长波紫外线对大鼠皮肤脂质过氧化和胶原的影响及防晒剂的防护

[目的 ]　探讨长波紫外线 (UVA )对大鼠皮肤脂质过氧化和胶原合成的影响及防晒化妆品的防护效果。　[方法 ]　UVA照射组和涂抹防晒化妆品组大鼠经UVA照射 8周后 (总计量为 30 6 1.8J/cm2 ) ,测定皮肤丙二醛 (MDA)、超氧化物歧化酶 (SOD)、总胶原和可溶性胶原的含量。　 [结果 ]　UVA照射组大鼠皮肤MDA(11.36± 1.92nmol/mL)高于对照组 (7.0 3± 1.11nmol/mL) (P <0 .0 1) ,高于防晒化妆品组 (8.0 5± 1.2 8nmol/mL) (P <0 .0 1)。UVA照射组总胶原(2 5 .98± 3.0 6mg/g)低于对照组 (31.36± 3.99mg/ g) (P <0 .0 5 ) ,与防晒化妆品组 (2 8.71± 3.72mg/ g)差异无显著性 (P>0 .0 5 )。UVA照射组可溶性胶原 (4.2 5± 0 .83mg/ g)低于对照组 (6 .33± 1.19mg/g) (P <0 .0 1) ,低于防晒化妆品组(5 .70± 1.14mg/g) (P <0 .0 5 )。对照组、UVA照射组和防晒化妆品组的SOD分别为 18.6 9± 2 .82 U/mL、16 .40± 2 .14U /mL、17.86± 2 .95U/mL ,三者差异没有显著性 (P >0 .0 5 )。　 [结论 ]　UVA能使皮肤脂质发生过氧化和降低皮肤可溶性胶原的含量 ,防晒化妆品有一定的防护效果。     

长波紫外线对人皮肤成纤维细胞生长的影响

[目的 ]　观察长波紫外线 (UVA)对人皮肤成纤维细胞生长的影响 ,探讨皮肤光老化机制。　 [方法 ]　将原代培养的人皮肤成纤维细胞经UVA照射后 ,采用细胞成像、四唑盐比色实验 (MTT)、乳酸脱氢酶 (LDH)检测UVA对皮肤细胞的损伤。　 [结果 ]　随UVA照射剂量增加 ,成纤维细胞由正常细长梭状逐渐变圆、皱缩 ;UVA照射剂量为 9J/cm2 时 ,LDH从 ( 5 6.82± 4.78)U /dl上升至 ( 12 0 .40± 7.16U ) /dl;UVA照射剂量为 45J/cm2 时 ,成纤维细胞抑制率达到67.12 %。　 [结论 ]　UVA可损伤原代培养的人皮肤成纤维细胞     

烟酰胺对长波紫外线照射黑素细胞黑素合成的干预

目的研究烟酰胺对长波紫外线（UVA）致人皮肤黑素细胞黑素合成的干预作用。方法观察0．2J／cm^2 UVA（365nm）照射人皮肤黑素细胞后，烟酰胺在不同剂量时对人皮肤黑素细胞中黑素合成和转运的干预作用。结果0．2J／cm^2 UVA照射后，黑素细胞中黑素含量明显增加，UVA照射后的人皮肤黑素细胞给予不同剂量的烟酰胺时，黑素细胞中黑素含量明显下降，10．0mmol／ml时作用更为明显。烟酰胺在有效抑制黑素含量的同时，对黑素细胞的细胞周期、细胞凋亡及DNA指数无明显影响；0．2J／cm^2 UVA照射后立即给予烟酰胺时，烟酰胺可以调节黑素细胞中mRNA的表达水平。结论烟酰胺能够拮抗UVA的致黑作用；10．0mmol／ml烟酰胺在干预UVA所致的黑素细胞致黑作用的同时，对黑素细胞的作用浓度是安全的；烟酰胺参与其中黑素的转运；鉴于烟酰胺拮抗UVA致黑作用的有效结果，烟酰胺有望用于防护UVA照射所引起的晒黑作用。     

构树总黄酮对长波紫外线引起人角质形成细胞损伤的防护作用

目的研究长波紫外线(UVA)照射对人角质形成细胞的氧化损伤以及构树总黄酮(totalflavonoids of broussonetia papyrifera,TFBP)的防护效果。方法在人角质形成细胞培养的基础上,实验组在照射前加入不同剂量的TFBP,然后和处理组一起接受UVA照射,通过噻唑蓝(MTT)染色法检测细胞活性、裂解液中丙二醛(MDA)含量和超氧化物歧化酶(SOD)、谷胱甘肽过氧化物酶(GSH-Px)活力,对构树叶提取物的抗氧化效果进行评价。结果随着UVA剂量的增高(0.46~2.76J/cm2),细胞的活性逐渐降低(96.3%~37.5%),添加TFBP10~200mg/L后,细胞活性升高,MDA含量由(5.14±0.58)nmol/mg pro降低到(2.98±0.14)nmol/mg pro,SOD活力由(23.09±3.91)U/mg pro增加到(34.50±1.59)U/mg pro,GSH-Px活力也有所升高。结论本试验条件下,UVA对人角质形成细胞有明显的氧化损伤,TFBP对这种氧化损伤有防护作用。     

tBHQ对无机砷致人皮肤角质细胞损伤保护作用

目的探讨叔丁基对苯二酚(tBHQ)对亚砷酸钠(NaAsO2)致人皮肤角质细胞系HaCaT细胞损伤的保护作用。方法用Alamar Blue还原法检测细胞活力,用荧光探针2’,7’-二乙酰二氯荧光素(DCFH-DA)检测细胞内活性氧(ROS)的生成,用硫代巴比妥酸(TBA)法检测细胞内过氧化脂质降解产物丙二醛(MDA)的生成。结果NaAsO2(25、50μmol/L)单独处理后,各组细胞活力明显下降(P<0.01),分别为82%和59%;细胞经tBHQ(25、50μmol/L)预处理后,tBHQ 25μmol/L组细胞活力分别恢复至(101.44±1.63)%和(92.06±9.95)%,tBHQ 50μmol/L组细胞活力分别恢复至(98.88±2.03)%和(91.12±7.87)%;NaAsO2(25、50μmol/L)单独处理后,各组细胞内ROS水平明显上升(P<0.01),分别为对照组的1.64和3.86倍;细胞经tBHQ(25、50μmol/L)预处理后,tBHQ 25μmol/L组ROS水平分别下降为对照组的0.95和1.87倍,tBHQ 50μmol/L组ROS水平分别下降为对照组的0.79和1.69倍;NaAsO2(25、50μmol/L)单独处理后,细胞内MDA含量明显上升(P<0.01),分别为2.28、2.96 nmol/(mgμprot);细胞经tBHQ(25、50μmol/L)预处理后,tBHQ 25μmol/L组MDA含量分别下降为2.05、2.43 nmol/(mgμprot),tBHQ 50μmol/L组MDA含量分别下降为2.10、2.60 nmol/(mg.prot)。结论 tBHQ对无机砷致人皮肤角质细胞损伤具有保护作用,且具有一定的剂量-反应关系。     

纳米氧化铈对48小时睡眠剥夺雄性小鼠认知功能的影响

目的研究纳米氧化铈(cerium oxide nanoparticles,CeO_2NPs)对48 h睡眠剥夺小鼠认知功能的影响,并探讨其作用机制。方法将36只4周龄雄性健康清洁级ICR小鼠分为6组:空白对照组,溶剂对照组,睡眠剥夺对照组,CeO_2NPs低、中、高剂量组。空白对照组灌胃1 mL蒸馏水,溶剂对照组和睡眠剥夺对照组灌胃1 mL 1%羧甲基纤维素钠溶液,CeO_2NPs低、中、高剂量组分别灌胃1 mL 4、8和16 mg/kg的纳米氧化铈溶液,连续30天。第31天,采用单平台水环境法进行48 h睡眠剥夺。继之,利用Y-型迷宫试验确定各组小鼠的认知能力,同时测定小鼠大脑过氧化氢酶(CAT)活性、丙二醛(MDA)含量、总抗氧化能力(T-AOC)水平及一氧化氮(NO)和谷氨酸(Glu)含量。结果与溶剂对照组比较,48 h睡眠剥夺小鼠的认知能力[(36±2)次vs.(20±2)次,P=0.0006;10.753%±0.031%vs.24.927%±0.972%,P=0.00000045]、大脑CAT酶活性[(78.151±17.683)nmol/mg prot vs.(198.155±14.437)nmol/mg prot,P=0.0008]、T-AOC水平[(103.630±24.209)U/mg prot vs.(264.599±50.223)U/mg prot,P=0.007]降低,大脑MDA含量[(9.499±1.249)nmol/mg prot vs.(6.157±0.373)nmol/mg prot,P=0.0113]、NO水平[(11.608±1.281)μmol/mg prot vs.(3.628±1.064)μmol/mg prot,P=0.001]和Glu含量[(4.731±0.131)μg/mg prot vs.(4.476±0.126)μg/mg prot,P=0.03]增加。与睡眠剥夺对照组比较,CeO_2NPs低、中、高剂量组48 h睡眠剥夺小鼠的认知能力均有所改善,其中中剂量组小鼠的认知能力改善最显著[(27±2)次vs.(36±2)次,P=0.005;18.743%±0.245%vs.10.753%±0.031%,P=0.0000006],同时在提高大脑CAT活性[(238.065±19.393)nmol/mg prot vs.(78.151±17.683)nmol/mg prot,P=0.00045]、T-AOC水平[(210.516±11.339)U/mg prot vs.(103.630±24.209)U/mg prot,P=0.002],降低大脑MDA[(6.528±1.162)nmol/mg prot vs.(9.499±1.249)nmol/mg prot,P=0.039]、NO[(5.651±0.239)μmol/mg prot vs.(11.608±1.281)μmol/mg prot,P=0.001]和Glu[(4.358±0.016)μg/mg prot vs.(4.731±0.131)μg/mg prot,P=0.008]含量方面的影响也最显著。结论纳米氧化铈可以改善睡眠剥夺雄性小鼠的认知能力,这可能与其提高了大脑抗氧化能力,降低了自由基对脑部神经的损伤,调节了大脑的神经递质有关。     

UVA与UVB对人体黑素细胞生长的影响

[目的]探讨长波紫外线（UVA）和中波紫外线（UVB）照射人体黑素细胞作用的差异。[方法]以不同剂量UVA和UVB分别照射黑素细胞,用四甲基偶氮唑盐微量酶反应比色法（MTT）测量细胞增殖率,比色法测定酪氨酸酶活性,吸光度测定黑素含量的变化。[结果]人体黑素细胞经0-2．25J／cm^2UVA照射后,黑素含量和酪氨酸酶活性无明显改变,其中较高剂量UVA（〉1．8J／cm^2）可使黑素细胞存活率下降。0-0．06J／cm^2UVB能明显抑制黑素细胞存活率,并能激活酪氨酸酶和促进黑素细胞的黑素合成。[结论]离体水平UVB对黑素细胞的促黑素合成作用明显强于UVA。     

构树叶总黄酮对表皮细胞防护作用研究

目的 研究构树叶提取物构树总黄酮(total flzvonoids of broussonetia papyrifera,TFBP)对铅、砷染毒的人永生化表皮细胞氧化损伤的防护效果。方法 在人永生化表皮细胞培养的基础上,在0．1mmol／L的醋酸铅、5．0μmol／L的亚砷酸钠的染毒体系中,分别加入0～200mg／L TFBP,测定细胞裂解液中丙二醛(MDA)含量和超氧化物歧化酶(SOD)和谷胱甘肽过氧化酶(GSH-Px)的活力,评价TFBP的抗氧化效果。结果 0．1mmol／L的醋酸铅对细胞染毒产生氧化损伤,而添加高于100mg／L TFBP后,MDA含量由4．23nmol／mg Pro降低到1．87nmol／mg Pro,SOD活力由25．90 U／mg Pro增加到37．12U／mg Pro,但GSH-Px的活力变化不大。砷 TFBP 150mg／L、200mg／L组与砷染毒组相比,GSH-Px和SOD活力差异有显著性。结论 该试验条件下,TFBP对铅、砷染毒的人永生化表皮细胞氧化损伤有防护效果。     

长波紫外线照射对HaCaT细胞氧化损伤作用的研究

目的研究长波紫外线(UVA)照射导致永生化人皮肤角质形成细胞(HaCaT)中活性氧簇(ROS)和8-异构前列腺素(8-isoprostane)生成量的变化以及超氧化物歧化酶(SOD)、谷胱甘肽过氧化物酶(GSH-Px)和过氧化氢酶(CAT)活力的改变,探讨长波紫外线对HaCaT细胞的氧化损伤作用及机制。方法用8J/cm2UVA照射HaCaT细胞,采用荧光探针(CM-H2DCFDA)标记ROS的方法测定UVA照射对细胞ROS生成量的影响,以ELISA法检测UVA照射对细胞8-isoprostane生成量的影响,以酶生化法测定UVA照射对细胞内SOD、GSH-Px和CAT活力的影响,并与非照射组比较。结果经8J/cm2UVA照射后,HaCaT细胞ROS和8-isoprostane的生成量与未经UVA照射的细胞相比显著上升(P0.05),而SOD、GSH-Px、CAT活力则显著下降(P0.05)。结论 UVA对HaCaT细胞的氧化损伤作用与ROS生成增多及细胞抗氧化能力下降有关。     

十溴联苯醚对小鼠学习记忆能力及海马NOS和NO的影响

目的探讨十溴联苯醚(PBDE-209)暴露对小鼠学习记忆能力的影响和可能机制。方法将18只4周龄雄性ICR小鼠随机分成3组,每组6只。分为溶剂对照组(DMSO组),低剂量染毒组(300 mg/kg),高剂量染毒组(500 mg/kg),每周染毒6次,连续染毒6周。染毒第6周利用Morris水迷宫测定小鼠学习记忆能力(期间继续给药),染毒6周结束后处死老鼠,取一侧海马进行HE染色观察海马组织形态学改变,另一侧海马测定组织NOS活性和NO含量。结果小鼠海马组织的病理切片结果显示:染毒组海马组织CA1区细胞排列紊乱,高剂量染毒组的细胞紊乱更明显。Morris水迷宫实验结果显示,高剂量染毒组和低剂量染毒组小鼠找到平台的平均潜伏期分别为(64.322±4.419)s和(50.912±4.419)s,长于对照组的(23.183±4.419)s(P<0.05)。探索实验结果显示,高剂量染毒组穿越平台次数为(1.83±0.753)次,明显少于对照组的(3.67±0.516)次(P<0.05)。高剂量染毒组和低剂量染毒组小鼠海马NOS活性分别是(1.209±0.241)U/mg prot和(2.198±0.192)U/mg prot,低于对照组的(3.551±0.347)U/mg prot;NO含量分别为(0.099±0.012)μmol/mg prot和(0.325±0.027)μmol/mg prot,低于对照组的(0.544±0.020)μmol/mg prot(P<0.05)。结论 PBDE-209暴露可能抑制海马中NOS活性及NO含量,并影响小鼠学习记忆能力,其间关系值得进一步探讨。     

Calcium intake in the elderly: validation of a dietary questionnaire

Epidemiological studies of calcium and osteoporosis have been hampered by the lack of a suitable tool for assessing calcium intake. This report describes a new frequency and amount questionnaire for measuring present and past calcium intake in the elderly. The validity of the questionnaire was tested against two commonly used standards of dietary assessment, five-day duplicate diets and seven-day weighed dietary inventories. The resulting correlation coefficients were, respectively, r = 0.76 and r = 0.69, while that for repeatability was r = 0.84. Furthermore, the questionnaire categorized subjects into thirds of the distribution of intake with almost no gross misclassification. It is suggested that the present findings may be extended to the majority of normal, healthy elderly subjects, implying wide application for the questionnaire in the assessment of calcium intake in the elderly.     

The occurrence of antimicrobial substances in toilet,sink and shower drainpipes of clinical units: A neglected source of antibiotic residues

Antibiotics represent one of the most important drug groups used in the management of bacterial infections in humans and animals. Due to the increasing problem of antibiotic resistance, assurance of the antibacterial effectiveness of these substances has moved into the focus of public health. The reduction in antibiotic residues in wastewater and the environment may play a decisive role in the development of increasing rates of antibiotic resistance. The present study examines the wastewater of 31 patient rooms of various German clinics for possible residues of antibiotics, as well as the wastewater of five private households as a reference.To the best of our knowledge, this study shows for the first time that in hospitals with high antibiotic consumption rates, residues of these drugs can be regularly detected in toilets, sink siphons and shower drains at concentrations ranging from 0.02?μg·L^?1 to a maximum of 79?mg·L^?1. After complete flushing of the wastewater siphons, antibiotics are no longer detectable, but after temporal stagnation, the concentration of the active substances in the water phases of respective siphons increases again, suggesting that antibiotics persist through the washing process in biofilms. This study demonstrates that clinical wastewater systems offer further possibilities for the optimization of antibiotic resistance surveillance.     

Self-reported health problems among Swedish miners one year after unemployment

Unemployment is considered to be a public health concern sincedeterioration in the health of the unemployed is often anticipated.However, for some groups, such as miners, unemployment mightimprove health due to a cessation of potentially harmful occupationalexposures. This study evaluates the health of 79 miners in oneSwedish iron-ore mine, and 226 age-matched controls from thegeneral population, during one year after the closure of themine. The participants received a questionnaire regarding medicalhistory and subjective symptoms at the beginning of the studyperiod, and after one year. Statistically significant negativeeffects on self-reported health attributable to unemploymentwere not found, although neuropsychiatric symptoms were morecommon among the unemployed miners. The miners reported a statisticallysignificant improvement in grip force (p=0.031). They had asignificantly higher prevalence of symptoms associated withmining related exposures when compared with the population controls;pain in the upper extremities [relative risk (RR)=2.27, 95%confidence interval (Cl)=1.44–3.59), back pain (RR=1.84;Cl=1.237–2.75), vasospastic disease of the fingers (RR=2.05;Cl=1.18–3.57) and obstructive respiratory symptoms (attacksof dyspnea and wheezing: RR=3.67; Cl=1.167–11.6).     

Excès de cas humains et animaux de tularémie en France au cours de l’hiver 2007–2008 : émergence ou phénomène isolé ?

Context

Tularemia is a zoonosis affecting humans and hares in France. We describe the results of surveillance in both species, in 2007 and 2008.

Methods

Human tularemia cases are mandatorily notifiable in France since 2003. In hares, surveillance relies on volunteer hunter associations in all districts of the country. Data from mandatory reports and volunteer surveillance in 2007/2008 were analyzed and compared with previous results.

Results

In 2007/2008, 144 cases were reported in humans and 117 cases in hares. This was a 100% increase compared to previous years. Human cases differed from those of previous years only by the frequency of contact with breeding animals. Human cases without any documented risk exposure were also more frequent.

Conclusion

An increase of tularemia cases occurred in 2007/2008 in both species. Complementary studies are needed to identify the species reservoir in France to understand the causes of this peak of cases.     

Occupational health hazards in mining: an overview

This review article outlines the physical, chemical, biological, ergonomic and psychosocial occupational health hazards of mining and associated metallurgical processes. Mining remains an important industrial sector in many parts of the world and although substantial progress has been made in the control of occupational health hazards, there remains room for further risk reduction. This applies particularly to traumatic injury hazards, ergonomic hazards and noise. Vigilance is also required to ensure exposures to coal dust and crystalline silica remain effectively controlled.     

Manufacture and use of nanomaterials: current status in the UK and global trends

This paper provides an overview of the production and use of nanomaterials (NMs), particularly in the UK. Currently, relatively few companies in the UK are identifiable as NM manufacturers, the main emphasis being the bulk markets in metals and metal oxides, and some niche markets such as carbon nanotubes and quantum dots. NM manufacturing in the UK does not reflect the global emphasis on fullerenes, nanotubes and fibres. Some assumptions have been made about the types of NM that are likely to be imported into the UK, which currently include fullerenes, modified fullerenes and other carbon-based NMs including nanotubes. Many university departments, spin-offs and private companies have developed processes for the manufacture of NMs but may only be producing small quantities for research and development (R&D) purposes. However, some have the potential to scale up to produce large quantities. The nanotechnology industry in the UK has strong R&D backup from universities and related institutions. This review has covered R&D trends at such institutions, and appropriate information has been added to a searchable database. While several companies are including NMs in their products, only a few (e.g. manufacturers of paints, coatings, cosmetics, catalysts, polymer composites) are using nanoparticles (NPs) in any significant quantities. However, this situation is likely to change rapidly. There is a need to collect more information about exposure to NPs in both manufacturing and user scenarios. As the market grows, and as manufacturers switch from the micro- to the nanoscale, the potential for exposure will increase. More research is required to quantify any risks to workers and consumers.     

深圳公立医院管理体制改革制度设计

深圳公立医院管理体制改革实行政事分开、管办分开,在理事会架构下按法定机构模式组建市医管中心,落实公立医院运营管理自主权.作者从当前公立医院管理体制的弊端入手,介绍了深圳市进行公立医院管理体制改革的基本思路及改革方案设计的主要举措,深入剖析了的改革方案的特点,并对改革效果进行了预测.     

Effects of nitrogen dioxide on red blood cells of rats: Changes in components of red cell membranes during in vivo exposure to NO2

Red cell membranes, prepared from red blood cells of rats exposed to 4, 10, or 20 ppm nitrogen dioxide (NO₂) for 1 to 10 days, were examined for evidence of changes in membrane components. Appreciable changes were not found in contents of phospholipid and cholesterol during exposure to 10 ppm NO₂. By contrast, protein content altered with the time of exposure. Moreover, changes in protein composition were observed by employing sodium dodecyl sulfate — polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis. Twenty-four-hour exposure to NO₂ at the concentration above 10 ppm resulted in a marked increase in the percentage of lysophosphatidylethanolamine (LysoPE) to the total phospholipids. The prolonged exposure to 10 ppm NO₂ gave rise to a further increase in LysoPE, whereas the percentage of phosphatidylethanolamine (PE) showed a gradual decrease. A 1-day exposure to 4.0 ppm NO₂ also caused an increase in sialic acid content and decreases in those of PE and hexose. In addition to contents of these components the percentage of LysoPE increased 5 days after exposure and the elevated values were maintained up to the end of exposure period. These results demonstrate that red blood cells in circulation exhibit different membrane properties in terms of lipid and carbohydrate composition during 10 days of exposure to 4.0 ppm NO₂.     

Investigating clusters in the workplace and beyond

Clusters of disease are common and occur in the workplace and in the general community. They often arouse considerable concern among the population. Investigations have sometimes lead to exciting new knowledge, but in general the investigation of clusters is difficult and often unrewarding, especially for community clusters. In the workplace, investigations are more likely to find associations and even new causes, but still many clusters remain enigmatic. Despite this, there are many reasons for investigating clusters, including allaying community concern and identifying uncontrolled exposures. A structure for investigating clusters in the workplace is suggested.