抑郁在老年人日常生活活动能力和认知功能状况的中介效应研究

目的 探讨抑郁在老年人日常生活活动能力和认知功能状况间的中介作用。方法 选取2018年CHARLS调查中5 397例≥60岁的老年人样本，采用日常生活活动能力量表（ADL）、流调中心抑郁水平评定量表（CES - 10）及简易精神状态量表（MMSE）进行测量；使用单因素分析、Pearson相关分析、逐步回归分析及Bootstrap中介检验进行数据分析。结果 老年人认知障碍率为30.64%。ADL和认知功能间呈正相关（r = 0.255，P＜0.01），ADL与认知功能均对抑郁呈负相关关系（r = - 0.295、 - 0.252，P＜0.01）。回归结果显示ADL得分和抑郁得分均对认知功能状况有影响（t = 12.107、 - 8.079，P＜0.001）。ADL对认知功能的总效应值为0.126，直接效应值为0.106，抑郁对认知功能的中介效应值为0.020。结论 老年人认知功能状况不容乐观，ADL、抑郁均是老年人认知功能的影响因素，抑郁在老年人ADL与认知功能间起部分中介作用。     

社区老年人认知功能及相关因素调查

目的了解社区老年人认知功能及相关影响因素,为促进老年保健提供依据。方法对上海市卢湾区某社区601名60岁及以上老年人,采用简易智能状态量表（mini—mental status examination,MMSE）评定认知功能,采用日常生活能力量表（activities of daily living scale,ADL）调查认知功能相关因素。结果年龄与MMSE评分呈负相关,与ADL评分呈正相关;MMSE评分与ADL评分呈负相关。单因素统计分析结果显示,性别、年龄、文化程度、职业、婚姻状况影响老年人认知功能。多元线性回归分析显示,文化程度、年龄、心脏疾病影响MMSE评分。结论增龄、文化程度低、女性、无业或工人、心脏病可能对老年人认知功能产生不良影响。对其中的可干预因素进行干预,有利于提高老年人的认知功能和生活质量。     

南昌市养老机构老年人认知功能现状调查

目的调查南昌市养老机构老年人认知现状,分析其影响因素。方法 2018年6—12月,采用分层整群抽样法从南昌市登记在册的养老机构中选取9所,通过现场发放一般资料问卷、简易精神状态量表(MMSE)及日常生活能力量表(ADL)对268名入住老年人进行调查,并对数据进行分析。结果入住老年人认知功能平均得分为22.59±3.78,处于较低水平;不同年龄、性别、文化程度、婚姻状况、退休前职业、家庭月收入、每周锻炼次数、饮酒及吸烟情况的老年人MMSE得分比较,差异均有统计学意义(均P0.05);多元线性回归分析显示,性别、年龄和文化程度对老年人认知功能有显著影响(均P0.05);MMSE得分与ADL得分呈负相关(r=-0.781,P0.01)。结论养老机构老年人的认知功能水平较低,文化水平低的高龄女性应成为认知功能受损的重点关注人群,应对其定期进行认知评估,及时干预,以促进老年人认知健康。     

老年人认知功能影响因素的研究

[目的]探讨老年人认知功能下降的影响因素。[方法]采用简易智能量表（Mini mental state examination，MMSE）对山西省太原市典型抽样的1065例60岁及以上老年人进行了认知功能评定，通过自行设计的调查表对老年人的一般状况和生活方式等进行了调查。[结果]在单因素分析中，年龄、性别、受教育情况、婚姻状况、吸烟、饮酒、锻炼、收缩压和体重指数与MMSE得分均有统计学关联。在多因素分析中，受教育情况、年龄、性别、常锻炼、体重指数和MMSE得分有统计学关联。[结论]对老年人认知功能的可干预性影响因素进行干预，可以对老年人认知功能下降起到一级预防、提高生命质量的作用。     

西安近郊县老年人群认知功能相关因素分析

采用简易智力状态检查表（Mini－mentalstateexamination,MMSE）检测西安地区郊县临潼524名55岁及以上老年人的认知功能。结果显示,该人群MMSE均数的99％可信区间为24．3849—25．2487,在认知结构中．计算力和记忆力容易发生缺损。多元逐步回归分析表明．认知功能的主要相关因素为教育水平、日常生活能力（Abilityofdailyliving．ADL）、性别、年龄、职业和婚姻状况。     

贵阳市城区老年人认知功能障碍及影响因素分析

目的 探讨贵州省贵阳市老年人认知功能障碍流行状况及影响因素,为预防老年人识知功能下降提供科学依据.方法 采用多级随机整群抽样方法,使用简易智能状态量表(MMSE)对贵阳市2个城区60岁～的社区老年人进行认知功能检查.结果 完成认知评估3 175人,有认知障碍647人(20%),其中轻度认知障碍465人(14.4%),中重度认知障碍182人(5.6%).老年人认知功能障碍程度随年龄增加而增加;不同性别之间老年人认知障碍检出率差异无统计学意义;MMSE分值随受教育程度降低而降低.老年人的认知功能障碍的多领域均存在下降.多元线性回归分析显示,教育程度的高低、日常生活能力(ADL)量表得分、年龄及性别与老年人认知功能障碍之间差异有统计学意义.结论 贵阳市老年人认知功能障碍患病率较高,老人认知功能障碍与教育程度、ADL、性别、年龄等因素相关.应加强对社区老年人认知功能的早期监测,提高社区老年人生活质量.     

轻度认知功能障碍患者生存质量与认知功能相关性研究

目的：探讨遗忘型轻度认知功能障碍（amnestic-type mild cognitive impairment,aMCI）患者生活质量及其与认知功能的关系,为制订有效的aMCI临床诊治措施、提高aMCI患者生活质量提供依据。方法：现况调查。对宁波市社区流行病学调查确诊的158例aMCI患者,应用自行设计问卷、简易精神状态检查量表（MMSE）、韦氏记忆量表中国修订版（WMS-RC）、日常生活活动能力量表（ADL）、世界卫生组织生存质量测定量表简表（WHOQOLBREF）等工具进行相关测定。采用SPSS 17.0软件进行统计处理,组间比较计量资料采用t检验、方差分析,相关性采用Spearman秩相关分析。结果：158例aMCI患者以受教育水平分层,各层MMSE得分不同（t=12.642,P〈0.01）,均数均低于界值。WMS-RC的4个记忆分量表（图片回忆、字词联想、理解记忆和背数）得分均低于60岁以上老年常模组（P〈0.01）。158例aMCI患者ADL得分最高分19.94,最低分10.25,平均为15.68±1.74,WHOQOL-BREF总的生存质量及其4个领域得分与成人常模比较,生理领域、心理领域、社会关系领域和总得分均低于常模（P〈0.01）,环境领域得分高于常模（P〈0.01）。MMSE、WMS-RC的4个分量表得分与生存质量生理领域、心理领域、社会关系领域得分呈正相关（P〈0.05或P〈0.01）,与ADL得分呈负相关;MMSE、WMS-RC量表除图片回忆以外的3个分量表得分与环境领域得分呈正相关（P〈0.05或P〈0.01）;MMSE量表、WMS-RC量表除字词联想以外的3个分量表得分与生存质量总得分呈正相关。结论：aMCI患者生存质量低于常模;其生存质量与认知功能密切有关;可以通过改善MCI患者认知提高aMCI患者生存质量。     

贵州农村老年人社会支持与认知功能的关系及焦虑睡眠的中介作用

目的 探讨贵州农村老年人社会支持与认知功能的联系,并分析焦虑和睡眠在其间的中介作用,为认知功能减退及痴呆的行为预防提供科学参考。方法 于2019年7—8月采用多阶段整群随机抽样方法选取贵州农村≥60岁者共1 615人作为调查对象,采用自编一般情况调查表、社会支持评定量表（SSRS）、简易智力状态检测量表（MMSE）、阿森斯失眠量表（AIS）、焦虑状态量表（GAD - 2）进行问卷调查。采用结构方程模型探讨老年人社会支持水平、焦虑、睡眠及认知功能四者间的联系。结果 1 615名老年人认知功能得分为（21.09±5.21）分,女性（t = 16.559,P＜0.001）、少数民族（t = 2.425,P = 0.015）、非在婚（t = 8.954,P＜0.001）、年龄越大（F = 42.638,P＜0.001）、文化程度越低（F = 174.167,P＜0.001）的老年人认知功能相对较差。MMSE得分与GAD - 2、AIS得分均呈负相关,与SSRS得分呈正相关（r = - 0.135、 - 0.135、0.271,P＜0.01）。结构方程模型结果显示,社会支持水平对认知功能的总效应值为0.374,其中社会支持对认知功能的直接效应值0.353（95%CI:0.294～0.411）,睡眠的中介效应值0.010（95%CI:0.002～0.020）及焦虑和睡眠的链式中介效应值0.011（95%CI:0.003～0.020）。结论 老年人社会支持可能直接影响认知功能,也可能通过睡眠质量的中介作用及睡眠和焦虑的链式中介作用间接影响认知功能。     

云南省中老年人认知功能水平及其影响因素分析

[目的]了解云南省社区中老年人认知功能状况及其影响因素。[方法]采用多阶段抽样方法选取调查对象,项目组统一制作调查问卷,面对面调查了1499名50岁及以上中老年人的一般人口学情况、生活方式、认知功能、日常生活活动能力等资料。拟合多元线性回归模型探索影响认知功能的因素。[结果]所有50岁及以上调查对象的词语回忆平均得分为5.31分,语言流畅度平均得分13.76分,顺序数字记忆平均得分7.60分,倒序数字记忆平均得分3.11分;影响认知功能的独立因素是教育水平、ADL、年龄、饮酒、婚姻状况,均为P0.05。[结论]年龄大于70岁、文化程度低、体力活动少、ADL差、丧偶独居者是认知功能减退的高危人群;增加体力活动、日常生活活动能力锻炼、参加社交活动、适量饮酒有助于维持较好的认知功能。     

脑卒中患者认知障碍与日常生活活动能力的相关性研究

[目的]探讨脑卒中患者认知障碍与日常生活活动能力(ADL)的相关性。[方法]采用简易智力状态检查量表(MMSE),日常生活活动能力评价量表(Barthel评分)和患者基本情况调查表对北京市3所医院474例脑卒中患者进行调查,采用SPSS13.0统计软件进行分析。[结果]474例脑卒中患者认知功能障碍发生率为50.63%,其中初中文化程度、左偏手、偏瘫、日常生活能力低的脑卒中患者认知功能障碍发病率高,差异有统计学意义(P﹤0.01)。[结论]脑卒中患者认知功能障碍发生率较高,脑卒中患者认知障碍与ADL相关。     

Calcium intake in the elderly: validation of a dietary questionnaire

Epidemiological studies of calcium and osteoporosis have been hampered by the lack of a suitable tool for assessing calcium intake. This report describes a new frequency and amount questionnaire for measuring present and past calcium intake in the elderly. The validity of the questionnaire was tested against two commonly used standards of dietary assessment, five-day duplicate diets and seven-day weighed dietary inventories. The resulting correlation coefficients were, respectively, r = 0.76 and r = 0.69, while that for repeatability was r = 0.84. Furthermore, the questionnaire categorized subjects into thirds of the distribution of intake with almost no gross misclassification. It is suggested that the present findings may be extended to the majority of normal, healthy elderly subjects, implying wide application for the questionnaire in the assessment of calcium intake in the elderly.     

The occurrence of antimicrobial substances in toilet,sink and shower drainpipes of clinical units: A neglected source of antibiotic residues

Antibiotics represent one of the most important drug groups used in the management of bacterial infections in humans and animals. Due to the increasing problem of antibiotic resistance, assurance of the antibacterial effectiveness of these substances has moved into the focus of public health. The reduction in antibiotic residues in wastewater and the environment may play a decisive role in the development of increasing rates of antibiotic resistance. The present study examines the wastewater of 31 patient rooms of various German clinics for possible residues of antibiotics, as well as the wastewater of five private households as a reference.To the best of our knowledge, this study shows for the first time that in hospitals with high antibiotic consumption rates, residues of these drugs can be regularly detected in toilets, sink siphons and shower drains at concentrations ranging from 0.02?μg·L^?1 to a maximum of 79?mg·L^?1. After complete flushing of the wastewater siphons, antibiotics are no longer detectable, but after temporal stagnation, the concentration of the active substances in the water phases of respective siphons increases again, suggesting that antibiotics persist through the washing process in biofilms. This study demonstrates that clinical wastewater systems offer further possibilities for the optimization of antibiotic resistance surveillance.     

Self-reported health problems among Swedish miners one year after unemployment

Unemployment is considered to be a public health concern sincedeterioration in the health of the unemployed is often anticipated.However, for some groups, such as miners, unemployment mightimprove health due to a cessation of potentially harmful occupationalexposures. This study evaluates the health of 79 miners in oneSwedish iron-ore mine, and 226 age-matched controls from thegeneral population, during one year after the closure of themine. The participants received a questionnaire regarding medicalhistory and subjective symptoms at the beginning of the studyperiod, and after one year. Statistically significant negativeeffects on self-reported health attributable to unemploymentwere not found, although neuropsychiatric symptoms were morecommon among the unemployed miners. The miners reported a statisticallysignificant improvement in grip force (p=0.031). They had asignificantly higher prevalence of symptoms associated withmining related exposures when compared with the population controls;pain in the upper extremities [relative risk (RR)=2.27, 95%confidence interval (Cl)=1.44–3.59), back pain (RR=1.84;Cl=1.237–2.75), vasospastic disease of the fingers (RR=2.05;Cl=1.18–3.57) and obstructive respiratory symptoms (attacksof dyspnea and wheezing: RR=3.67; Cl=1.167–11.6).     

Excès de cas humains et animaux de tularémie en France au cours de l’hiver 2007–2008 : émergence ou phénomène isolé ?

Context

Tularemia is a zoonosis affecting humans and hares in France. We describe the results of surveillance in both species, in 2007 and 2008.

Methods

Human tularemia cases are mandatorily notifiable in France since 2003. In hares, surveillance relies on volunteer hunter associations in all districts of the country. Data from mandatory reports and volunteer surveillance in 2007/2008 were analyzed and compared with previous results.

Results

In 2007/2008, 144 cases were reported in humans and 117 cases in hares. This was a 100% increase compared to previous years. Human cases differed from those of previous years only by the frequency of contact with breeding animals. Human cases without any documented risk exposure were also more frequent.

Conclusion

An increase of tularemia cases occurred in 2007/2008 in both species. Complementary studies are needed to identify the species reservoir in France to understand the causes of this peak of cases.     

Occupational health hazards in mining: an overview

This review article outlines the physical, chemical, biological, ergonomic and psychosocial occupational health hazards of mining and associated metallurgical processes. Mining remains an important industrial sector in many parts of the world and although substantial progress has been made in the control of occupational health hazards, there remains room for further risk reduction. This applies particularly to traumatic injury hazards, ergonomic hazards and noise. Vigilance is also required to ensure exposures to coal dust and crystalline silica remain effectively controlled.     

深圳公立医院管理体制改革制度设计

深圳公立医院管理体制改革实行政事分开、管办分开,在理事会架构下按法定机构模式组建市医管中心,落实公立医院运营管理自主权.作者从当前公立医院管理体制的弊端入手,介绍了深圳市进行公立医院管理体制改革的基本思路及改革方案设计的主要举措,深入剖析了的改革方案的特点,并对改革效果进行了预测.     

Manufacture and use of nanomaterials: current status in the UK and global trends

This paper provides an overview of the production and use of nanomaterials (NMs), particularly in the UK. Currently, relatively few companies in the UK are identifiable as NM manufacturers, the main emphasis being the bulk markets in metals and metal oxides, and some niche markets such as carbon nanotubes and quantum dots. NM manufacturing in the UK does not reflect the global emphasis on fullerenes, nanotubes and fibres. Some assumptions have been made about the types of NM that are likely to be imported into the UK, which currently include fullerenes, modified fullerenes and other carbon-based NMs including nanotubes. Many university departments, spin-offs and private companies have developed processes for the manufacture of NMs but may only be producing small quantities for research and development (R&D) purposes. However, some have the potential to scale up to produce large quantities. The nanotechnology industry in the UK has strong R&D backup from universities and related institutions. This review has covered R&D trends at such institutions, and appropriate information has been added to a searchable database. While several companies are including NMs in their products, only a few (e.g. manufacturers of paints, coatings, cosmetics, catalysts, polymer composites) are using nanoparticles (NPs) in any significant quantities. However, this situation is likely to change rapidly. There is a need to collect more information about exposure to NPs in both manufacturing and user scenarios. As the market grows, and as manufacturers switch from the micro- to the nanoscale, the potential for exposure will increase. More research is required to quantify any risks to workers and consumers.     

Effects of nitrogen dioxide on red blood cells of rats: Changes in components of red cell membranes during in vivo exposure to NO2

Red cell membranes, prepared from red blood cells of rats exposed to 4, 10, or 20 ppm nitrogen dioxide (NO₂) for 1 to 10 days, were examined for evidence of changes in membrane components. Appreciable changes were not found in contents of phospholipid and cholesterol during exposure to 10 ppm NO₂. By contrast, protein content altered with the time of exposure. Moreover, changes in protein composition were observed by employing sodium dodecyl sulfate — polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis. Twenty-four-hour exposure to NO₂ at the concentration above 10 ppm resulted in a marked increase in the percentage of lysophosphatidylethanolamine (LysoPE) to the total phospholipids. The prolonged exposure to 10 ppm NO₂ gave rise to a further increase in LysoPE, whereas the percentage of phosphatidylethanolamine (PE) showed a gradual decrease. A 1-day exposure to 4.0 ppm NO₂ also caused an increase in sialic acid content and decreases in those of PE and hexose. In addition to contents of these components the percentage of LysoPE increased 5 days after exposure and the elevated values were maintained up to the end of exposure period. These results demonstrate that red blood cells in circulation exhibit different membrane properties in terms of lipid and carbohydrate composition during 10 days of exposure to 4.0 ppm NO₂.     

Investigating clusters in the workplace and beyond

Clusters of disease are common and occur in the workplace and in the general community. They often arouse considerable concern among the population. Investigations have sometimes lead to exciting new knowledge, but in general the investigation of clusters is difficult and often unrewarding, especially for community clusters. In the workplace, investigations are more likely to find associations and even new causes, but still many clusters remain enigmatic. Despite this, there are many reasons for investigating clusters, including allaying community concern and identifying uncontrolled exposures. A structure for investigating clusters in the workplace is suggested.