骨筋膜间隔综合征所致慢性腰痛的诊断与治疗

目的探讨由腰骶部骨筋膜间隔综合征所致慢性腰痛的临床诊断、手术治疗方法。方法慢性腰痛患者经临床查体、影像学检查、腰骶部竖脊肌骨筋膜间隔内压测量诊断为慢性骨筋膜间隔综合征者33例,男15例,女18例;年龄18～66岁,平均42.3岁。慢性腰痛时间2～42年,平均27年。采用微创方法行腰骶部竖脊肌骨筋膜间隔切开减压术,术后进行腰、腹肌功能锻炼。结果术后下腰痛症状较术前明显好转,步行能力明显增加,腰部前屈、后伸活动度较术前分别增加15°±0.5°和7°±0.7°(P<0.05)。术前腰骶部骨筋膜间隔内压在静息、运动中和运动后6min以内分别为(10.4±0.9)、(187.1±11.16)和(13.2±1.3)mmHg,术后分别为(6.8±0.8)、(162.3±12.35)和(7.1±0.6)mmHg(t值分别为2.035、2.320、3.211,P<0.05或0.01)。竖脊肌病理改变为退行性变、灶状萎缩和坏死,电镜表现为散在性的骨骼肌纤维排列紊乱,多处骨骼肌纤维变性。超声多普勒结果表明腰骶部骨骼肌内最大血流速度和平均血流速度较术前分别增加(0.17±0.02)kHz和(0.09±0.01)kHz(P<0.05)。结论应用临床检查及骨筋膜间隔内压测定的方法诊断由腰骶部慢性骨筋膜间隔综合征所致的慢性腰痛是可靠的。治疗上可采用骨筋膜间隔切开减压术。     

微创腰骶骨筋膜切开减压治疗慢性腰痛的临床研究

目的探讨微创方法对腰骶部竖脊肌骨筋膜切开减压治疗因慢性骨筋膜间隔综合征所致的慢性腰痛的临床疗效。方法自2002年2月-2004年1月应用自制针刀、经皮穿刺对腰骶部竖脊肌骨筋膜间隔切开减压治疗因慢性骨筋膜间隔综合征所致的腰痛病人128例,男51例,女77例,年龄19～70岁,平均年龄42.5岁,慢性腰痛时间2～40年,平均15年,局麻下以L3棘突旁2.5cm处为穿刺点,纵行切开骨筋膜11～13cm。术后进行腰、腹肌功能锻炼。对术后腰痛症状、腰部活动度、竖脊肌内压变化及竖脊肌内血流改变与术前比较观察。结果术后腰痛症状较术前明显好转,步行能力明显增加,腰部前屈、后伸活动度较术前分别增加16°±0.5°和8°±0.6°(P<0.05)。术前腰骶部骨筋膜间隔内压在静息、运动中和运动后6min以内分别为(11.2±0.6)、(192±12.23)、(14.2±1.3)mmHg,术后分别为(6.9±0.65)、(163.2±12.4)和(7.2±0.45)mmHg(P<0.05或0.01)。超声多普勒结果表明腰骶部竖脊肌内压最大血流速度和平均血流速度较术前分别增加(0.17±0.02)kHz和(0.19±0.01)kHz(P<0.05)。经3～18个月随访,疗效满意。结论对由慢性骨筋膜间隔综合征所致的腰痛,采用经皮穿刺微创骨筋膜间隔切开减压术治疗是一种简单有效的方法。     

腰骶部慢性骨筋膜室综合征所致慢性腰痛的诊断和治疗

目的 :探讨由慢性骨筋膜室综合征所致慢性腰痛的临床诊断、手术治疗的方法。方法 :对慢性腰痛患者采用临床检查、影像学检查、腰部竖脊肌骨筋膜室内压测量、骨筋膜室切开、减压手术治疗 ,术后腰、腹肌功能锻炼。结果 :慢性腰痛患者行骨筋膜室切开、减压治疗后较术前下腰痛症状和体征明显好转、步行能力明显增加、ADL得到明显改善 ,腰部骨筋膜室内压在静止、运动中和运动后 6min以内分别在 8、175和 8mmHg以下 (手术前分别为 8、175和 8mmHg以上 ) ,腰部前屈、后伸活动度较术前分别增加 ( 15± 0 .5 )°和 ( 7± 0 .7)° ,多普勒超声腰部骨骼肌内血流量较术前明显增加 ,竖脊肌肌力较术前增加 ( 1.0± 0 .3)kg。结论 :应用临床、影像学检查及骨筋膜室内压测定的方法诊断由慢性骨筋膜室综合征所致慢性腰痛及采用骨筋膜室切开、减压的方法治疗该疾病是非常有效的。     

腰骶部慢性骨筋膜间隔综合征所致慢性腰痛治疗前对患者进行教育的重要性

患者教育是医院健康教育的一个重要方面，也是康复医学发展的重要分支之一，是一项有目的、有计划和系统地帮助患者学习的行为。其目的在于通过增进患者的疾病知识，从而改变患者的行为，最终促进患者的康复。为了阐明对患者进行系统性教育与以往临床上进行的零散、不系统的健康指导有何区别、以及在增进患者的疾病知识方面何者更有效，作者进行了这项工作，希望揭示对患者进行系统性教育的有效性，并为临床开展对腰骶部慢性骨筋膜间隔综合征患者教育提供内容、方法等方面的参考。有目的、有计划和系统性的对患者进行教育，有助于提高患者对腰骶部慢性骨筋膜间隔综合征所致慢性腰痛疾病的正确认识和增强患者战胜疾病的信心和决心。     

动态检测CK、LDH、AST在骨筋膜室综合征早期诊断中的作用

目的探讨连续、动态检测血浆中磷酸肌酸激酶（CK）、乳酸脱氢酶（LDH）、谷草转氨酶（AST）浓度在骨筋膜室综合征早期诊断中的作用。方法选择40例四肢骨筋膜室综合征患者,连续、动态检测2、24 h以及1、2、3、4周血浆中CK、LDH、AST浓度,在术中以及术后1、2、3周取患肢受累肌肉组织行病理检查。结果患者受伤2 h后,血浆中CK、LDH、AST浓度即急剧升高：CK（2 447.80±3 407.41）U/L、LDH（354.90±118.51）U/L、AST（137.03±117.38）U/L,分别为正常值的20、2、4倍。24 h后各项指标达到峰值或谷值：CK（5 184.60±4 695.65）U/L、LDH（729.75±237.65）U/L、AST（241.13±172.23）U/L,分别达正常值的42、4、10倍。1周后,LDH、AST与正常值比较差异有显著性（P〈0.05）。病理检验显示术中所取肌肉标本明显坏死呈不可逆性变化。结论CK、LDH、AST指标的变化能客观反映病情严重程度。当这些指标急剧升高时要高度警惕骨筋膜室综合征的发生。动态、连续监测这些指标能为早期诊断及评估骨筋膜室综合征病情提供帮助。     

胫腓骨骨折并发骨筋膜室综合征的观察与护理

胫腓骨骨折并发骨筋膜室综合征的观察与护理广西桂林市中医院（５４１００２）刘凤珠骨筋膜室综合征是胫腓骨折最严重的并发症，其病程发展快，后果极其严重；确诊后最有效的疗法是尽早骨筋膜切开减压。１９９２年在我科收治的胫腓骨骨折病人中，有４例并发骨筋膜室综合征...     

夹板固定并发筋膜间隔区综合征的预防

夹板固定并发筋膜间隔区综合征的预防湖北中医学院附属医院（４３００６１）熊昌源，尹晓光从１９７６年以来，我院共发现筋膜间隔区综合征１３例，现报告于下。临床资料本组１３例中男９例，女４例；年龄最小３岁，最大４５岁；从受伤到本征确诊时间最短８小时，最长１８...     

骨筋膜室综合征

骨筋膜室综合征（compartment syndrome，CS），又称筋膜室综合征，由Richard Von Volkman于1872年首次提出，是指由骨、骨间膜、肌间隔、深筋膜等组成的所有密闭的解剖空间即筋膜室内，任何原因造成的组织间隙压力超过灌注压，导致筋膜室内组织（如肌肉神经等）因急性缺血所致的一系列征候群。其特点是诱因多样、发展迅速，处理不及时或不当可造成肢体功能障碍、坏疽、横纹肌溶解、器官功能衰竭乃至危及生命等严重后果。     

股部急性间隔综合征

急性间隔综合征(Acute compartment syndrome,ACS)是临床上较为常见的一种骨科并发症,人们对前臂缺血性挛缩和小腿急性间隔综合征比较熟悉,但对股部急性间隔综合征的发生认识不足。已有临床研究资料表明[1-3],该症的发生呈进行性增长趋势,且有一定的死亡率。为提高对本症的认识,本文对其发病机制、诊断与治疗进行综述。1发病机制虽然身体任何肌肉丰富的部位均可发生ACS,但以四肢发病最为常见[4-7]。四肢肌肉成组地被包裹于肌间隔、骨间筋膜和骨骼所形成的筋膜间隙内。筋膜是坚韧而无弹性的组织,不因间隙内的张力增高而有伸展与退让,这就…     

腰骶部慢性骨筋膜间隔综合征的原因诊断与治疗

下腰痛（low back pain,LBP）是以腰部疼痛为特征的一组疾病,可为急性或慢性.有调查显示[1]大约70%～85%的人生活中有腰痛经历,在美国,腰痛在成人中年发病率为10%～15%,是造成45岁以下人口活动受限的第1位原因,看病求医的第2位原因.造成腰痛的原因很多,腰椎间盘突出、脊椎肿瘤、炎症,内脏病变等均可导致.     

Microscopic changes in the spinal extensor musculature in people with chronic spinal pain: a systematic review

BACKGROUND CONTEXTChronic spinal pain is one the most common musculoskeletal disorders. Previous studies have observed microscopic structural changes in the spinal extensor muscles in people with chronic spinal pain. This systematic review synthesizes and analyzes all the existing evidence of muscle microscopic changes in people with chronic spinal pain.PURPOSETo assess the microscopy of spinal extensor muscles including the fiber type composition, the area occupied by fiber types, fiber size/cross sectional area (CSA), and narrow diameter (ND) in people with and without chronic spinal pain. Further, to compare these outcome measures across different regions of the spine in people with chronic neck, thoracic and low back pain.STUDY DESIGNSystematic review with meta-analysis.METHODSMEDLINE (Ovid Interface), Embase, PubMed, CINAHL Plus, and Web of Science were searched from inception to October 2020. Key journals, conference proceedings, grey literature and hand searching of reference lists from eligible studies were also searched. Two independent reviewers were involved in the selection process. Only studies examining the muscle microscopy of the spinal extensor muscles (erector spinae [ES] and/or multifidus [MF]) between people with and without chronic spinal pain were selected. The risk of bias from the studies was assessed using modified Newcastle Ottawa Scale and the level of evidence was established using the GRADE approach. Data were synthesized based on homogeneity on the methodology and outcome measures of the studies for ES and MF muscles and only four studies were eligible for analysis.RESULTSAll the five studies included were related to chronic low back pain (CLBP). Meta-analysis (inverse variance method for random effect to calculate mean difference and 95% CI) was performed for the ES fiber type composition by numbers for both type I and type II fibers (I²=43% and 0% respectively indicating homogeneity of studies) and showed no difference between the people with and without CLBP with an overall effect estimate Z= 1.49 (p=.14) and Z=1.06 (p=.29) respectively. Meta-analysis was performed for ES fiber CSA for both type I and type II fibers (I²=0 for both) and showed no difference between people with and without CLBP with an overall effect estimate Z=0.08 (p=.43) and Z=0.75 (p=.45) respectively. Analysis was not performed for ES area occupied by fiber types and ND due to heterogeneity of studies and lack of evidence respectively. Similarly, meta-analysis was not performed for MF fiber type composition by numbers due to heterogeneity of studies. MF analysis for area occupied by fiber type, fiber CSA and ND did not yield sufficient evidence.CONCLUSIONSFor the ES muscle, there was no difference in fiber type composition and fiber CSA between people with and without CLBP and no conclusions could be drawn for ND for the ES. For the MF, no conclusions could be drawn for any of the muscle microscopy outcome measures. Overall, the quality of evidence is very low and there is very low evidence that there are no differences in microscopic muscle features between people with and without CLBP.     

Spinal endoscopy in chronic low back pain with radiculopathy. A prospective case series

All 38 patients listed for day-case spinal endoscopy over a 12-month period (April 1998 - April 1999), who had chronic severe low back pain with a radiculopathic element, were studied prospectively. The mean [range] pain duration before treatment was 10.9 [2-26] years and 50% had failed back surgery syndrome. In all patients in whom treatment was completed (n = 34), the pain-generating nerve roots were located through symptom interaction with the patient. All had epidural scar tissue, 14 (41%) having dense adhesions. Mobilisation of adhesions around the nerve root (neuroplasty) was performed so that a pocket was formed for the subsequent placement of bupivacaine, Depomedrone and clonidine. No intra-operative complications occurred and side-effects were minimal. Follow-up over a 12-month period showed statistically significant reductions in pain scores and disability. Spinal endoscopy may be the diagnostic method of choice for epidural fibrosis. It has substantial therapeutic and research potential. Prospective randomised studies are required.     

Spinal muscle evaluation in healthy individuals and low-back-pain patients: a literature review

This article reviews available techniques for spinal muscle investigation, as well as data on spinal muscles in healthy individuals and in patients with low back pain. In patients with chronic low back pain, medical imaging studies show paraspinal muscle wasting with reductions in cross-sectional surface area and fiber density. In healthy individuals, the paraspinal muscles contain a high proportion of slow-twitch fibers (Type I), reflecting their role in maintaining posture. The proportion of Type I fibers is higher in females, leading to better adaptation to aerobic exertion compared to males. Abnormalities seen in paraspinal muscles from patients with chronic low back pain include marked Type II fiber atrophy, conversion of Type I to Type II fibers, and an increased number of nonspecific abnormalities. Limited data are available from magnetic resonance spectroscopy used to investigate muscle metabolism and from near infrared spectroscopy used to measure oxygen uptake by the paraspinal muscles. Surface electromyography in patients with chronic low back pain shows increased paraspinal muscle fatigability, often with abolition of the flexion-relaxation phenomenon.     

The anterior and the lateral compartmental syndrome of the leg due to intensive use of muscles.

The anterior and lateral compartmental syndromes of the leg due to intensive use of muscles can be briefly defined as painful circulatory disturbances associated with a pathological increase in total intramuscular pressure. In these syndromes, an acute and a chronic form are distinguished. The acute form takes a progressive course, and the structures within the compartment affected are subject to complete or partial destruction. The chronic form takes an intermittent course. Physical exertion of the lower limbs gives rise to pain in the compartment. Determination of the pressure in the tibialis anteriot muscle and phlebography, both before and after weighted exercise of the muscles of the anterior compartment, were found to be the most valuable diagnostic aids in the chronic syndrome. In the acute syndrome, the compartment affected must be decompressed by fasciotomy as quickly as possible. Since most patients with a chronic syndrome can adequately cope with daily requirements, an operation is not always required. Indications for fasciotomy are presented. The real cause of the increase in total intramuscular pressure is not understood, suggestions concerning the pathogenesis are made, and the mechanism of the circulatory disturbances is discussed.     

Lumbar paraspinal compartment syndrome

The purpose of this study was to systematically review the available evidence on lumbar paraspinal compartment syndrome with specific reference to patient demographics, aetiology, types, diagnosis, clinical features, and treatment. This was an Institutional Review Board-exempt study performed at a Level 1 trauma center. A PubMed search was conducted with the title query: lumbar paraspinal compartment syndrome. Eleven articles met our search criteria. Three of the patients with acute paraspinal compartmental syndrome treated with fasciotomy had a full recovery and were able to resume skiing after four months. The aetiology of the onset of lumbar paraspinal compartment syndrome is broadly divided into acute and chronic. Lumbar paraspinal compartment syndrome is one of the causes of back pain with diagnostic clinical features which should be considered in the differential diagnosis of a patient with low back pain. Prospective multicentre trials may provide the surgeon with more insight into the diagnosis and management of lumbar paraspinal compartment syndrome.     

Intramuscular pressure and muscle blood flow during exercise in chronic compartment syndrome

In nine patients with chronic compartment syndrome, the intramuscular pressure and muscle blood flow during constant dynamic exercise was studied by the microcapillary infusion method and by the 133-xenon clearance technique. Although muscle blood flow was normal at the start of exercise, pain and impaired muscle function eventually developed; muscle blood flow decreased while muscle relaxation pressure increased. The changes of muscle blood flow could not be correlated with any change of mean muscle pressure during exercise. Eight months after fasciotomy the exercise test was repeated. Patients experienced no symptoms and the muscle relaxation pressure and blood flow during exercise were normal. It is suggested that chronic compartment syndrome is due to increased muscle relaxation pressure during exercise which causes decreased muscle blood flow, leading to ischaemic pain and impaired muscle function.     

骶棘肌复位缝合在保留棘突腰椎后路手术中的应用

目的 通过与传统的骶棘肌游离法进行比较,探讨骶棘肌复位缝合法在腰椎后路手术中的应用效果.方法 2005年7月至2010年7月对303例患者行保留棘突腰椎后路手术,男181例,女128例;年龄18～82岁,平均38.6岁;按疾病类型、手术方式及骨折节段分别采用:腰椎间盘突出症单纯椎板间隙开窗髓核摘除、腰椎间盘突出症半椎板切除髓核完全摘除椎间植骨融合内固定、单一节段骨折固定及2个节段骨折固定4种方法治疗.对所有患者的切口关闭随机采用2种方法:骶棘肌复位缝合法(骶棘肌复位组158例)和骶棘肌游离法(骶棘肌游离组145例).记录患者术后24、48h内引流血量、切口愈合不良发生数及拆线时间,根据手术前、后血红蛋白检测结果计算患者血红蛋白的丢失率,并对两组数据进行比较.结果 骶棘肌复位组24、48 h切口引流血量低于骶棘肌游离组,差异均有统计学意义(P＜0.05);腰椎间盘突出症行单纯髓核摘除术、单一节段骨折、2个节段骨折的骶棘肌复位组的48 h血红蛋白丢失率低于骶棘肌游离组,差异均有统计学意义(P＜0.05);骶棘肌复位组的切口愈合不良发生率低于骶棘肌游离组,差异有统计学意义(P＜0.05).拆线时间两组差异均无统计学意义(P＞0.05).结论 在保留棘突的腰椎后路手术切口缝合中,与骶棘肌游离法比较,采用骶棘肌复位缝合法能明显减少术后引流量、切口愈合不良等发生率,是一种良好的缝合方法.

Abstract：

Objective To compare the clinical outcomes of suture with sacrospinal muscle reposition and conventional suture with sacrospinal muscle floating in posterior lumbar surgery without removal of the spinous process. Methods Between July 2005 and July 2010,303 patients underwent posterior lumbar operations without removal of the spinous process.They were 181 men and 122 women,aged from 18 to 82years (mean,38.6 years) .The 2 methods of suture were randomly adopted for the patients in the surgery.Suture with sacrospinal muscle reposition was used in 158 cases and conventional suture with sacrospinal muscle floating in 145 cases.The drainage volumes at 24 and 48 hours after operation,malunion rates,and time for removal of stitches were recorded and loss of hemoglobin was calculated according to the hemoglobin counts before and after operation.All the data were statistically analyzed using SPSS11.0 software to compare the effects of the 2 suture methods. Results There were significant differences between the 2 sutures in drainage volumes at 24 and 48 hours after operation,hemoglobin loss at 48 hours after operation in most cases,and malunion rate (P＜0.05),indicating the reposition suture was superior to the floating suture.There was no significant difference in time for removal of stitches between the 2 methods(P＞0.05) . Conclusion In posterior lumbar surgery not to remove the spinous process,suture with sacrospinal muscle reposition may be superior to the conventional suture with sacrospinal muscle floating.     

双侧小切口椎旁肌间隙入路在下腰椎融合术中应用

[目的]探讨双侧小切口椎旁肌间隙入路在下腰椎融合术中的应用价值。[方法]自2008年6月～2009年10月,选择性对32例单节段下腰椎疾患行椎弓根螺钉加椎间融合器内固定术,均采用双侧小切口椎旁肌间隙即Wilt-se多裂肌和最长肌肌间隙入路。其中男性14例,女性18例;年龄37～65岁,平均51.2岁;病变节段:L3、46例,L4、517例,L5S19例;病种类型:腰椎退行性不稳12例,极外型或椎间孔型椎间盘突出7例,腰椎滑脱5例,椎间盘原位复发5例,椎间盘源性疼痛3例,均表现为严重的下腰痛伴单侧肢体出现放射症状或无双下肢症状。根据Oswe-stry功能障碍指数(ODI)评分和伤口视觉模拟法(VAS)疼痛评分来评估疗效。[结果]手术平均时间106 min,术中平均出血量319 ml,术后平均引流量137 ml,住院平均天数13.5 d。术前ODI评分为(37.3±6.1)分,术后3个月时为(19.1±4.7)分,末次随访时为(11.8±3.7)分;术前VAS疼痛评分为(7.2±1.2)分,术后3个月时为(2.5±0.7)分,末次随访时为(2.1±0.9)分,统计分析显示术前和术后3个月或末次随访时的ODI、VAS评分差异均有统计学意义(P<0.05)。所有病例均获得24个月以上随访,影像学检查示良好的椎间骨性融合现象。[结论]双侧小切口椎旁肌间隙入路行下腰椎融合术能有效地保护椎旁肌,并达到减压、融合目的,是较实用并容易推广的腰椎后路"微创"手术方式。     

Greater trochanter bursitis pain syndrome in females with chronic low back pain and sciatica

Trochanteric bursitis is a clinical condition which simulates major hip diseases and low back pain, it may also mimic nerve root pressure syndrome. Patients with greater trochanteric bursitis pain syndrome (GTBPS) usually suffer from pain radiating to the posterolateral aspect of the thigh, paraesthesiae in the legs, and tenderness over the iliotibial tract.. The purpose of this study is to indicate the similarity between the clinical features of the GTBPS and those of chronic low back pain, and to highlight the importance of diagnosing GTBPS in patients complaining of low back conditions. Three hundred female patients were included in this prospective study. All patients complained about chronic low back pain or sciatica and had a failed long term conservative treatment. Local injection of the tender peritrochanteric area was only done in half of the patients (group 1). Patients were required to answer the Oswestry Disability Index Questionnaire during all periods of follow-up. Patients of group 1 had a better clinical outcome (p < 0.0005) than the patients in group 2 where no injection was done. We conclude that greater trochanter bursitis pain syndrome is a frequent syndrome which may be associated with low back symptoms. Patients with a long standing history of low back pain and sciatica should be routinely checked for GTBPS. GTBPS is easy to diagnose and can be treated. Peritrochanteric infiltration with glucocorticoids mixed with 2% lidocaine relieves patients from their symptoms for a long period of time. Recurrence should always be expected, but treatment may be repeated.