选择性激光熔覆(SLM)钛合金可摘局部义齿支架的适合性研究

目的:评价选择性激光熔覆(SLM)技术制作的钛合金可摘局部义齿的适合性.方法:用选择性激光熔覆(SLM)技术制作7 个肯氏Ⅲ类Ti-6Al-4V可摘局部义齿支架,采用光学扫描仪分别扫描通过"印模法"得到的粘附有硅橡胶薄膜的石膏模型,以及去除该薄膜的石膏模型的光学印模,导入Geomagic Qualify软件,通过3D比较功能分析支架大连接体组织面与模型之间的间隙,对其适合性进行评价.结果:钛合金支架与模型之间的总体3D偏差值为(0.221 9±0.07) mm.结论:SLM技术制作的钛合金可摘局部义齿支架的适合性基本满足临床要求.     

Deformation properties of Ti-6A1-7Nb alloy castings for removable partial denture frameworks

Ti-6Al-7Nb alloy was cast into three differently designed, removable partial denture frameworks: Palatal strap (PS), Anterior-posterior bar (AP), and Horseshoe-shaped bar (HS). The vertical displacement and local strain of Ti-6Al-7Nb alloy frameworks were investigated to compare against those of Co-Cr alloy frameworks. Vertical loading force of 19.6 N was applied at two locations, 10 and 20 mm, from the distal end of the framework. Although higher vertical displacement and local strain were observed for Ti-6Al-7Nb alloy frameworks than those for Co-Cr alloy frameworks, the PS framework appeared to show the least deformation. In addition, the strain at 10-mm location was higher than that at 20-mm location for AP and HS frameworks. This study thus proved that design had a significant influence on the deformation properties of denture frameworks. The PS design was evaluated to be a suitable design for the removable denture framework with Ti-6Al-7Nb alloy.     

Veneering technique for a Ti-6Al-7Nb framework used in a resin-bonded fixed partial denture with a highly filled indirect composite

This article presents a veneering technique for fixed partial denture frameworks made from a Ti-6Al-7Nb alloy. The fixed partial denture framework was prepared with a magnesia-based mold material and a centrifugal casting machine. An esthetic veneer was fabricated with a highly filled dual-polymerized composite material and a metal-conditioning agent. This technique can be applied as a standardized veneering procedure for the titanium alloy, for which porcelain fusing is currently difficult.     

A short-term clinical follow-up study of superplastic titanium alloy for major connectors of removable partial dentures

Statement of problem . Superplastic forming of Ti-6Al-4V alloy has been used in the fabrication of a removable denture framework. The method provides the titanium alloy denture framework with excellent physical properties not seen in cast titanium prostheses.Purpose . This study describes the technical procedure for fabricating removable dentures with this type of framework and evaluates clinical applications of the dentures in short-term follow-up periods from 6 months to 3 years.Results . Results of this study demonstrated that the dentures functioned well and did not cause any major clinical difficulties. The patients have expressed satisfaction with the dentures at regular recall appointments.Conclusion . The clinical observations suggest that this method is suitable for fabricating titanium alloy removable dentures. (J Prosthet Dent 1997;77:583-7.)     

牙科用Ti-Zr合金铸造后挠度的研究

目的：研究Ti-Zr合金铸造后的挠度,为选择Ti-Zr合金临床应用的合理厚度提供依据。方法：参照美国ADA关于义齿基托树脂材料挠度的标准,测量不同厚度的Ti-Zr合金的挠度,并对Ti及Ti-6Al-4V合金以及临床常用的Co-Cr合金进行对比研究,结果：Ti-Zr合金,纯钛及Ti-6Al04V合金在厚度为0．65mm左右时能够达到义齿基托挠度的标准,钴铬合金在0．57mm左右即可达到标准要求,结论：临床制作Ti-Zr合金基托时,厚度应选择0.65mm左右。     

Superplastic forming of titanium alloy denture base

Ti-6Al-4V alloy has both excellent biocompatibility and superior mechanical properties. This Ti-6Al-4V can be deformed greatly and easily at the superplastic temperature of 800 degrees C to 900 degrees C. The superplastic forming of Ti-6Al-4V was made to apply to fabrication of denture base. Almost the same procedure as for dental casting mold was employed in producing the superplastic forming die by the improved phosphate bonded investment. In the pressure vessel of heat resistant alloy, Ti-6Al-4V plate was formed superplastically on the die by argon gas pressure at 850 degrees C. The fit of superplactic forming Ti-6Al-4V denture base was better than that of casting Co-Cr alloy denture bases. The Ti-6Al-4V alloy might react a little with the die. Because micro Vikers hardness of the cross-section did not go up too much near the surfaces. Even just after being formed, the surfaces were much smoother than that of Co-Cr alloy casting. The tensile strength and yield strength of superplastic forming Ti-6Al-4V were higher than those of Co-Cr castings. The elongation was about 10%. These results show that superplastic forming of Ti-6Al-4V would be suitable for a denture base.     

Over-refractory casting technique as an alternative to one-piece multi-unit fixed partial denture frameworks

STATEMENT OF PROBLEM: Soldering has been suggested to achieve acceptable fit of multi-unit fixed partial denture (FPD) frameworks of 3 or more elements. However, distortion of the entire framework may occur. PURPOSE: The purpose of this study was to evaluate marginal fit in 1-piece-casting FPD frameworks comparing 2 casting techniques: the conventional technique (CT) and the over-refractory technique (ORT). The techniques were evaluated on castings made from commercially pure titanium (CP Ti; Tritan), titanium-aluminum-vanadium (Ti-6Al-4V), and nickel-chromium (Ni-Cr; VeraBond II) alloys. MATERIAL AND METHODS: A metal master cast including 3 preparations was created to simulate a 5-unit FPD. The metal cast was duplicated in vinyl polysiloxane for fabrication of 60 working casts. For the CT, 0.7-mm-thick patterns were waxed on the casts using an electrical wax-dipping unit. Patterns were removed from the preparations before investing. For the ORT, the silicone impressions were poured with an investment material (Rematitan for CP Ti and Ti-6Al-4V, and Talladium for Ni-Cr). The patterns were waxed on the refractory casts, and the assembly was invested. Both CT and ORT (n = 10), CP Ti, and Ti-6Al-4V frameworks were cast using an arc-melting titanium vacuum-casting machine. The Ni-Cr frameworks were cast using an automated centrifugal-casting machine. The mean marginal discrepancies of the frameworks were measured at the mesial, distal, buccal, and lingual interfaces. Marginal gap measurements were recorded 3 times for each surface to the nearest 0.5 microm using a traveling microscope (x50). The data were analyzed with 2-way analysis of variance, followed by the Tukey HSD test (alpha=.05). RESULTS: Marginal discrepancies for the ORT specimens (82.8 +/- 1.7 microm for CP Ti; 64.4 +/- 1.3 microm for Ti-6Al-4V; and 77.2 +/- 1.5 microm for Ni-Cr) were significantly lower than those obtained for the CT specimens (106.3 +/- 2.6 microm for CP Ti; 75.7 +/- 0.8 microm for Ti-6Al-4V; 101.9 +/- 1.7 microm for Ni-Cr) (P < .05). For both techniques, marginal discrepancies were significantly different among the alloys evaluated, presenting the following order from greatest to least marginal discrepancy: CP Ti, Ni-Cr alloy, and Ti-6Al-4V (P < .05). CONCLUSION: The ORT for multi-unit FPD frameworks demonstrated significantly lower marginal discrepancies than the CT.     

Corrosion-fatigue life of commercially pure titanium and Ti-6Al-4V alloys in different storage environments

STATEMENT OF PROBLEM: Removable partial dentures are affected by fatigue because of the cyclic mechanism of the masticatory system and frequent insertion and removal. Titanium and its alloys have been used in the manufacture of denture frameworks; however, preventive agents with fluorides are thought to attack titanium alloy surfaces. PURPOSE: This study evaluated, compared, and analyzed the corrosion-fatigue life of commercially pure titanium and Ti-6Al-4V alloy in different storage environments. MATERIAL AND METHODS: For each metal, 33 dumbbell rods, 2.3 mm in diameter at the central segment, were cast in the Rematitan system. Corrosion-fatigue strength test was carried out through a universal testing machine with a load 30% lower than the 0.2% offset yield strength and a combined influence of different environments: in air at room temperature, with synthetic saliva, and with fluoride synthetic saliva. After failure, the number of cycles were recorded, and fracture surfaces were examined with an SEM. RESULTS: ANOVA and Tukey's multiple comparison test indicated that Ti-6Al-4V alloy achieved 21,269 cycles (SD = 8,355) against 19,157 cycles (SD = 3, 624) for the commercially pure Ti. There were no significant differences between either metal in the corrosion-fatigue life for dry specimens, but when the solutions were present, the fatigue life was significantly reduced, probably because of the production of corrosion pits caused by superficial reactions.     

Bending properties of strengthened Ti-6Al-7Nb alloy major connectors compared to Co-Cr alloy major connectors

STATEMENT OF PROBLEM: Although Ti-6Al-7Nb alloy has several excellent mechanical properties, its poor rigidity has limited its clinical use as a material for the fabrication of a removable partial denture (RPD) major connector. PURPOSE: The purpose of this study was to develop and evaluate strengthening designs of Ti-6Al-7Nb RPD major connectors in an effort to increase rigidity. MATERIAL AND METHODS: Four strengthening designs of Ti-6Al-7Nb alloy major connectors were developed using finite element analysis modeling: wide, thick, thick at the middle, and thick at the anterior and posterior borders. The designs had similar rigidity values to a conventional Co-Cr alloy major connector, as measured by the maximum deformation when a simulated load was applied. Next, 30 Kennedy Class II maxillary RPD specimens, using 6 different major connector designs (n = 5), were fabricated. These 6 designs included Ti-6Al-7Nb alloy RPDs with 4 different strengthening designs, a Ti-6Al-7Nb alloy RPD without strengthening designs, and a conventional Co-Cr alloy RPD as a control. The rigidity of the RPDs was evaluated by measuring strains on the major connector and force on the intaglio surface of a denture base under a 30 N loading condition. The data obtained from the 6 different RPD designs were compared using a repeated measures analysis of variance and the Bonferroni correction (alpha=.05). RESULTS: The strains on the major connectors and the force on the denture bases measured from the Ti-6Al-7Nb RPD without strengthening designs were significantly larger than those of the standard Co-Cr alloy RPD. The strains measured from the 4 strengthening designs were not significantly larger than those of the Co-Cr alloy RPD. CONCLUSION: The results suggest that the strengthening designs tested may improve the rigidity of the Ti-6Al-7Nb alloy major connectors and, hence, may promote clinical application for RPDs.     

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目的探讨国产纯钛和Ti-6Al-4V合金的铸造性能。方法本研究于2012年9—12月在大连市口腔医院和大连理工大学完成。选择国产纯钛与Ti-6Al-4V合金为2个处理组,进口纯钛为对照组。制作规格为20 mm×20 mm×0.76 mm、具有7×6格栅网的网状蜡型18个;制作直径3.5 mm、长度10 mm的棒状蜡型6个。将2种蜡型随机分配到2个处理组和1个对照组中,每组网状蜡型6个,棒状蜡型2个。所有蜡型经包埋、焙烧、铸造过程最终得到相应的铸件。分别从铸件表面性状、铸流率、内部气孔情况、表面反应层情况等方面评价国产纯钛、Ti-6Al-4V合金与进口纯钛铸造性能的差异。结果 （1）表面性状：进口纯钛组网状铸件表面均无残缺不全,没有缩孔、粘砂及铸造缺陷现象,外观为银灰色;国产纯钛组有2个网状试件表面结构不够完整,Ti-6Al-4V合金组有1个网状试件结构不够完整,所有试件均无缩孔,无明显粘砂,表面呈银灰色。（2）铸流率：国产纯钛、Ti-6Al-4V合金和进口纯钛3种钛材在同等条件下的铸流率分别为95%、94%和100%,进口纯钛比国产纯钛和Ti-6Al-4V合金的铸流率高,差异有统计学意义（χ2=9.28,P〈0.05）。（3）内部气孔：X线检查显示,国产纯钛、Ti-6Al-4V合金和进口纯钛3种钛材铸件的内部均有少量小气孔,且都位于铸件的远心端,其大小和数量无明显差别。（4）表面反应层：3种钛材铸件在500倍扫描电镜（SEM）下观察,均可见表面存在大量孔隙,微观结构较为疏松,放大2000倍后可发现大量相互交错的孔隙,形态不规则;表面反应层主要成分线分析结果均显示在表层显微组织结构中除了Ti元素以外,有其他杂质元素存在;表面显微硬度值均随着测量深度的增加而逐渐降低,直至慢慢平缓,提示铸件表面硬度较内部硬度高。结论国产纯钛和Ti-6Al-4V合金的铸流率与进口纯钛有差异,但均符合临床使用的要求。二     

Marginal and internal adaptation of commercially pure titanium and titanium-aluminum-vanadium alloy cast restorations

AIM: The purpose of this in vitro study was to investigate the marginal accuracy and internal fit of complete cast crowns and three-unit fixed partial dentures (FPDs) cast with commercially pure titanium (CPTi) and Titanium-Aluminum-Vanadium alloy (Ti-6Al-4V). METHODS AND MATERIALS: CPTi and Ti-6Al-4V alloy were used to cast twelve single crowns and twelve three-unit FPDs. A traveling microscope was used to measure marginal gap and discrepancies in internal fit. Two and one-way analysis of variance (ANOVA) analyses were used to determine the effects of the marginal and internal fit discrepancies. RESULTS: The Ti-6Al-4V alloy demonstrated a significantly smaller marginal gap than CPTi (P<0.0001). The recorded marginal discrepancies for both metals were within a clinically accepted range (<100 microm). The single crown fit discrepancy was significantly smaller than the three-unit FPD for both the CPTi and the Ti-6Al-4V alloy (P<0.0001). For the internal fit discrepancy, the occlusal surface showed the greatest gaps. CONCLUSIONS: The Ti-6Al-4V alloy demonstrated a better fit than CPTi. Single crowns showed an improved fit when compared with the three-unit FPD. Mid-occlusal internal gap demonstrated greater values than the axial internal gap. CLINICAL IMPLICATIONS: This in vitro study suggested marginal fit of complete crowns and three-unit FPDs cast by CPTi or Ti-6Al-4V alloy were within the range of what is clinically acceptable for longevity of restorations.     

新型钛锆铌锡合金的耐蚀性研究

目的 评价新型钛锆铌锡合金在人工唾液中的耐蚀性,为钛锆铌锡合金的临床应用提供依据.方法 观察钛锆铌锡合金(Ti-12.5Zr-3Nb-2.5Sn)和对照纯钛(TA2)及钛铝钒合金(Ti-fAl-4V)在人工唾液中的电化学行为,比较极化曲线及极化阻力;检测钛锆铌锡合金和钛铝钒合金在人工唾液中1、2、3、5、7、15 d的离子释出情况.结果 极化曲线显示,钛铝钒合金的击穿电位(0.8 V)低于钛锆铌锡合金(＞2.5 V);钛锆铌锡合金、纯钛在钝化区的维钝电流密度(icorr)基本保持稳定,分别为3.32×10-6～3.46×10-5A/cm2和5.03×10-6～2.65×10-5A/cm2,低于钛铝钒合金(1.45×10-4～1.09×10-3 A/cm2).纯钛、钛锆铌锡合金、钛铝钒合金的极化阻力分别为371.0、252.0、60.1 kΩ·cm2.离子释出结果显示,随浸泡时间增加,两种钛合金的离子溶出量均有不同程度增加,且各时间点钛铝钒合金的离子溶出量均高于钛锆铌锡合金.结论 钛锆铌锡合金在人工唾液中具有良好的耐蚀性,可用于制作口腔修复体.     

Shear bond strengths of polymethyl methacrylate to cast titanium and cobalt-chromium frameworks using five metal primers

STATEMENT OF PROBLEM: Poor chemical bonding of a denture base resin to cast titanium frameworks often introduces adhesive failure and increases microleakage. PURPOSE: This study examined the shear bond strengths of a denture base resin to cast pure titanium, Ti-6Al-4V, and a cobalt-chromium alloy using various adhesive primers. MATERIAL AND METHODS: Disks (6.0 mm diameter, 2.5 mm thick) were cast of the 3 alloys. The disk surfaces were grit-blasted with 50 microm alumina and treated with 5 different metal primers (Metal Primer II ?MP]; Cesead Opaque primer ?OP]; Meta Base ?MB]; experimental primer ?EP]; Siloc bonding system ?SI]). A denture base resin (Palapress Vario) was then applied on the disks with hole-punched sticky tape (bonding area of 5.0 mm) and a Teflon (PTFE, New Age Industries Inc, Willow Grove, Pa.) ring (6.0 mm diameter x 2.0 mm thick). Specimens without primer were also prepared as controls. All specimens were immersed in 37 degrees C water and thermocycled up to 2,000 cycles. Shear bond strength values were determined at a crosshead speed of 0.5 mm/min. Data were statistically analyzed using 3-way ANOVA, followed by 1-way ANOVA and the Scheffé multiple range test. RESULTS: Primers significantly (P <.05) improved shear bond strengths of denture base resin to all metals, among which no significant differences were found. Specimens primed with OP, MP, and EP showed higher bond strengths than did those primed with MB. After thermocycling, the bond strengths of MB and SI decreased substantially; MB showed the least durability (22.8% to 35.5% decrease) among the primers. CONCLUSION: The application of 5 primers significantly improved the shear bond strengths of a denture base resin to cast CP titanium, Ti-6Al-4V, and Co-Cr alloy. OP and MP primers exhibited greater bond strength and durability than did MB and SI.     

Corrosion behavior of pure titanium and titanium alloys in fluoride-containing solutions

The effects of fluoride concentrations and pH on the corrosion behavior of pure titanium, Ti-6Al-4V, Ti-6Al-7Nb alloys and a new Ti alloy adding palladium, which is expected to promote a repassivation of Ti were examined by anodic polarization and corrosion potential measurements. The amount of dissolved Ti was analyzed by inductively coupled plasma mass spectroscopy. The surface of the specimen was analyzed by X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy before and after the measurement. Pure Ti, Ti-6Al-4V and Ti-6Al-7Nb alloys were easily corroded even in a low fluoride concentration in an acidic environment. The corrosion resistance of Ti-0.2Pd alloy was greater than those of pure Ti, Ti-6Al-4V and Ti-6Al-7Nb alloys in the wide range of pH and fluoride concentrations. The high corrosion resistance of Ti-0.2Pd alloy was caused by the surface enrichment of Pd promoting a repassivation of Ti. The Ti-0.2Pd alloy is expected to be useful as a new Ti alloy with high corrosion resistance in dental use.     

Infrared Gold Alloy Brazing on Titanium and Ti-6Al-4V Alloy Surfaces and its Application to Removable Prosthodontics

PURPOSE: This study investigated the area size of the flow of a gold braze alloy on commercially pure titanium and Ti-6Al-4V alloy plates, and elemental composition at the interface was determined. In the second part of this study, the tensile strengths of titanium plates brazed using a gold alloy were investigated. MATERIALS AND METHODS: Chips of Type IV gold alloy and silver braze alloys were melted onto commercially pure titanium and Ti-6Al-4V surfaces in a dental infrared radiation unit. Flow area of each braze alloy was measured using a digital image analyzer. Tensile specimens (n = 5) were also prepared by infrared brazing using the braze alloys. Five specimens for each combination of the two titanium plates and the two braze alloys were subjected to tensile loading using a Universal testing machine. Electronprobe microanalysis of x-rays at cross-section of the brazed joints to determine elemental composition across the interface, as well as scanning electron microscopic observation at the fracture surfaces, were also conducted. RESULTS: The braze alloys flowed well and spread over the Ti and Ti-6Al-4V plates. Braze alloy type significantly influenced flow, and the gold alloy flowed less on the titanium materials. The mean tensile strengths of Ti and Ti-6Al-4V plates brazed using the gold braze alloy were 219 MPa and 417 MPa, respectively. The fracture surfaces of Ti-6Al-4V specimens with the gold braze alloy exhibited typical ductile behavior. Ti with the same braze alloy showed brittle surfaces. A greater concentration of Cu was found at the Ti with gold braze interface. CONCLUSION: The flow and the tensile strength of the gold alloy coating on titanium surface by means of an infrared brazing is adequate for dental use.     

The effect of thermal cycling on the bond strength of low-fusing porcelain to commercially pure titanium and titanium–aluminium–vanadium alloy

OBJECTIVES: Titanium-ceramic restorations are currently used in spite of the pending problem of titanium-ceramic bonding, which has only been partially solved. In addition, some titanium-ceramic systems appear to be susceptible to thermal cycling, which can cause weaker bond strength. The objective of this study was to evaluate the bonding characteristics of titanium porcelain bonded to commercially pure titanium (Ti-Cp) or titanium-aluminum-vanadium (Ti-6Al-4V) alloy as well as the effect of thermal cycling on bond strength. METHODS: A three-point-flexure-test was used to evaluate the bond strength of titanium porcelain bonded to commercially pure titanium and Ti-6Al-4V alloy according to DIN 13.927. To evaluate the effect of thermal cycling on the samples, half were thermal cycled in temperatures ranging from 4 degrees C (+/-2 degrees C) to 55 degrees C (+/-2 degrees C). Results were compared with palladium-silver (Pd-Ag) alloy bonded to conventional porcelain (control). Scanning electron microscope (SEM) photomicrographs were taken to characterize the failed surfaces in the metal-ceramic interface. Anova and Tukey's multiple comparison tests were used to analyze the data at a 5% probability level. RESULTS: Thermal cycling did not significantly weaken the bond strength of porcelain to titanium interfaces. There was no significant difference in bond strength between commercially pure titanium (23.60 MPa for thermal cycled group and 24.99 MPa for non-thermal cycled group) and Ti-6Al-4V groups (24.98 and 25.60 MPa for thermal cycled and non-thermal cycled groups, respectively). Bond strength values for the control group (47.98 and 45.30 MPa, respectively) were significantly greater than those for commercially pure titanium and Ti-6Al-4V combinations. SIGNIFICANCE: The bond strength of low fusing porcelain bonded to cast pure titanium or Ti-6Al-4V alloy was significantly lower than the conventional combination of porcelain-Pd-Ag alloy. Thermal cycling did not affect the bond strength of any group.     

氟离子对2种牙科用钛合金耐腐蚀性的影响

目的在模拟口腔环境下,探讨氟离子对Ti-12Zr合金和Ti-6Al-4V合金耐腐蚀性的影响。方法2种钛合金在含有不同浓度NaF（0%、0.05%、0.1%、0.2%）的酸性人工唾液（pH=4.0）电解池中测得极化曲线;然后将试件浸泡于恒温的实验溶液中,扫描电镜（SEM）下观察各组试件的表面形貌。结果2种钛合金在酸性人工唾液中的自腐蚀电位、极化电阻随着NaF浓度的升高而减小,自腐蚀电流密度随着NaF浓度的升高而增大;且当NaF浓度高于0.1%时2种钛合金的自腐蚀电位、极化电阻以及自腐蚀电流密度的变化明显（P＜0.05）;同时,扫描电镜结果显示当NaF浓度高于0.1%时2种钛合金表面开始发生严重的腐蚀;Ti-12Zr合金在NaF浓度为0.2%酸性人工唾液中的极化电阻明显高于Ti-6Al-4V合金（P＜0.05）。结论氟离子可降低Ti-12Zr合金及Ti-6Al-4V合金的耐腐蚀性,且在NaF浓度高于0.1%时更为明显。     

Comparison of castability and surface roughness of commercially pure titanium and cobalt-chromium denture frameworks.

STATEMENT OF PROBLEM: Titanium is a biocompatible material, but it is not widely used in clinical dentistry for conventional removable denture frameworks. Little research exists on its applicability. PURPOSE: This study compared the casting accuracy and roughness of titanium and cobalt-chromium denture frameworks. MATERIAL AND METHODS: Twenty Kennedy Class II, Division 1 removable partial denture frameworks were fabricated with commercially pure titanium (n = 10) and a cobalt-chromium alloy (n = 10). The casting accuracy of each framework was determined by visual, radiographic, and microscopic methods. The roughness of each polished framework surface was analyzed with atomic force microscopy. RESULTS: The clinical fit, porosities, and microporosities of both types of metal frameworks were qualitatively similar. The surface roughness of polished pure titanium and cobalt-chromium frameworks was 104.43 +/- 69.24 nm and 133.91 +/- 40.92 nm, respectively. This difference was not statistically significant (P >.05). CONCLUSION: The clinical fit, porosity, and surface roughness of the titanium and cobalt-chromium frameworks fabricated for this study were comparable.     

A piezoelectric film-based intrasplint detection method for bruxism

STATEMENT OF PROBLEM: Two varieties of unalloyed titanium, Ti-6Al-4V and NiTi, commonly are used in medical and dental fields. Several other types of alloys for potential use in these fields have been developed, including Ti-4.5Al-3V-2Mo-2Fe and vanadium-free alloys (Ti-5Al-2.5Fe and Ti-5Al-3Mo-4Zr). The corrosion of these alloys under simulated physiologic conditions is not known. Purpose. This study compared the corrosion behaviors of 6 titanium materials through electrochemical polarization tests in 37 degrees C Ringer's solution. MATERIAL AND METHODS: The applied voltage was potentiostatically scanned from -0.6 to 1.0 V. From polarization curves, the corrosion rate (averaged over 3 samples) for each alloy was calculated and compared with that of other alloys. Analysis of variance (ANOVA) and the Student-Newman-Keuls multiple range test were performed at a 95% overall confidence level to identify statistically significance differences in corrosion rates. Surface oxide films were identified by electron diffraction, and the electrolyte medium was analyzed by atomic absorption spectrophotometry after each alloy was tested. RESULTS: Commercially pure titanium and Ti-5Al-2.5Fe were the most resistant to corrosion; Ti-5Al-3Mo-4Zr, Ti-6Al-4V, and NiTi were the least resistant to corrosion. NiTi exhibited pitting corrosion along with transpassivation. CONCLUSION: Electron diffraction patterns indicated that all titanium alloys were covered mainly with rutile-type oxide (TiO(2)) after corrosion tests. The oxides that formed on Ti-5Al-2.5Fe were identified as a mixture of TiO(2) and Ti(9)O(17), and those that formed on NiTi were identified as a mixture of TiO(2) and Ni(2)Ti(4)O.     

The influence of commercially pure titanium and titanium-aluminum-vanadium alloy on the final shade of low-fusing porcelain

AIMS: The aims of this study were to investigate the influence of commercially pure titanium (PTi) and titanium-aluminum-vanadium (Ti-6Al-4V) alloys (TiA) on the final shade of low-fusing porcelain bonded to them and to compare the shade changes with those of three conventional metal-ceramic systems. METHODS AND MATERIALS: A titanium casting unit was used to cast PTi and Ti-6Al-4V alloy specimens followed by A3 shade low-fusing porcelain (Noritake) being bonded to them. Gold-based (AuA), palladium-based (PdA), and nickel-chromium (Ni-Cr) alloys were cast with an automatic centrifugal casting machine, then A3 shade conventional porcelain material (Vita, VMK 95) was applied to them. Ten specimens of each metal were then fabricated. The CIE L* a* b* color coordinates of the specimens were measured with a spectrophotometer. RESULTS: All alloys had significant color changes when compared with A3 shade tabs. The color differences from the shade tabs were 5.79 for the Ti-6Al-4V group, 6.46 for PdA alloy, 8.12 for AuA alloy, 8.15 for Ni-Cr alloy, and 12.58 for PTi. The specimens differed from the shade tabs primarily because of the differences in a* and b* coordinate values. CONCLUSIONS: Predictable shade reproduction of metal-ceramic restorations (MCRs) may be impaired by the underlying metal. The PTi had the greatest color differences among all the tested metal when compared with the shade tabs, whereas the Ti-6Al-4V alloy had the lowest. PTi is more likely to affect the final shade of low-fusing porcelain than Ti-6Al-4V alloy.