals: Bioavailability,Bioaccumulation, and Toxicity

Abstract

The uptake of metals from food and water sources by insects is thought to be additive. For a given metal, the proportions taken up from water and food will depend both on the bioavailable concentration of the metal associated with each source and the mechanism and rate by which the metal enters the insect. Attempts to correlate insect trace metal concentrations with the trophic level of insects should be made with a knowledge of the feeding relationships of the individual taxa concerned. Pathways for the uptake of essential metals, such as copper and zinc, exist at the cellular level, and other nonessential metals, such as cadmium, also appear to enter via these routes. Within cells, trace metals can be bound to proteins or stored in granules. The internal distribution of metals among body tissues is very heterogeneous, and distribution patterns tend to be both metal and taxon specific. Trace metals associated with insects can be both bound on the surface of their chitinous exoskeleton and incorporated into body tissues. The quantities of trace meals accumulated by an individual reflect the net balance between the rate of metal influx from both dissolved and particulate sources and the rate of metal efflux from the organism. The toxicity of metals has been demonstrated at all levels of biological organization: cell, tissue, individual, population, and community. Much of the literature pertaining to the toxic effects of metals on aquatic insects is based on laboratory observations and, as such, it is difficult to extrapolate the data to insects in nature. The few experimental studies in nature suggest that trace metal contaminants can affect both the distribution and the abundance of aquatic insects. Insects have a largely unexploited potential as biomonitors of metal contamination in nature. A better understanding of the physico-chemical and biological mechanisms mediating trace metal bioavailability and exchange will facilitate the development of general predictive models relating trace metal concentrations in insects to those in their environment. Such models will facilitate the use of insects as contaminant biomonitors.     

Alzheimer’s disease – current trends in basic and clinical research. Highlights from the 16th ECNP

Advances in the molecular biological knowledge of neuronal nicotinic acetylcholine receptors (nAChRs) have led to a growing interest by the pharmaceutical industry in the development of novel compounds that selectively modulate nAChR function. The ability of (-)-nicotine, an activator of nAChRs, to enhance attentional aspects of cognition in animals and humans, to exert neuroprotective and anxiolytic-like effects, and presumably to mediate the negative correlation between smoking and Alzheimer's (and Parkinson's) Disease, has focused interest on the potential therapeutic utility of modulators of nAChR function for treatment of some of the deficits associated with these progressive, neurodegenerative conditions. Numerous compounds are known which activate nAChRs and which might serve as lead compounds toward the development of such agents. The pharmacologic diversity of neuronal nAChR subtypes suggests the possibility of developing selective compounds which would have more favourable side-effect profiles than existing agents. This broader class of agents, collectively called cholinergic channel modulators (ChCMs), is anticipated to encompass compounds which would have more favourable side-effect profiles than existing agents, which generally exhibit low selectivity. This selectivity may be achieved by preferentially activating some subtypes of nAChRs (i.e., Cholinergic Channel Activators, ChCAs) or inhibiting the function of other subtypes (Cholinergic Channel Inhibitors, ChCIs). An overview of the biology of nAChRs and the rationale for the use of ChCMs for the treatment of dementia related to neurodegenerative diseases are presented, followed by a discussion of lead compounds and compounds under consideration for clinical evaluation.     

Steroidal sapogenin contents in some domestic plants

In order to find out the values of the steroid resources for the future use. the compositions and contents of steroidal sapogenins from 13 domestic plants have been investigated. As a result,Dioscorea nipponica, D. quinqueloba andSmilax china were found to have large amount of diosgenin. And pennogenin inTrillium kamtschaticum andParis verticillata, yuccagenin inAllium fistulosum, hecogenin inAgave americana and neochlorogenin inSolanum nigum were appeared to be major steroidal sapogenins.