缺血性脑卒中超早期静脉溶栓治疗

目的 :评价超早期尿激酶静脉溶栓疗法对急性缺血性脑卒中的疗效和安全性。材料和方法 :随机选择 2 0例急性缺血性脑卒中患者 ,发病时间在 6h以内 ,半小时之内静脉滴注尿激酶 15 0× 10 4U/人 ,溶栓前、溶栓后 15min及 2 4h分别做血管造影检查 ,并记录比较患者溶栓前后临床神经功能缺损评分 (欧洲脑卒中评分 )及治疗 90天研究终点时的BarthelIndex和改良RankinScale。结果 :大脑中动脉闭塞 8例 ,6例完全再通 ,1例部分再通 ;大脑前动脉闭塞 1例 ,完全再通 ;颈内动脉闭塞 6例 ,3例部分开通 ,3例未通 ;豆纹动脉闭塞的 5例 ;4例临床完全恢复。本组病例中 2例继发症状性脑出血。有 3例患者死亡 ,死亡率为 15 %。结论 :超早期静脉溶栓可以使闭塞的血管再通 ,改善患者预后 ,但必需严格把握适应证 ,否则会增加脑出血的发病率及患者的死亡率。     

Evaluation of reperfusion and recovery of brain function before and after intracarotid arterial urokinase therapy in acute cerebral infarction with brain SPECT.

PURPOSE: Perfusion defects can be demonstrated reliably at an early stage with regional cerebral blood flow studies using SPECT. The administration of thrombolytic therapy in ischemic stroke is targeted at restoring cerebral perfusion immediately, leading to salvage of ischemic penumbra, smaller infarct size, and improved clinical outcome. This study considered the role of brain perfusion SPECT in the evaluation of reperfusion and brain function recovery of the infarcted area after early recanalization (less than 6 hours) of the occluded artery using intracarotid arterial urokinase therapy (ICAU). METHODS: Intracranial artery occlusion was confirmed in seven patients using emergency carotid angiography performed within the initial 6-hour period. Intracarotid arterial urokinase (500,000 to 800,000 units) was administered into the occluded arterial system (the left middle cerebral artery in four and the right middle cerebral artery in three patients). CT scanning was performed when the patients arrived in the emergency department and was repeated 24 to 48 hours after ICAU and at 7 days or earlier if clinically indicated. All patients had two SPECT studies, the first before urokinase administration and the second 24 or 48 hours later. RESULTS: Complete recanalization of the occluded vessels was seen in one patient after ICAU, effective partial recanalization was achieved in four patients, and minimal recanalization occurred in the other two. Before ICAU, Tc-99m HMPAO brain SPECT showed decreased uptake of the infarcted area in all patients, whereas the follow-up brain SPECT performed 24 or 48 hours after ICAU revealed improvement in the uptake of the recanalized area on qualitative and semiquantitative assessments using an asymmetry index, suggestive of brain function recovery and clinical improvement. Hemorrhagic transformation adjacent to the reperfused regions occurred in two patients with partial recanalization of the left middle cerebral artery. CONCLUSIONS: Reperfusion of the recanalized area and brain function recovery could be achieved if the occluded artery is recanalized within the initial 6-hour period using ICAU, and this was documented using brain perfusion SPECT without a delay in the therapeutic time window. Because the number of patients we studied was limited, further study is necessary to evaluate the effect of ICAU and to determine its prognostic significance.     

Angioplasty of the occluded internal carotid artery.

PURPOSETo review patients who have presented with acute strokes from a middle cerebral artery occlusion in whom in addition to the middle cerebral artery thromboembolus, an internal carotid artery occlusion has been present, and in whom angioplasty of these totally occluded internal carotid arteries has bee n successful.METHODSWe reviewed retrospectively our experience in treating a cute stroke patients with intracranial, intraarterial urokinase. Six of 27 patients had internal carotid artery occlusions in addition to middle cerebral artery occlusions. Two patients presented with spontaneous carotid dissections for wh ich no further intervention from the ipsilateral internal carotid artery was attempted. In the remaining four internal carotid artery occlusions secondary to atherosclerotic disease, standard guide wires and catheters were negotiated across the level of the internal carotid artery occlusion, which expedited intracranial catheterization for thrombolysis. Subsequently, angioplasty of the internal carotid artery was performed.RESULTSAll four occluded internal carotid arteries could be traversed. No new neurologic deficits occurred. No vascular injuries occurred. No deaths occurred. Four- to 6-month follow-up showed all four internal carotid arteries remained patent.CONCLUSIONIn acute occlusions of the internal carotid artery from atherosclerosis, the occluded vessel can sometimes be recanalized with low morbidity. In addition, endovascular access to the intracranial circulation can be expedited by using the recanalized internal carotid artery.     

Single-center experience with TruFill platinum coils for the embolization of cerebral aneurysms

Endovascular coiling has become a powerful alternative to neurosurgical clipping of cerebral aneurysms. Apart from the Guglielmi Detachable Coil (GDC) (Boston Scientific, Galway, Ireland), there is limited published data about the newer generation of detachable platinum coils, e.g., TruFill (Cordis, Johnson and Johnson, Miami, Fl.). We report our initial clinical experience with the embolization of aneurysms by TruFill coils. Included in this retrospective study were 26 patients (age 55.4±14.5 years; 9 male, 17 female) with 28 aneurysms, 21 ruptured and 7 unruptured. All patients were treated exclusively by embolization with TruFill platinum coils. Immediate angiographic and 6-month angiographic follow-up results were documented. Acute clinical outcome was recorded. Of the 28 aneurysms, 16 (57%) were completely occluded by TruFill embolization, 11 (39%) were incompletely occluded with residual necks, and 1 (4%) was partially occluded as residual aneurysm. There were no aneurysmal ruptures during the procedures. Follow-up at 6 months after the procedure was available in 18 patients and 19 aneurysms. Of the 19 aneurysms, 2 of 12 initially completely occluded aneurysms (17%) and 1 of 7 aneurysms with initial residual necks (14%) showed recanalization at the 6-month follow-up. One recanalized aneurysm was subsequently recoiled with consequent residual neck and remained unchanged at the 1-year follow-up. Embolization by TruFill platinum coils has a comparable total aneurysmal occlusion rate to that with GDC. The mid-term reintervention rate is low, and will require verification by future long-term studies.     

rt-PA动脉溶栓治疗急性脑梗死的疗效观察

目的分析动脉溶栓治疗急性脑梗死的安全性及疗效。方法对21例颈内动脉系统梗死患者(颈内动脉3例,大脑中动脉12例,大脑前动脉5例,豆纹动脉1例)进行rt-PA动脉溶栓治疗。治疗时间在发病后2～6h,观察术中血管再通及术后即刻、24h后分别行头颅CT或MRI扫描以明确有无颅内出血。术前及术后30d采用中国脑卒中神经功能缺损程度量表(chinese stroke scale)进行评估。结果21例患者动脉溶栓治疗中技术成功率100%。其中血管再通TMI分级2～3级16例,TMI分级0～1级5例。症状性脑出血3例,其中2例死亡。17例术后30d神经功能缺损评分减少>50%,2例<50%,死亡2例。TMI分级2～3级的血管再通患者生活状态明显优于TMI分级0～1级血管再通患者。结论急性脑梗死6h内动脉溶栓治疗比较合适,但也有并发脑出血的严重后果,开始溶栓时间越早越好。     

Short-duration, high-dose urokinase infusion for recanalization of occluded saphenous aortocoronary bypass grafts

Thrombolytic recanalization of arterial bypass grafts has been pursued aggressively in the peripheral circulation but not in the coronary circulation. In an attempt to apply peripheral transcatheter thrombolytic techniques to the coronary circulation, nine patients with 10 occluded saphenous aortocoronary bypass grafts underwent recanalization procedures using a short-duration, high-dose urokinase infusion. Urokinase was infused at the occluded graft orifice at a rate of 600 units/min. The average infusion time was 1 hr, 26 min. The average urokinase dose was 435,000 units. Graft recanalization was achieved in eight (80%) of 10 grafts, although only six (60%) of 10 grafts were widely patent at the end of the procedure. All successfully recanalized grafts required balloon angioplasty of underlying stenoses. No complications, specifically myocardial infarction or cerebrovascular accident, were encountered. We have shown that occluded aortocoronary bypass grafts can be recanalized successfully by using a short-duration, high-dose urokinase infusion. It appears that, with attention given to angiographic techniques that minimize clot manipulation, recanalization can be accomplished safely in a majority of cases.     

Local thrombolysis for patients of severe cerebral venous sinus thrombosis during puerperium

Objective

To explore and evaluate the efficacy of intrasinus thrombolysis (IST) in patients with cerebral venous sinus thrombosis (CVST) during postpartum period.

Methods

11 patients during postpartum period with CVST who received IST during July 2007–November 2011 were included. Urokinase was infused into the sinuses via a microcatheter. Magnetic resonance venography (MRV) was performed to assess the recanalization of venous sinuses.

Results

Before discharge, the intracranial pressure in 11 patients was under 200 mmH₂O. MRV confirmed that venous sinus of 9 patients were smooth. The cortex venous and deep venous recovered to normal. Venous sinus of 2 patients recanalized partly, and cortex venous and deep venous had compensation. 9 patients had good outcome and 2 patients had only mild deficits.

Conclusion

Intrasinus thrombolysis is safe and effective in patients with severe cerebral venous sinus thrombosis during postpartum period.     

Changes in cerebral oxygenation during hemodialysis before and after carotid artery stenting

A 68-year-old man received hemodialysis (HD) for the treatment of end-stage renal failure for 6 years. Five years prior to carotid artery stenting (CAS), a neck ultrasound performed to screen for carotid atherosclerosis revealed an asymptomatic right internal carotid artery stenosis. One month prior, the stenotic lesion progressed to 74% by cerebral angiography; therefore, CAS was performed. To evaluate the influence of right internal carotid artery stenosis on the intradialytic cerebral circulation and oxygenation, cerebral regional oxygen saturation (rSO₂) at bilateral forehead was measured using the INVOS 5100c oxygen saturation monitor (Covidien Japan, Japan) during HD before and after CAS. Before CAS, right cerebral rSO₂ was maintained during HD, whereas left cerebral rSO₂ gradually increased from the initiation to end of HD. However, the differences of intradialytic cerebral rSO₂ changes between bilateral sides disappeared after CAS. In the present case, before CAS, the intradialytic increase in left cerebral rSO₂ might reflect the increase in the left cerebral blood flow to compensate for the ultrafiltration-associated decreases in the right cerebral blood flow and perfusion pressure. Furthermore, the preserved right cerebral rSO₂ before CAS might reflect the mechanism maintaining the right cerebral blood flow from the collateralized circle of Willis during HD. Throughout our experience, cerebral oxygenation monitoring during HD might disclose intradialytic changes in cerebral blood flow distribution between the ipsilateral and contralateral side in HD patients with carotid artery stenosis.     

导丝留置技术在急性脑动脉闭塞机械取栓中的应用

目的 探讨导丝留置技术在急性脑动脉闭塞机械取栓术中的应用价值、安全性及可行性.方法 回顾分析2015年10月至2016年2月采用机械取栓治疗的15例急性缺血性脑卒中患者临床资料,其中大脑中动脉闭塞6例,颈内动脉及大脑中动脉闭塞5例,椎基底动脉闭塞4例.采用导丝留置技术快速准确判断血管闭塞特征,进行血管内机械取栓术治疗.结果 15例患者经导丝留置技术均成功准确判断病变血管闭塞特征.13例(87％)闭塞血管即刻再通,其中10例脑梗死溶栓后血流分级(TICI)评分达3分,5例2b分;2例因血栓负荷量大、闭塞节段长,多次取栓效果不佳,血管再通失败.美国国立卫生研究院卒中量表(NIHSS)评分由术前19.2±7.0改善至术后1周6.3±3.6,差异有统计学意义(P＜0.01).术后3个月10例改良Rankin量表(mRS)评分≤2分.结论 机械取栓治疗急性脑血管闭塞安全有效,导丝留置技术可安全、方便快捷、准确地判断出闭塞血管特征,减少手术操作,降低手术并发症,提高血管再通率.     

Treatment of cerebral aneurysms with hydrogel-coated platinum coils (HydroCoil): early single-center experience

PURPOSE: The authors report their experience using HydroCoils in the treatment of cerebral aneurysms. METHODS: We performed a retrospective review of the first 100 nonrandomized patients (104 coiled saccular cerebral aneurysms) treated with HydroCoils during a 27-month period. RESULTS: The average percentage of HydroCoil by length detached in treated aneurysms was 45.5% (range, 9.9-100%). Immediate postprocedure angiography demonstrated complete aneurysm occlusion in 34%, neck remnant in 35%, and incomplete occlusion in 32%. Immediate procedure-related morbidity and mortality rates were 5.8% and 0%, respectively. Angiographic follow-up was obtained in 51% (51/100 patients; 53/104 aneurysms; average, 10.3 months; range, 0-31 months). In these 53 angiographically followed aneurysms, the overall recanalization rate was 21%: no recanalization occurred in 23 aneurysms with small size (<10 mm)/small neck (<4 mm) (S/S); 4 recanalizations occurred in 7 aneurysms with small size/wide neck (>4 mm) (S/W); 6 recanalizations (27%) occurred in 22 large (L) aneurysms (>10-25 mm, 70% angiographic follow-up); and 1 giant (G) (>25 mm) aneurysm recanalized. A large proportion of aneurysms that were not initially completely occluded were completely occluded on follow-up (15/43 [35%]). Clinical follow-up was obtained in 73 patients (73%; average, 5.3 months; range, 0-24 months): 93% of these patients were neurologically improved or unchanged. Three patients rehemorrhaged and 3 patients with unruptured aneurysms developed delayed hydrocephalus. CONCLUSIONS: The overall safety profile of HydroCoils appears acceptable. Preliminary midterm observations suggest less coil compaction/aneurysm recanalization in large aneurysms. However, HydroCoil-related delayed hydrocephalus is a concern.     

Occlusion of cerebral arteriovenous malformations with N-butyl cyano-acrylate is permanent.

PURPOSETo verify the permanence of total occlusion of cerebral arteriovenous malformations after embolization with N-butyl cyano-acrylate and to evaluate the occlusion rate.METHODSOne hundred thirty-four patients were treated for cerebral arteriovenous malformations with N-butyl cyano-acrylate embolization after superselective catheterization. Those initially totally occluded have been followed with angiography.RESULTSIn 15 instances (11.2%) the arteriovenous malformations were totally occluded by embolization alone. Follow-up angiograms have been performed in 12 cases (80%) after 4 to 78 (mean, 27) months after embolization. In all instances the arteriovenous malformations have remained occluded, and there have been no clinical signs of activity.CONCLUSIONAfter total occlusion of a cerebral arteriovenous malformation with N-butyl cyano-acrylate, the lesion stays occluded, and the clinical course seems stable.     

椎动脉开口闭塞合并椎基底动脉急性闭塞的血管内治疗策略

目的：探讨椎动脉开口闭塞合并椎基底动脉急性闭塞的血管内治疗策略、临床疗效及安全性。 方法：选取2014年6月—2017年7月我院收治的8例合并椎动脉开口闭塞的急性后循环大血管闭塞患者。采取经股动脉常规途径、经股动脉及肱动脉途径、结合椎动脉内膜剥脱途径联合Solitaire支架取栓开通血管。分析血管开通前后的改良TIMI灌注分级、入院与出院NIHSS评分、90 d后的mRS评分。 结果：血管内治疗策略及血管开通情况：经股动脉常规途径行血管内治疗5例,经股动脉及肱动脉途径2例,结合椎动脉内膜剥脱开通血管1例。2例患者闭塞椎动脉开口未能开通,手术失败;6例患者椎动脉以及基底动脉获得良好开通;出院时NIHSS评分（11.88±7.06）明显低于入院NIHSS评分（30.75±8.21）,差异有统计学意义（t=3.297,P=0.013）。死亡2例,步行出院4例。90 d随访临床结果显示优良5例（mRS为0~2分）,1例患者中度残障,mRS评分3分。 结论：多种血管内治疗途径能使合并椎动脉开口闭塞的急性后循环闭塞大血管获得较好的再通率,显著改善后循环急性缺血性脑卒中患者的预后。     

脑动静脉畸形的X刀治疗

目的　探讨立体定向放射外科治疗脑动静脉畸形的临床效果。方法　对 87例脑动静脉畸形患者采用X刀治疗 ,畸形团大小大小 5～ 4 0mm。单独接受X刀治疗 5 5例 ,联合血管内栓塞治疗32例。治疗周边剂量 17～ 30Gy ,平均 2 2 .6Gy ,等剂量曲线 70 %～ 90 %。随访时间 6～ 96个月 ,平均 5 3.4个月。结果　单独应用X刀治疗的脑动静脉畸形患者 ,完全闭塞 4 1例 ,部分闭塞 9例 ,无变化 5例 ;联合血管内栓塞治疗患者 ,完全闭塞 2 6例 ,部分闭塞 3例 ,无变化 3例。全组完全闭塞 6 7例 (77.0 % )。癫痫完全缓解 7例 (2 6 .2 % ) ,头痛头昏症状缓解 18例 (38.3% )。并发症 :再出血 2例 ,症状性放射性脑水肿 6例 ,经治疗后 ,完全缓解 2例 ,遗留神经功能障碍 4例。结论　立体定向放射外科是脑动静脉畸形的安全而有效的治疗方法之一。     

Infarction and circulation in cerebrum

Summary Findings of computed tomography (CT) and angiography in supratentorial cerebral infarction associated with complete stroke were compared with regard to prognosis. It was found that the extent of low-density areas on CT was perfectly in accordance with the areas of occluded arteries on angiograms. However, the lowdensity areas on CT were always smaller than the areas involved angiographically when early recanalization and/or collateral circulation were carried out within 2 to 3 days of onset. It was also found that smaller low-density areas only had favorable effect. We concluded that the prognosis was better with early recanalization and/or collateral circulation, depsite the general acceptance of its poor prognostic implication.     

Carotid angioplasty with stenting for chronic internal carotid artery occlusion: technical note

Introduction Carotid angioplasty with stenting (CAS) is becoming accepted as an effective and reliable treatment option for severe carotid artery stenosis. However, it is rarely applied for carotid occlusion, especially in its chronic stage. We report our experience of CAS for chronic internal carotid artery occlusion representing compromised cerebral blood flow using various protection methods.Methods A 77-year-old woman, who was already diagnosed with severe left internal carotid artery stenosis, suddenly had right hemiparesis and aphasia. At that time, she was treated conservatively because her neurological status was quite good, in spite of left carotid artery occlusion. Her symptoms improved in the short term, except slight aphasia, but deteriorated again 18 days from the onset, and magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) showed new ischemic lesions. CAS was then performed for the occluded carotid artery on the 23rd day from the first onset.Results Using the proximal protection technique, the occluded lesion was crossed carefully with a microguidewire. Stents were also placed successfully with the distal protection technique. The occluded carotid artery was completely recanalized without any unfavorable events or neurological deterioration.Conclusion In this patient, CAS was successfully to treat chronic carotid artery occlusion. These procedures and techniques are reviewed and discussed.     

Dynamic susceptibility contrast perfusion magnetic resonance imaging in patients with symptomatic unilateral middle cerebral artery stenosis or occlusion

PURPOSE: To evaluate cerebral hemodynamic disturbance in patients with symptomatic unilateral middle cerebral artery (MCA) high-grade stenosis or occlusion using dynamic susceptibility contrast perfusion magnetic resonance imaging (DSC-pMRI). MATERIAL AND METHODS: DSC-pMRI was performed in 28 patients with symptomatic unilateral MCA high-grade stenosis or occlusion. Hemodynamic parameters including relative cerebral blood flow (rCBF), relative cerebral blood volume (rCBV), relative mean transit time (rMTT), and time to peak (TTP) were calculated and compared between the stenosed or occluded side and contralateral side. Seven of the 28 patients underwent surgery or interventional therapy, and hemodynamic changes between pre- and post-therapy were investigated. RESULTS: Prolonged rMTT and TTP were found in the stenosed or occluded MCA territories in all 28 patients. Significant differences were found in rCBV (P<0.05), rMTT (P<0.001), and TTP (P<0.001) between the stenosed or occluded side and the contralateral side. However, no significant difference was observed in rCBF (P>0.05). In the seven patients with surgical or interventional therapy, the values of rMTT and TTP significantly decreased after surgery or interventional therapy (P<0.001). CONCLUSION: DSC-pMRI may be a useful tool for evaluating and monitoring cerebral hemodynamic disturbance in patients with symptomatic unilateral MCA high-grade stenosis or occlusion.     

经颅多普勒在前循环动脉瘤破裂致脑血管痉挛中的应用价值

目的探讨经颅多普勒(TCD)在前循环动脉瘤破裂致症状性脑血管痉挛中的应用价值。方法回顾性分析我院神经外科2010年4月~2020年4月收治的前循环动脉瘤性蛛网膜下腔出血,诊断为症状性脑血管痉挛的患者62例,所有患者在发病后连续每天行TCD检查,连续观察大脑中动脉血流速度,诊断为症状性脑血管痉挛后行脑血管造影检查(DSA),并行选择性脑动脉内盐酸法舒地尔灌注治疗,治疗后继续每日TCD监测;以DSA结果为标准,对比分析TCD诊断脑血管痉挛的准确性,分析TCD与DSA诊断痉挛程度的一致性。结果62例症状性脑血管痉挛患者,男性26例,女性36例,平均年龄(57.7±7.5)岁,其中前交通动脉瘤9例,大脑中动脉瘤21例,后交通动脉瘤32例;临床诊断症状性脑血管痉挛后,TCD诊断脑血管痉挛57例,行DSA检查,61例证实血管痉挛;TCD检出率93.4%(57/61)。选择性脑血管灌注法舒地尔前后,TCD测量M1平均血流速度,轻度痉挛组分别是(130.8±6.4)cm/s、(83.8±14.6)cm/s,中度痉挛组分别是(171.3±12.8)cm/s、(82.3±8.5)cm/s,灌注治疗效果明显,TCD血流速度有明显差异。术后TCD继续监测,4例患者在TCD血流速度再次升高后复查DSA,证实并治疗。结论针对前循环动脉瘤破裂所致症状性脑血管痉挛,TCD筛查检出率高;选择性脑血管内灌注治疗前后TCD血流速度有明显差异,可预测和指导下一步的动脉内治疗,并可作为治疗后的复查手段。TCD检查是症状性脑血管痉挛安全、有效、便捷的筛查手段。     

MRI of middle cerebral artery occlusion

Magnetic resonance imagings (MRIs) of ten patients with angiographically proved middle cerebral artery (MCA) occlusion were retrospectively reviewed. Eight of the ten patients had cerebral infarcts, one had an intraventricular hemorrhage, and the remaining one had no significant abnormalities. All patients were examined by the 1.5 Tesla SIGNA (GE), using spin-echo pulse sequences. In all patients, occluded MCA could be detected by MRI. All occluded arteries showed absence of flow void and were demonstrated as iso- or hyperintense structures relative to gray matter on T1-weighted images, iso- or hypointense on T2-weighted images. In eight of the ten patients, absence of flow void in the sylvian fissure was observed on T2-weighted images. Thus, MRI was proved to be a pertinent diagnostic modality for evaluating MCA occlusions.     

Intra-arterial thrombolysis of occluded middle cerebral artery by use of collateral pathways in patients with tandem cervical carotid artery/middle cerebral artery occlusion

BACKGROUND AND PURPOSE: Cervical internal carotid artery (ICA) occlusion with middle cerebral artery (MCA) embolic occlusion is associated with a low rate of recanalization and poor outcome after intravenous thrombolysis. Prompt revascularization is required to prevent disabling stroke. We report our experience on acute ischemic stroke patients with tandem ICA or MCA occlusions treated with microcathether navigation and intra-arterial thrombolysis by use of collateral pathways including the posterior or anterior communicating arteries, or both pathways.MATERIALS AND METHODS: We retrospectively identified 8 patients with proximal ICA occlusion associated with MCA embolic occlusions treated with intra-arterial thrombolysis (IA rtPA). Access to the occluded MCA was obtained via catheter navigation through intact collateral pathways, including posterior communicating (PcomA) or anterior communicating (AcomA) arteries, without passing a microcathether through the acutely occluded ICA. We assessed clinical outcomes using modified Rankin scale (mRS) and National Institutes of Health Stroke Scale (NIHSS).RESULTS: Eight patients with a mean age of 57 ± 4 years and median NIHSS of 14 were identified. Mean time from stroke onset to intra-arterial thrombolysis was 292 ± 44 minutes. The MCA was revascularized completely in 5 of the 8 patients via collateral intra-arterial rtPA administration. All of the patients had a favorable outcome defined as a mRS of ≤2 or more at 1 and 3 months'' follow-up after thrombolytic therapy. One patient had an asymptomatic petechial hemorrhage.CONCLUSION: In this small number of patients with tandem occlusions of the ICA and MCA, intra-arterial thrombolysis and recanalization of the MCA by use of collateral pathways to bypass the occluded ICA is a safe and efficacious therapeutic option.

Acute occlusion of middle cerebral artery (MCA) occurs in up to 50% of patients with occlusion of the internal carotid artery (ICA).¹ The prognosis of these patients is poor, with high rates of morbidity and mortality.² Intra-arterial thrombolysis can result in better outcomes in patients with acute occlusions of the MCA.³ There is currently no clear consensus on the optimal treatment approach for patients with acute ischemic stroke secondary to tandem ICA and MCA occlusions. Several different strategies have been used, including combined intravenous and intra-arterial thrombolysis by microcatheter navigation through the occluded ICA,⁴ mechanical thrombectomy,^5,6 or angioplasty with or without stent placement of the occluded ICA.^7-10 These approaches can be time consuming, and the increased complexity of the treatment is associated with increased potential risk for complications. We report our experience on the treatment of patients with acute ischemic stroke with tandem MCA and ICA occlusions treated with microcatheter navigation and intra-arterial thrombolysis with use of collateral pathways, including the posterior (PcomA) or anterior communicating (AcomA) arteries. To the best of our knowledge, there have only been 2 previous case reports described in the literature of use of this approach.^11,12     

磁共振弥散加权成像在脑梗死诊断与评估中的应用研究

目的:研究磁共振弥散加权成像在脑梗死诊断与评估方面的作用。方法:本组共18例,均接受包括弥散加权成像(DWI)在内的颅脑磁共振检查。结果:脑梗死随着病变时间的增加,其表观弥散系数(ADC)发生一系列的变化,在急性期病变局部的ADC减低,在DWI中显示为高信号,在ADC图像上显示为低信号,稳定期病变局部的ADC逐渐恢复到正常水平附近,慢性期病变局部的ADC增加,在DWI呈低信号,在ADC图像上呈高信号。结论:磁共振弥散加权成像能比较准确、可靠地诊断早期脑梗死并反映脑梗死的病理生理基础。