超声内镜指导下食管间质瘤黏膜切除术

目的探讨超声内镜指导下食管间质瘤黏膜切除术的意义。方法对2005年～2007年5月76例疑为消化道黏膜下肿瘤的患者进行超声内镜检查,其中34例食管病变超声内镜显示病变来源于黏膜下层,有24例经知情同意后行超声内镜下黏膜切除术。切除的病变经过病理检查明确病变的层次和病变性质。结果通过与病理结果对照表明,超声内镜检查能准确地判断肿瘤所在层次;通过黏膜切除术切除所有的病变,无1例发生并发症。结论超声内镜指导食管间质瘤黏膜切除术既准确又安全。     

Endoscopic mucosal resection scissors for the treatment of early gastric cancer

Endoscopic mucosal resection (EMR) is currently a common treatment for superficial gastrointestinal tumors. We have developed new EMR scissors for superficial lesions in the esophagus and stomach. These scissors have stainless steel blades with an electrocoagulation device for hemostasis. We report a case in which superficial gastric cancer was treated by means of the EMR scissors. The lesion was removed using the scissors and no major complication was encountered. EMR scissors can be used for endoscopic resection of superficial lesions of the esophagus and stomach.     

Endoscopic mucosal resection.

Endoscopic mucosal resection (EMR) is a major advance in endoscopy for treatment of patients with superficial esophageal, gastric, or colonic lesions, providing a nonsurgical treatment option for management of these lesions. With the assistance of endoscopic ultrasonography, it is now possible to obtain an accurate histologic diagnosis, confirm the depth of the lesion, and in many cases resect submucosal tumors. The main goal of EMR using the advances in endosonography is to detect early gastrointestinal cancers and successfully resect them, offering an outpatient, nonsurgical treatment option. Although popular in the Orient, where there is a high incidence of superficial neoplasia, limited data are available on the use of EMR in the United States. Gastrointestinal (GI) endoscopy nurses and assistants play important roles in successful EMR. This article informs GI staff on the indications for EMR, the procedure and accessories needed, the different resection methods, possible complications, and nursing care.     

Évolution favorable à long terme des patients traités par résection muqueuse endoscopique pour une dysplasie de haut grade ou un cancer épidermoïde superficiel de l’œsophage

Introduction

Endoscopic mucosal resection (EMR) is a curative treatment of early squamous cell carcinoma (SCC) of the esophagus. The objective was to evaluate the efficacy, safety, long-term outcome, and survival of EMR.

Patients and methods

Forty-four patients were treated by EMR between February 1998 and October 2005 for an early SCC of the esophagus. The technique of EMR was carried out by suction and section with cap or traction and section, or by the combination of both.

Results

Forty-four patients had endoscopic treatment with resection of 49 early SCC. They were all of T1N0 stage as found by standard endoscopic ultrasound (EUS). No major complications occurred. The median endoscopic follow-up was 44 months. A curative resection (T1m1, T1m2) was achieved in 68% of cases without recurrence. Among patients with T2 lesion (16%), 6 had a radio-chemotherapy and only 1 patient died because of the metastatic evolution of esophageal cancer. The remaining 2 left patients had a complementary esophagectomy, among whom 1 died after recurrence. Eight patients had a histologically significant risk of nodes invasion (2 m3, 3 sm1, 2 sm2, and 1 sm3), and 6 had a complementary radio-chemotherapy without recurrence in the follow-up.

Conclusion

SCC of the esophagus shown usT1N0 in EUS can be treated curatively by endoscopic mucosal resection with a high rate of resecability (98%) and an acceptable complication rate. In the subgroup of 12 patients (m3 sm1, sm2, sm3 and T2) that were treated by complementary radiochemotherapy, the 5-year overall survival was 91%.     

Early esophageal carcinoma: endoscopic ultrasonography using the sonoprobe

Background: Almost all cases of superficial esophageal carcinoma are curable by endoscopic mucosal resection (EMR), but a precise diagnosis of the depth of tumor invasion is necessary to assess the indication for EMR. Although endoscopy has a high rate of accuracy for diagnosing the depth of tumor invasion, it depends on the experience of the examiner in interpreting surface information of the lesions. Today, endoscopic ultrasonography (EUS) is one of the most powerful techniques for obtaining objective tomographic images of a tumor. The high-frequency ultrasound probe is appropriate for EUS in cases of superficial esophageal carcinoma because of its excellent near-field resolution that provides precise ultrasound images under direct control of the endoscope. Methods: We performed EUS with the Sonoprobe System in 85 cases of superficial esophageal carcinoma before treatment and evaluated the resected specimens histopathologically. We interpreted the depth of tumor invasion based on our fundamental studies of ultrasonograms taken with a 20-MHz probe. Results: The clinical usefulness of the Sonoprobe with linear and radial scanning modes is due to its capacity to differentiate between mucosal and submucosal carcinoma by means of analyses of the muscularis mucosae. Although a clear assessment of microinvasion and lymphoid hyperplasia surrounding the tumor of interest remains speculative, the diagnostic accuracy rate for 96 lesions of superficial esophageal carcinoma reached 93% in terms of differentiating between mucosal from submucosal carcinoma. Conclusion: EUS with the Sonoprobe can play an important role in the pretreatment diagnosis of superficial esophageal carcinomas.     

高频小探头超声辅助内镜下治疗上消化道黏膜下肿瘤

目的探讨高频小探头超声辅助内镜下高频电凝电切圈套切除术治疗上消化道黏膜下肿瘤的安全性和疗效。方法治疗前经高频小探头超声评估和未经评估的分别为84例和110例，采用高频电凝电切圈套切除术治疗直径0．5～3．0cm上消化道黏膜下肿瘤，严密观察有无出血、穿孔等并发症，切除组织全部送组织病理学检查，术后定期门诊随访。结果经高频小探头超声评估后内镜下高频电凝电切圈套切除术治疗成功率100％（84／84），无1例出现大出血、穿孔等严重并发症；而未经超声内镜评估的治疗成功率85．69％（101／110），3例出现大出血，4例穿孔，两组病例随访2～60个月均未见肿瘤复发。结论高频小探头超声辅助内镜下高频电凝电切圈套切除术治疗上消化道黏膜下肿瘤是一项安全、有效的方法。     

内镜超声在食管黏膜下肿物临床诊疗中的应用价值

目的探讨内镜超声在食管黏膜下肿物(SMT)临床诊疗中的应用价值。方法回顾性分析该院113例胃镜下发现的食管SMT并行超声内镜(EUS)检查的患者,收集患者115处SMT病变的临床特点、内镜检查治疗和病理组织学结果等资料,并对术后患者进行随访。结果 SMT好发于食管上段44处(38.26%)和中段(38/115,33.04%);病理结果显示,84.35%为平滑肌瘤(97/115),另外5处食管囊肿(4.35%),5处黏膜下固有腺体增生伴导管扩张(4.35%),2处间质瘤(1.74%),2处脂肪瘤(1.74%),1处神经鞘瘤(0.87%),1处血管瘤(0.87%),1处浆液性腺瘤(0.87%),1处颗粒细胞瘤(0.87%);EUS诊断符合率分别为平滑肌瘤93.00%(93/100),食管囊肿55.50%(5/9),间质瘤0.00%(0/3),脂肪瘤100.00%(2/2),血管瘤100.00%(1/1)。EUS诊断起源于黏膜肌层者,主要选择内镜下黏膜切除术(EMR)(76.12%,51/67)和内镜黏膜下剥离术(ESD)(23.88%,16/67)治疗,起源于黏膜下层者,主要选择EMR(35.71%,5/14)和ESD(64.29%,9/14)治疗,起源于固有肌层或累及固有肌层者,多选择经内镜黏膜下隧道肿瘤切除术(STER)(84.85%,28/33)治疗。免疫组化结果示平滑肌瘤98.97%(96/97)平滑肌肌动蛋白(SMA)和97.94%(95/97)结蛋白(Desmin)表达阳性。结论 EUS对SMT的病理性质可进行较准确的诊断,并指导食管SMT内镜下微创手术方式的选择,能进行安全有效的治疗,但对食管间质瘤、神经鞘瘤等少见食管肿瘤的诊断具有一定的局限性。     

超声微探头在食管小平滑肌瘤黏膜切除术中的价值研究

目的 探讨超声微探头（ultrasonic miniature probe,UMP）在食管小平滑肌瘤黏膜切除术（endoscopic mucosal resection,EMR）中的价值.方法 经EUS确诊11例来源于黏膜肌层的食管小平滑肌瘤,并行EMR切除肿瘤.结果 11例食管小平滑肌瘤经EMR完整切除.所有病例术前EUS诊断和术后病理诊断完全一致.未发生出血、穿孔和感染等并发症.结论 来源于黏膜肌层的食管小平滑肌瘤的超声内镜特征为来源于第二层的内部回声均匀、边界清晰的小低回声团块.UMP可以提供食管平滑肌瘤准确的层次结构图象,并对是否适合内镜治疗进行评估.     

超声内镜在上消化道黏膜隆起型病变诊断和治疗中的应用

目的探讨超声内镜在上消化道黏膜隆起型病变的诊断和内镜治疗中的价值。方法运用超声内镜检查114例上消化道黏膜隆起型病变,并对其中26例进行超声内镜引导下病变切除术。结果黏膜隆起病变性质以间质瘤最常见,占51.8%,其次,壁外压迫占21.9%,较少见有恶性肿瘤、脂肪瘤、异位胰腺、囊肿等。对26例黏膜下肿瘤进行切除,超声诊断和病理符合率达77.0%。手术并发症少见。结论超声内镜可初步定性上消化道黏膜隆起型病变,对黏膜下肿瘤的治疗选择有指导作用;超声内镜引导下内镜切除黏膜下间质瘤安全、有效。     

超声内镜对上消化道占位性病变诊断价值

目的探讨超声内镜(endoscopic ultrasonography,EUS)对上消化道占位性病变诊断的价值。方法以122例在电子胃镜及电子线阵式超声内镜检查后接受内镜下黏膜切除术(endoscopic mucosal resection,EMR)或内镜下黏膜剥离术(endoscopic mucosal dissection,ESD)或外科手术(后统称为手术)的上消化道占位性病变的患者为研究对象,其中33例患者行细针穿刺抽吸细胞学检查(fine-needle aspiration,FNA)。将电子胃镜与EUS检查结果与术后病理诊断进行比较。结果 122例EUS(部分结合FNA)与术后病理的符合率为91.8%(112/122),33例EUS-FNA与术后病理的符合率为96.9%(32/33),电子胃镜检查与术后病理的符合率为77.2%(71/92)。与电子内镜诊断符合率相比,EUS有明显优势。结论 EUS能满意的对上消化道占位性病变进行初步定性诊断,结合FNA检查能有效提高诊断的准确性。     

消化道无蒂隆起性病变的内镜黏膜切除术和内镜黏膜下剥离术治疗分析

目的探讨内镜下粘膜切除术(EMR)和内镜粘膜下剥离术(ESD)治疗消化道无蒂隆起性病变包括早癌的疗效和安全性。方法对行EMR和ESD的43例消化道无蒂隆起性病变患者做回顾性分析。结果 43例无蒂隆起性病变食管11例,胃底4例,胃体8例,胃窦8例,贲门11例,直肠1例。EMR32例,ESD 11例。EMR病变长径、手术时间均明显低于ESD;EMR术后1例出血,无穿孔,ESD术后1例出血,2例穿孔,皆保守治疗后治愈。术后病理提示间质瘤6例,息肉23例,1例异位胰腺,7例上皮内瘤变,6例早癌。基底和切缘均未见病变累及。术后2月、6月随访,创面愈合,无病变残留和复发。结论 EMR和ESD治疗消化道无蒂隆起性病变安全有效,可以提供完整的病理诊断学资料。EMR和ESD可用于治疗消化道早癌。     

内镜套帽法治疗食管早期癌及癌前病变

目的　探讨内镜套帽法切除食管早期癌及癌前病变的应用价值。方法　采用套帽法切除食管早期癌及癌前病变 5 7例 ,其中食管早期癌 33例 ,癌前病变 2 4例 ;全组术前和术后均经病理证实。结果　 5 7例中完全切除 4 8例 (84 .2 % ) ,不完全切除 9例中 1例改手术治疗 ,1例放射治疗 ,余行微波或氩离子凝固治疗 ;重度不典型增生灶 2 1例中 ,术后病理灶性癌变 6例 (2 8.6 % ) ;中度不典型增生灶 10例 ,术后重度不典型增生 2例 (2 0 .0 % ) ,灶性癌变 1例(10 .0 % ) ;1例术中出血 ,无穿孔、狭窄发生 ;随访 5年以上 12例 ,>3～ 5年 11例 ,1～ 3年 2 3例 ,不足 1年 11例 ,1例术后复发 ,非癌死亡 3例。结论　套帽法完全切除率较高 ,操作较简单 ,优于其他方法 ;病灶显示及切除技巧是影响完全切除的主要因素 ;中度不典型增生短期复查无好转和重度不典型增生 ,应采用内镜治疗 ;内镜黏膜切除治疗在食管癌防治策略中具有重要价值和意义     

Treatment of esophagogastric tumors

Esophageal and gastric tumors are often considered as a single group: they share similar symptoms - upper GI endoscopy with a flexible video-endoscope is the gold standard procedure of detection - similar techniques of endotherapy for cure or palliation are offered for both types of tumors. When the endoscopic procedure is performed for a superficial cancer or its precursors, with a curative intent, endoscopic mucosal resection (EMR) is generally preferred to mucosal ablation with a thermal (Nd:YAG) or non-thermal (photodynamic therapy) procedure. In addition to esophageal squamous cell cancer and gastric cancer, new indications of EMR arise in the Barrett esophagus. Guidelines for safe indications concern diameter, polypoid or non polypoid morphology with the subtypes elevated, flat and depressed, and depth of invasion. A superficial invasion in the sub-mucosa is a relative contra-indication in the esophagus, but not in the stomach. The technique of EMR is now codified with an injection into the submucosa for lifting the lesion and either suction with a cap, grasping with a forceps if a 2 channel instrument is used, or tissue incision with a needle knife. En bloc, gives better results than piecemeal resection. The most frequent complication is bleeding. When legitimate indications are respected, the results of EMR are equivalent to those of surgical resection and have reached the consensus level. The major indication in palliation is the relief of dysphagia from malignant esophageal obstruction. Increased indications are proposed for malignant pyloric obstruction. Multiple models of metal expandable and coated stents with appropriate balance between rigidity and flexibility (nitinol alloy) and enough expansive radial force are now offered. After stenting the survival period is short and there is a toll of complications.     

Endoscopic resection of submucosal esophageal tumors: a prospective case series

BACKGROUND AND STUDY AIM: The introduction of endoscopic ultrasound (EUS) and endoscopic mucosal resection has offered a new alternative to simple observation or surgical resection for the management of esophageal submucosal tumors. PATIENTS AND METHODS: During a 4-year period, endoscopic resection was attempted in 20 consecutive patients (nine women, 11 men; mean age 52 +/- 10 years) with esophageal submucosal tumors < 4 cm in size, confirmed by endoscopy and miniprobe EUS (20 MHz). The mean tumor diameter was 17 +/- 8 mm (8 - 34 mm). Prior EUS-guided cytological examination revealed benign tumors in 11 patients; however, endoscopic resection was attempted in most patients for diagnostic purposes also. Several patients were symptomatic (retrosternal pain, n = 4; dysphagia, n = 4; recurrent bleeding, n = 2) but most tumors had been detected incidentally. RESULTS: In the majority of patients the tumor was ligated with a rubber band and then resected with a snare (n = 11), and in the others simple snare resection ("lift-and-cut," n = 7) or cap resection (n = 2) was done. A macroscopically complete endoscopic resection was achieved in 19/20 patients, and the remaining patient was managed surgically. Endoscopic hemostasis was necessary (and successful) in eight patients (40 %), but blood transfusion was not required. No other side effects occurred. Histological examination revealed granular cell tumor in 12 patients, leiomyoma in six patients, and a lipoma and stromal tumor in one patient each. Histologically, all tumors were judged to be benign and a microscopically complete resection (R0) was achieved in all patients, with the exception of the one patient with a stromal tumor. Thus, surgical resection was necessary in only two of the 20 patients (10 %). During the median prospective follow-up of 12 months no tumor recurrence was detected in any patient. CONCLUSION: Endoscopic resection of esophageal submucosal tumors is safe and effective. The probability of achieving curative resection (R0 resection, histologically benign) is high especially if the tumors are smaller in size (< 4 cm).     

Recurrence after endoscopic mucosal resection for superficial esophageal cancer

BACKGROUND AND STUDY AIMS: We present the results of endoscopic mucosal resection (EMR) for superficial esophageal cancer in patients treated at the National Cancer Center Hospital East since March 1993, and discuss the factors involved in local recurrence. PATIENTS AND METHODS: The study consisted of 51 patients with a total of 57 superficial esophageal cancers which were treated by EMR at the National Cancer Center Hospital East between March 1993 and March 1998. EMR was performed with a two-channel fiberscope or with the assistance of the endoscopic esophageal mucosal resection tube. Follow-up examinations by means of endoscopy with iodine staining and biopsy were repeated every 3-6 months. RESULTS: A total of 19 patients had double cancers; 12 had head and neck cancers (HNC), six had stomach cancers, and one had lung cancer. The patients with HNC tended to have multiple iodine-unstained areas, and multiple cancers in the esophagus. Local recurrence was detected in two out of five patients (40%) with multiple esophageal cancers, and in two out of 46 patients (4%) with solitary cancer (P=0.0433). There was no difference in the rate of local recurrence between patients with HNC and those without HNC. Three out of four patients with recurrent cancers were given additional treatment, EMR for two and radiotherapy alone for one; no further recurrence occurred except in the patient who underwent radiotherapy alone. CONCLUSIONS: Multiplicity of cancer is a risk factor for local recurrence. Appropriate additional treatment should be indicated for recurrent lesions.     

Endoscopic mucosal resection in the management of gastric carcinoid tumors

BACKGROUND AND STUDY AIMS: Gastric carcinoid tumors are a rare disease. Previously, total gastrectomy was regarded as the treatment of choice. However, differences in biological malignancy have recently led to the increased use of endoscopic mucosal resection (EMR) for treatment. We studied the outcome of EMR in patients with gastric carcinoids who were treated at our hospital and discuss the indications for endoscopic treatment. PATIENTS AND METHODS: Between 1986 and 1999 we carried out gastric mucosal resection in five patients with gastric carcinoid tumors. The procedure used for EMR was either strip biopsy or endoscopic aspiration mucosectomy. RESULTS: The carcinoid tumors measured 10 mm or less in four of the five patients. Two patients had type A gastritis, and all had hypergastrinemia. There was no evidence of recurrence during follow-up (range 6 - 66 months; mean 32.6 months). CONCLUSION: EMR is useful in the management of type 1 gastric carcinoids as classified by Rindi (hypergastrinemia; tumor diameter of 10 mm or less).     

直肠神经内分泌肿瘤的内镜下诊断与治疗

目的分析直肠神经内分泌肿瘤(R-NENs)的临床病理学特征,并探讨R-NENs内镜下的诊断特点及内镜下治疗的效果及安全性。方法回顾性分析2010年1月-2019年9月就诊于新疆医科大学第一附属医院并行常规结肠镜检查的76例R-NENs患者的临床资料,均经组织标本活检或手术切除瘤体病理检查明确诊断为R-NENs。结果肿瘤位于低位直肠段32例(42.11%),中段25例(32.89%),下段19例(25.00%)。36例行超声内镜(EUS)检查,其中27例EUS下诊断为R-NENs,2例诊断为间质瘤,6例诊断为脂肪瘤,1例诊断为平滑肌瘤,与病理结果诊断符合率达75.00%(27/36)。29例病例行内镜黏膜下剥离术(ESD),22例行内镜下黏膜切除术(EMR),20例行内镜经黏膜下隧道肿物剥离术(STER),2例行电凝电切术,3例因不同原因未通过上述内镜手术方式进行治疗。所有患者中69例行病理学检查及免疫组化检查,结果证实G1级最多见,共62例,占所有病例的81.58%(62/76)。结论R-NENs以男性多见,好发于中低位直肠段,其中G1级最为常见;EUS技术的成熟运用能够对病变性质及组织学起源进行较准确的判断,但也存在一定的误诊率,最终还应以病理结果为金标准;早期G1、G2级R-NENs经内镜治疗是安全有效的,并且能够提供较完整的病理学资料。     

Circumferential endoscopic mucosal resection in Barrett's esophagus with high-grade intraepithelial neoplasia or mucosal cancer. Preliminary results in 21 patients

BACKGROUND AND STUDY AIMS: Treatment by endoscopic mucosal resection (EMR) has been established for early lesions in Barrett's esophagus. However, the remaining Barrett's esophagus epithelium remains at risk of developing further lesions. The aim of this study was to evaluate the efficacy of circumferential endoscopic mucosectomy (circumferential EMR)s in removing not only the index lesion (high-grade intraepithelial neoplasia (HGIN) or mucosal cancer), but also the remaining Barrett's esophagus epithelium. PATIENTS AND METHODS: A total of 21 patients were included in the study (11 men, 10 women), who had Barrett's esophagus and either HGIN (n = 12) or mucosal cancer (n = 9). Of the patients, 17/21 were at high surgical risk and five had refused surgery. On the basis of preprocedure endosonography their lesions were classified as T1N0 (n = 19) or T0N0 (n = 2). The lesions and the Barrett's esophagus epithelium were removed by polypectomy after submucosal injection of 10-15 ml of saline; a double-channel endoscope was used in 15/21 cases. Circumferential EMR was performed in two sessions, the lesion and the surrounding half of the circumferential Barrett's esophagus mucosa being removed in the first session. In order to prevent the formation of esophageal stenosis, the second half of the Barrett's esophagus mucosa was resected 1 month later. RESULTS: Complications occurred in 4/21 patients (19 %), consisting of bleeding which was successfully managed by endoscopic hemostasis in all cases. No strictures were observed during follow-up (mean duration 18 months) and endoscopic resection was considered complete in 18/21 patients (86 %). For three patients, histological examination showed incomplete removal of tumor: one of these underwent surgery; two received chemoradiotherapy, and showed no evidence of residual tumor at 18 months' and 24 months' follow-up, respectively. Two patients in whom resection was initially classified as complete later presented with local recurrence and were treated again by EMR. Barrett's esophagus mucosa was completely replaced by squamous cell epithelium in 15/20 patients (75 %). CONCLUSIONS: Circumferential EMR is a noninvasive treatment of Barrett's esophagus with HGIN or mucosal cancer, with a low complication rate and good short-term clinical efficacy. Further studies should focus on long-term results and on technical improvements.     

Photodynamic therapy and endoscopic mucosal resection for Barrett's dysplasia and early esophageal adenocarcinoma

BACKGROUND: Endoscopic mucosal resection (EMR) and endoscopic ablation with porfimer sodium photodynamic therapy (PDT) have recently been combined to improve the accuracy of histologic staging and remove superficial carcinomas. MATERIALS AND METHODS: All patients with Barrett's esophagus and high-grade dysplasia were evaluated with computed tomography and endosonography. Patients with nodular or irregular folds underwent EMR followed by PDT. RESULTS: In three patients, endoscopic mucosal resection upstaged the diagnosis to mucosal adenocarcinoma (T1N0M0). PDT successfully ablated the remaining glandular mucosa. Complications were limited to transient chest discomfort and odynophagia. CONCLUSIONS: The use of EMR resection in Barrett's high-grade dysplasia patients with mucosal irregularities resulted in histologic upstaging to mucosal adenocarcinoma, requiring higher laser light doses for PDT. PDT after EMR appears to be safe and effective for the complete elimination of Barrett's mucosal adenocarcinoma. EMR should be strongly considered for Barrett's dysplasia patients being evaluated for endoscopic ablation therapy.     

Guillotine needle biopsy as a supplement to endosonography in the diagnosis of gastric submucosal tumors.

The presumptive diagnosis of gastric submucosal tumors can be made by endoscopic ultrasonography (EUS) but histological confirmation is still required. A special guillotine biopsy device (Flexi-Temno) which enables collection of adequate submucosal samples by the endoscopic approach was therefore evaluated. After visualization by EUS the guillotine needle biopsy was performed in 21 patients with submucosal tumors of the stomach. There were 2 failures in 2 patients with leiomyomas. The diagnosis suggested by EUS was confirmed by guillotine biopsy in 17 cases. Guillotine biopsy detected 2 cases of unsuspected leiomyosarcoma which were confirmed surgically. In cases of solid submucosal tumors confirmed on EUS, the guillotine needle biopsy enables a definitive histologic diagnosis. Thus malignancies can be detected when EUS findings are not significant.