单纯冠状动脉旁路移植术患者围术期输血的危险因素分析

目的分析影响单纯冠状动脉旁路移植术(CABG)患者围术期血制品使用的危险因素。方法回顾性分析行单纯CABG的4 022名患者围术期使用血制品的情况,单因素及多元Logistic回归分析影响CABG患者血制品使用的相关因素。结果 65.74%(2 644/4 022)的单纯CABG患者在围术期使用过血制品,包括红细胞、血浆、血小板。输血与未输血患者的院内死亡率及并发症发生率比较:未输血组分别为0.00%(0/1 378)、12.84%(177/1 378),输血组分别为0.98%(26/2 644)、26.06%(689/2 644)(P0.01)。Logistic回归多因素分析:性别、年龄、BMI、吸烟史、糖尿病史、病变冠脉数量、术者经验、体外循环、术前波立维使用为CABG患者围术期血制品使用的独立危险因素。结论掌握影响CABG患者围术期使用血制品的危险因素,利于合理、有效的输血治疗。     

停跳冠状动脉搭桥围术期死亡的多因素分析

目的 分析总结引起体外循环下停跳冠状动脉搭桥（CABG）围术期死亡的危险因素。方法 2000年4月-2004年4月施行的单纯CABG病人229例，对比性别、年龄、高血压、糖尿病、脑血管意外、肺部疾病史、肾功能、术前心梗、心衰、心功能分级以及造影情况、CPB时间、阻断时间、搭桥数、低心排、心律失常、心衰、LABP辅助、低血压、少尿、大量引流、开胸止血、肺部感染、呼衰、肾衰、纵隔感染、下肢感染、清创、消化道出血等因素，采用Logistic回归法寻找危险因素。结果 回归法显示术后使用IABP、脑梗死、长时间转流、急性肾功能衰竭和术前NYHA分级是围术期死亡的危险因素。结论各项危险因素需进一步细化分析，以更好地降低死亡率。     

体外循环冠状动脉旁路移植术患者围术期输血情况及影响因素评估

目的了解体外循环冠状动脉旁路移植术(on-pump CABG)患者围术期红细胞(RBC)、血小板(PLT)和新鲜冰冻血浆(FFP)的输注情况及其影响因素,为此类患者临床合理用血提供一定实验依据。方法 on-pump CABG患者291例,根据患者输注RBC和FFP量的不同,将患者分为未输注RBC/FFP组、输注量RBC/FFP小于3U组、3~6U组和大于6U组;根据患者输注PLT量的不同,将患者分为:未输注PLT组、输注PLT 1U组和大于1U组,用以观察患者输血概况及性别,年龄和血液流变学资料分布情况。采用多重线性回归方程分析影响on-pump CABG患者围术期RBC、PLT和FFP输注量的影响因素,选入的变量包括年龄、性别、体质量、吸烟、糖尿病、高血压、中风、陈旧性心梗、心功能分级、>70%左主干狭窄、急性心肌梗死、冠状动脉支架术后、术前PLT、术前血红蛋白(Hb)、术前凝血酶原时间(PT)、术前活化部分凝血酶时间(APTT)、主动脉颊闭时间和体外循环时间。结果围术期输注RBC量的影响因素包括年龄、性别、急性心肌梗死、术前Hb水平和体外循环时间;FFP输注量的影响因素主要有急性心肌梗死、术前Hb水平和主动脉夹闭时间;PLT输注量的影响因素主要包括心功能分级、术前PLT计数、术前Hb水平和主动脉夹闭时间。结论 On-pump CABG患者围术期输血量是多因素作用的结果,可通过用血量评估为临床申请提供一定参考。     

Autologous blood transfusion in coronary artery bypass surgery

Forty-four patients undergoing coronary artery bypass surgery participated in an autologous blood donor program. Blood was collected at weekly intervals up to three days prior to the scheduled date of surgery. Sixteen patients donated a total of two autologous units each, and 28 patients donated one autologous unit each. No donor morbidity or mortality was encountered during or following blood donation. Autologous blood accounted for more than one-third of all blood required by these patients throughout their hospital courses. Autologous transfusion appears to be a safe procedure for patients with severe coronary artery disease.     

Increased long-term mortality with plasma transfusion after coronary artery bypass surgery

Purpose

Patients undergoing cardiac surgery often require transfusions of red blood cells, plasma and platelets. These components differ widely in both indications for use and composition. However, from a statistical point of view there is a significant colinearity between the components. This study explores the relation between the transfusion of different blood components and long-term mortality.

Methods

A retrospective single-centre study was performed including 5,261 coronary artery bypass grafting patients, excluding patients receiving more than eight units of red blood cells, those suffering early death (7 days) and emergency cases. Patients were followed up for a period of up to 7.5 years. A broad spectrum of potential risk factors was analysed using Cox proportional hazards survival regression. Non-significant risk factors were removed by step-wise elimination, and transfusion of red blood cells, plasma and platelets was forced to remain in the model.

Results

The transfusion of red blood cells was not associated with decreased long-term mortality (HR = 1.007, p = 0.775), whereas the transfusion of plasma was associated with decreased long-term survival (HR = 1.060, p < 0.001), and the transfusion of platelets was associated with increased long-term survival (HR = 0.817, p = 0.011). The risk associated with transfusion of plasma was mainly attributed to patients receiving large amounts of plasma. All hazard ratios are per unit of blood product transfused.

Conclusions

No association was found between the transfusion of red blood cells and mortality during the study period. However, transfusion of plasma was associated with increased mortality while transfusion of platelets was associated with decreased mortality during the study period.     

Shrunken Pore Syndrome is associated with a sharp rise in mortality in patients undergoing elective coronary artery bypass grafting

Shrunken Pore Syndrome was recently suggested for the pathophysiologic state in patients characterized by an estimation of their glomerular filtration rate (GFR) based upon cystatin C, which is lower or equal to 60% of their estimated GFR based upon creatinine, i.e. when eGFR_{cystatin C}?≤?60% of eGFR_creatinine. Not only the cystatin C level, but also the levels of other low molecular mass proteins are increased in this condition. The preoperative plasma levels of cystatin C and creatinine were measured in 1638 patients undergoing elective coronary artery bypass grafting. eGFR_{cystatin C} and eGFR_creatinine were calculated using two pairs of estimating equations, CAPA and LMrev, and CKD-EPI_{cystatin C} and CKD-EPI_creatinine, respectively. The Shrunken Pore Syndrome was present in 2.1% of the patients as defined by the CAPA and LMrev equations and in 5.7% of the patients as defined by the CKD-EPI_{cystatin C} and CKD-EPI_creatinine equations. The patients were studied over a median follow-up time of 3.5 years (2.0–5.0 years) and the mortality determined. Shrunken Pore Syndrome defined by both pairs of equations was a strong, independent, predictor of long-term mortality as evaluated by Cox analysis and as illustrated by Kaplan-Meier curves. Increased mortality was observed also for the subgroups of patients with GFR above or below 60 mL/min/1.73 m². Changing the cut-off level from 60 to 70% for the CAPA and LMrev equations increased the number of patients with Shrunken Pore Syndrome to 6.5%, still displaying increased mortality.     

体外与非体外循环冠脉搭桥术后血清肌钙蛋白I水平变化及临床意义探讨

目的：比较常规体外循环冠状动脉搭桥术和非体外循环冠脉搭桥术后血清肌钙蛋白Ⅰ水平变化，探讨两种术式心肌保护差别。方法：选择48例冠脉搭桥患者，其中体外循环冠状动脉搭桥术组24例，非体外循环冠脉搭桥术组24例，分析两组肌钙蛋白Ⅰ的血浆浓度变化。结果：两组术前临床资料无差别；体外循环冠状动脉搭桥术组术后观察期内血浆肌钙蛋白Ⅰ较非体外循环冠脉搭桥术组明显升高（P〈0．01）。结论：非体外循环冠脉搭桥术组心肌损伤低于体外循环冠状动脉搭桥术组。     

Predictors and impact of atrial fibrillation after isolated coronary artery bypass grafting

OBJECTIVE: Although an extensive number of studies have attempted to identify predictors of new-onset atrial fibrillation (AFIB) after coronary artery bypass grafting (CABG), a strong predictive model does not exist. Prior studies have included patients recruited from multiple centers with variant AFIB prevalence rates and those who underwent CABG in combination with other surgical procedures. Also, most studies have focused on pre- and perioperative characteristics, with less attention given to the initial postoperative period. The purpose of this study was to comprehensively examine pre-, peri-, and postoperative characteristics that might predict new-onset AFIB in a large sample of patients undergoing isolated CABG in a single medical center, utilizing data readily available to clinicians in electronic data repositories. In addition, length of stay and selected postoperative complications and disposition were compared in patients with AFIB and no AFIB. DESIGN: Retrospective, comparative survey. SETTING: University-affiliated tertiary care hospital. PATIENTS: Patients with new-onset AFIB who underwent isolated standard CABG or minimally invasive direct vision coronary artery bypass were identified from an electronic clinical data repository. INTERVENTIONS: None. MEASUREMENTS AND MAIN RESULTS: The prevalence of AFIB in the total sample (n = 814) was 31.9%. Predictors of AFIB included age (p =.0004), number of vessels bypassed (p =.013), vessel location (diagonal [p <.003] or posterior descending artery [p <.001]), and net fluid balance on the operative day (p =.015). Forward stepwise regression analysis produced a model that correctly predicted AFIB in only 24% of cases, with age (14%) and body surface area (9%) providing the most prediction. The incidence of embolic stroke was higher in AFIB (n = 8) vs. no AFIB (n = 4) patients, but stroke preceded AFIB onset in seven of eight cases. Subjects with AFIB had a longer stay (p =.0004), more intensive care unit readmissions (p =.0004), and required more assistance at hospital discharge (p =.017). CONCLUSIONS: Despite attempts to examine comprehensively predictors of new-onset AFIB, we were unable to identify a robust predictive model. Our findings, in combination with prior work, imply that it may not be feasible to predict the development of new-onset AFIB after CABG using data readily available to the bedside clinician. In this sample, stroke was uncommon and, when it occurred, preceded AFIB in all but one case. As anticipated, AFIB increased length of stay, and patients with this complication required more assistance at discharge.     

Sleep apnea is associated with new-onset atrial fibrillation after coronary artery bypass grafting

PurposeNew-onset atrial fibrillation (AF) after coronary artery bypass grafting (CABG) remains a prevalent problem. We investigated the relationship between sleep apnea and new-onset post-CABG AF during inhospital stay.Materials and methodsWe prospectively recruited 171 patients listed for an elective CABG for an overnight sleep study. Sleep apnea was defined as apnea-hypopnea index greater than or equal to 5.ResultsAmong the 160 patients who completed the study, those in the sleep apnea group (n = 128; 80%) had larger left atrial diameter (40.4 ± 5.4 vs 38.4 ± 6.0 mm; P = .03) and left ventricular end-diastolic dimension (52.6 ± 7.9 vs 49.2 ± 6.8 mm; P = .03) than those in the non–sleep apnea group. The incidence of new-onset post-CABG AF was higher for the sleep apnea than non–sleep apnea groups (24.8% vs 9.7%; P = .07). There was 1 inhospital death and 2 patients with acute renal failure requiring dialysis after CABG in the sleep apnea group. None of the patients developed inhospital stroke. Multiple logistic regression analysis showed that sleep apnea was an independent predictor of post-CABG AF (odds ratio, 4.4; 95% confidence interval, 1.1-18.1; P = .04).ConclusionSleep apnea is prevalent in patients undergoing CABG. It increases the susceptibility to new-onset AF after CABG, probably related to atrial and ventricular remodeling.     

非体外循环下冠状动脉旁路移植术20例报道

目的 :总结非体外循环下冠状动脉旁路移植术 (Off -pumpcoronaryarterybypassgrafting ,OPCAB)的临床经验和效果。方法 :2 0例冠心病人术前均有心绞痛发作史 ,左室射血分数 3 0 %～ 69%。取胸骨正中切口 ,采用Octopus心表稳定器显露固定目标血管拟吻合部位 ,使用血管内分流管 (Shunt)维持冠脉血流和改善术野显露。应用左乳内动脉 2 0例 (其中双侧乳内动脉 3例 )、桡动脉 2例。结果 :无手术死亡 ,无围术期心肌梗死。平均ICU住留时间 1 5d。术后平均 7 5d出院。平均随访 9个月 ,所有患者心绞痛症状消失 ,活动量改善。ECT检查示心肌血供显著改善 ,超声心动图示左室射血分数明显增加。结论 :OPCAB技术安全、经济、有效 ,对于体外循环高危患者尤其有意义。     

Sternal instability following coronary artery bypass grafting

Several cases of sternal instability have been noted in patients following coronary artery bypass graft surgery attending our cardiac rehabilitation programme. The purpose of this prospective study was to identify factors associated with sternal instability following sternotomy involving saphenous vein grafts (SVG) and unilateral or bilateral internal mammary artery (IMA) grafts. A rating scale for quantifying sternal instability was developed and used by the physiotherapists to assess all patients. Inter-therapist and intra-therapist reliabilities for the scale were calculated and these were 0.97 and 0.98 (ICC) respectively. Twenty-four patients who underwent coronary artery bypass grafting with a sternotomy incision presented with the complication of sternal instability 6-8 weeks following surgery. They represented 16.3% of the 147 patients presenting for cardiac rehabilitation who had undergone surgery interstate over an 18-month period. Sternal symptoms reported were pain, crepitus, and/or clicking at rest or on trunk and upper limb motion. Risk factors to wound healing such as obesity, diabetes, bilateral IMA grafting, osteoporosis, repeat operations, and prolonged post-operative mechanical ventilation were noted. A significantly higher proportion of patients with bilateral IMA grafting (31.5%) as opposed to unilateral IMA grafting (14.3%) had sternal instability (P &lt;. 05). Quantifying the degree of sternal instability may play a role in identifying management options, patient progression and the point of intervention.     

Image guidance for coronary artery bypass grafting

Objective  Open heart bypass graft surgery is the standard treatment for advanced cases of coronary heart disease. Optimal placement of the bypass graft anastomosis is very important for the success of the procedure. Therefore, detailed and precise knowledge about the path and morphology of the target vessel is crucial for the operating surgeon. Materials and methods  To provide such information during the procedure, a novel surgical assistance system for open heart bypass graft surgery was designed which merges preoperative maps of the coronary arteries with intraoperative data. The patient-specific vessel map was generated from multi-slice computed tomography (MSCT), while the intraoperative data were obtained using a stereo camera system. A registration approach based on mutually shared anatomical landmarks on the heart surface was employed. Results  Successful registration of MSCT and stereo video data was performed for five patients, demonstrating that 2D–2D and 3D–3D Procrustes registration could produce mean accuracies between 2 and 5 mm. Conclusion  The target vessel visualization and registration approach presented in this work is feasible and can produce accuracies sufficient to justify future in vivo intraoperative testing.     

1601例外科输血患者红细胞输注量与死亡率相关性分析

目的联合国内20家大型综合医院多中心回顾性调研外科住院患者大量输血病历1601例,分析探讨红细胞输注量与患者死亡率的关联性。方法联合全国20家三级综合医院进行多中心回顾性分析大量输血病例资料,根据24h内或72h内红细胞输注量分为:0~4U、5~9U、10~14U、15~19U、20~24U、25~29U、30~39U、40~U,8个组段,对红细胞输注不同量患者死亡情况进行分析,研究红细胞输注量与患者死亡率的关系。结果 24h或72h内,红细胞输注总量≥10U后,患者死亡率随红细胞用量而增加,24h内红细胞应用10U~40U,死亡率为6.0%~38.9%;72h内红细胞应用10U~40U,死亡率为5.2%~28.0%;24h和72h红细胞在应用5U~9U组段者死亡率最低,分别是3.7%和2.3%;在0~4U组段,死亡率分别为7.3%和9.7%。结论外科住院患者大量输血时,24h或72h内红细胞输注量与死亡率有一定的关联性,患者死亡率随红细胞输注量增多而升高。     

再次冠状动脉旁路移植术25例总结

目的总结再次冠状动脉旁路移植术(Re-CABG)治疗冠心病的临床经验及手术效果。方法1997年3月~2007年5月共完成Re-CABG手术25例,男22例,女3例;年龄50~72岁,平均(62.5±8.1)岁;2次手术时间间隔3~109个月,平均(48.7±35.2)个月。体外循环Re-CABG手术17例,不停跳非体外循环Re-CABG手术8例。结果全组25例患者恢复顺利,无手术死亡,无心肌梗死,心绞痛症状消失。术后随访8~90个月,平均(38.7±30.6)个月,无心绞痛复发,无冠心病相关事件发生。失访4例。结论正确掌握手术指征和时机,合理应用各种技术和方法及良好围手术期管理,Re-CABG可以取得满意的临床疗效。