狂犬病诊治进展

人类的狂犬病是一种中枢神经系统病毒感染性疾病,常由患狂犬病动物的唾液污染伤口而传染;一旦出现症状,病人基本上100%死亡,从狂犬病后康复的病例极为罕见,仅有3例报道。临床表现为特有的恐水怕风、咽肌痉挛、进行性瘫痪等。狂犬病在87个国家有流行,主要流行于东南亚、非洲及拉     

布洛芬对乙酰氨基酚退热疗效对比

长期以来,发热是儿科关注的问题,发热程度有助于判断病情,儿童多因与病情不成比例,轻微疾病即可出现发烧,父母常常不了解这一现象而引起不必要的恐慌,随意应用退热药即成为儿科普遍的现象[1].采用安全有效的退热药物值得临床探讨.     

Establishment of a mouse model of cancer cachexia with spleen deficiency syndrome and the effects of atractylenolide I

Cancer cachexia is a multifactorial metabolic syndrome that affects～50%–80%of cancer patients,and no effective therapy for cancer cachexia is presently available.In traditional Chinese medicine,a large portion of patients with cancer cachexia was diagnosed as spleen deficiency syndrome and treated with tonifying TCMs that produce clinic benefits.In this study we established a new animal model of spleen deficiency and cancer cachexia in mice and evaluated the therapeutic effects of atractylenolide I,an active component of tonifying TCM BaiZhu,in the mouse model.Cancer cachexia was induced in male BALB/c mice by inoculation of mouse C26 colon adenocarcinoma cells,whereas spleen deficiency syndrome was induced by treating the mice with spleen deficiency-inducing factors,including limited feeding,fatigue,and purging.The mouse model was characterized by both cachexia and spleen deficiency characteristics,including significant body weight loss,cancer growth,muscle atrophy,fat lipolysis,spleen,and thymus atrophy as compared with healthy control mice,cancer cachexia mice,and spleen deficiency mice.Oral administration of atractylenolide I(20 mg·kg?1per day,for 30 days)significantly ameliorated the reduction in body weight and atrophy of muscle,fat,spleen,and thymus in mice with spleen deficiency and cachexia.The established model of spleen deficiency and cancer cachexia might be useful in the future for screening possible anticachexia TCMs and clarifying their mechanisms.     

精于颐养走过百年——许德珩的长寿要诀

许德珩一生精于摄生颐养,享年100岁.他的养生要诀主要有如下几条: 重视饮食条理 许老的饮食以清淡为主,定时定量,不饱食,不偏食,不挑食.早餐一般是一碗稀饭,一个小馒头,少许咸菜;午餐以蔬菜为主,加上少许牛肉(晚年不食猪肉),主食100克;晚餐则以素为主.一日三餐既不随意增减,更不暴饮暴食.饮酒微量,只喝一点果酒,不饮白酒等烈性酒.爱吃新鲜水果,不吃甜食.     

浅谈如何加强医疗器械的管理

医疗器械的应用在疾病的诊断、治疗及预防等各个环节都发挥着不可替代的作用,其质量的好坏直接关系到人民群众的身体健康和生命安危.2000年国务院颁布了第一部医疗器械监管法规-<医疗器械监督管理条例>,标志着我国医疗器械监管正式走上了法制化轨道,但是由于种种原因,目前我国在医疗器械的生产、经营以及使用等各个环节都存在着较为普遍和严重的问题,其监管已显得相对滞后,成为食品药品部门监管中的一个"软肋",以至于频频出现像钢板等植入性器械断裂现象和发生举国震惊的"眼球事件".本文就我县医疗器械的经营、使用现状和如何加强对医疗器械的监管作以下分析和探讨.     

黑米:滋肾补胃益气血

黑米因外皮乌黑而得名,又称补血糯米、贡米、黑珍珠,是一种具有诸多保健功效的珍贵稻米.黑米含有淀粉、蛋白质、脂肪、多种维生素,又含钙、磷、镁、铁、锌、钼、硒等多种矿物质和微量元素.黑米所含蛋白质不但比普通大米高37%,而且其中氨基酸的含量亦比白米高25.4%,人体所需的赖氨酸、精氨酸、氮氨酸、色氨酸等,黑米中也都具有,营养价值很高.     

捕捉蛛丝马迹,让恶性肿瘤早现身——常见恶性肿瘤发病的早期信号(二)

痣 痣可发生在皮肤的任何部位,如面部、手掌、脚底、腰部、前胸、后背和阴囊等处.痣如出现下述现象,可能是癌变信号:反复发生感染;突然有痒感,不由自主地用手搔抓,甚至抓破出血;表面潮湿或有结痂形成;原为棕色,逐渐颜色变深变黑;有出血倾向,稍微触碰即发生出血;周围有炎性红晕,触之有痛感;痣上原有毛发突然自行脱落;痣的中央部出现硬结或自发性出血、溃疡形成和周围出现散在的呈卫星状小黑痣.     

克隆病并穿孔1例

1病例介绍病人,女,35岁,因突发下腹部疼痛半小时就诊,病史诉说欠清,(家属补充,腹痛时间约4～5年),查体:脉搏96次/分,血压84/60 mmHg,表情淡漠、四肢湿冷。全腹压痛呈板状腹,叩诊移动浊音可疑,以脐下压痛明显,B超提示腹腔内有少许积液,右侧卵巢囊肿,约44 cm大小。实验室检查白细胞16×109/L,中性0.80。考虑腹腔脏器穿孔,在全麻下行剖腹探查,取下腹正中切口进腹,腹腔内有臭味溢出,吸出浑浊性液体约250 ml,有食物残渣,距回盲部约50 cm处,向上见约45 cm长的回肠充血水肿     

刺五加注射液致过敏反应2例报告

例1:患者男性,51岁,因患冠心病人院治疗.给予刺五加注射液60mL加5%葡萄糖250mL中静脉注射.输人约50mL时,患者面色潮红,瘙痒感,开始发现前臂有散在的米粒大小的红色小点,继而遍及颈、四肢部以及全身出现点状红色皮疹,甚痒.立即停药,给予扑尔敏、Vc、葡萄糖酸钙口服无效.改为肌注盐酸肾上腺素、静滴地塞米松,1天后上述症状逐渐减轻.     

小便带血,源于结石

市运动会就要开幕了,体校的学生都在紧张地"备战",准备在运动会上崭露头角.小董一直是学校的"尖子生",这段时间练得更加刻苦.可是,最近每次锻炼小董都会感到小腹疼痛难忍,而且小便常常带血,他又怕去医院会耽误比赛,一直不敢告诉老师和家人.后来,还是同宿舍的小张告诉了老师.老师得知这种情况后,马上带着小董到了医院.医生做了X线摄片检查,才知道小董是患了尿路结石.     

温控型胰岛素液体缓释肛门栓体外释放研究

目的 用高效液相色谱法建立温控型胰岛素液体缓释肛门栓中胰岛素含量测定的方法,以察温控型胰岛素液体缓释肛门栓的体外释放特性.方法 色谱柱：Welch ultimate C18（4.6 mm＆#215;250 mm,5μm）;流动相：0.2 mol/L硫酸盐缓冲液-乙腈（74∶26,乙醇胺调pH到2.3）;检测波长：214 nm;柱温：40℃;流速：1 ml/min,对胰岛素含量进行测定.采用无膜释放模型、牛肠黏膜释放模型、羊肠黏膜释放模型,以胰岛素原料药为模型药物;考察温控型胰岛素液体缓释肛门栓的体外释药机制.结果 温控型胰岛素液体缓释肛门栓在1.0 ～40.0 U/ml范围内线性关系良好（r=0.999 1）,平均回收率99.35％,RSD为0.79％;无膜释放：Q=0.4954t-2.6118（r=0.9977）;牛肠黏膜释放：（1-Q） 1/3 =0.001 6t ＋2.927 4（r=0.975 5）羊肠黏膜释放：lnQ=0.878 3lnt-4.931 1（r=0.9705）.结论 此方法简便,重复性好、专属性强、结果准确、可靠,适用于该制剂中胰岛素含量的测定.可考察温控型胰岛素液体缓释肛门栓机制.     

盐酸多西环素注入用缓释凝胶的体外释放度研究

目的：考察盐酸多西环素注入用缓释凝胶的体外释放特性及机制;方法：考察聚乳酸(PLA)和聚乳酸-羟基乙酸共聚物(PLGA)型号、聚合物浓度、含药量、释放介质和释放装置对药物释放的影响,制定出盐酸多西环素注入用缓释凝胶的体外释放试验方案并进行体外释放度测定;结果：凝胶中药物在水中的释放分为2个阶段：第1个阶段为“突释”,第2个阶段符合Higuichi方程。结论：所定方法可用于盐酸多西环素注入用缓释凝胶的体外释放试验。     

硝苯地平缓释片释放度研究

目的建立硝苯地平缓释片的释放度试验方法，对5个厂家生产的硝苯地平缓释片的含量和释放度进行测定。方法以0．5％吐温-80水溶液（900mL）作为溶出介质，采用桨法测定溶出度，转速为100r／min，温度为（37．0±0．5）℃；用反相高效液相色谱法测定含量，测定波长为333nm。结果用建立的方法可以准确地测定各厂家硝苯地平缓释片的释放度，不同厂家生产的硝苯地平缓释片释放速度差别较大。结论对不同厂家生产的硝苯地平缓释片释放度进行检查，有助于控制产品质量。     

利巴韦林缓释片的制备及其释放度测定

目的:制备利巴韦林缓释片,对其释放机制进行考察.方法:建立高效液相色谱(HPLC)体外释放度测定法,以羟丙基甲基纤维素(HPMC)为主要辅料,制备亲水凝胶型骨架片,采用单因素试验筛选辅料种类,通过均匀设计优化出缓释片的处方.结果:所制备的缓释片在8 h内呈良好的零级释药特征.结论:以均匀设计优选的利巴韦林缓释片处方合理,体外释放性能良好.     

盐酸昂丹司琼渗透泵片的制备与体外释放

目的制备盐酸昂丹司琼渗透泵型控释片剂(OND-OPT)并考察体外释药特性。方法以锅包衣法制备OND-OPT。通过释放度试验筛选处方并考察OND-OPT的释放特性；通过均匀设计试验建立持续释药时间与衣膜厚度、衣膜中PEG含量和释药孔孔径的关系；考察OND-OPT的释药机制。结果释药孔朝向对不含HPMC的制剂释药有明显影响，而对含HPMC的制剂释药无影响。持续释药时间与衣膜厚度和衣膜中PEG含量有关，与释药孔孔径无显著关系。OND-OPT主要以渗透泵机制释放药物。结论通过调节衣膜厚度和衣膜中PEG含量，OND-OPT可以实现理想的药物控制释放。     

Cyclic AMP facilitates the electrically evoked release of radiolabelled noradrenaline,dopamine and 5-hydroxytryptamine from rat brain slices

Summary The adenylate cyclase activator forskolin as well as 8-bromo-cyclic AMP enhanced the electrically evoked release of³H-noradrenaline and³H-5-hydroxytryptamine from superfused rat neocortical slices and that of³H-dopamine from neostriatal slices with comparable EC₅₀'s of about 0.5 and 50 M, respectively, without affecting spontaneous tritium efflux. The phosphodiesterase inhibitor ZK 62771 (3–100 M) also enhanced³H-noradrenaline and³H-dopamine release but slightly reduced³H-5-hydroxytryptamine release. However, this drug profoundly enhanced spontaneous tritium release in the latter case. The facilitatory effect of forskolin (0.3 M) on the release of the amine neurotransmitters was potentiated in the presence of ZK 62771 (30 M). Therefore, cyclic AMP appears to exert a general facilitatory effect on the release of these biogenic amines from central nerve terminals.     

硫酸伪麻黄碱凝胶骨架型缓释片的制备与释放度试验

目的 研制硫酸伪麻黄碱缓释片并对其释放度的影响因素进行考察，方法 以羟丙甲纤维者（HPMC）为骨架材料制备硫酸伪麻黄碱凝胶骨架型缓释片，采用紫外分光光度法测定体外硫酸伪麻黄碱，并对缓释片进行释放度试验，结果 HPMC用量增加时释放速度变慢。磷酸氢钙用量增加时片削可压性得以改善．结论 该制刺缓释效果良好。     

磷酸川芎嗪骨架片的研制及其体外释药

采用直接压片法制备了以卡波姆为骨架材料的磷酸川芎嗪缓释片。其体外释放曲线12h内符合Higuchi方程,2－8h接近零级。药物释放速率随卡波姆用量增多而减慢,并受卡波姆类型、释药介质pH的影响。     

盐酸尼卡地平控释片的释放度研究

采用羟丙甲纤维素制备了盐酸尼卡地平凝胶骨架控释片，其体外释入曲线符合一级动力学。     

Pulsatile Drug Release from an Insoluble Capsule Body Controlled by an Erodible Plug

Purpose. The objective of this study was to develop and evaluate a pulsatile drug delivery system based on an impermeable capsule body filled with drug and an erodible plug placed in the opening of the capsule body. Methods. The erodible plugs were either prepared by direct compression followed by placing the tablets in the capsule opening or by congealing a meltable plug material directly within the capsule opening. The disintegration/erosion properties of these plugs were determined and optimized for the final delivery system. In order to assure rapid drug release of the capsule content after erosion of the plug, various excipients (fillers, effervescent agents) and drugs with different solubilities were evaluated. The lag time prior to drug release and the subsequent drug release were investigated as function of capsule content, plug composition, plug preparation technique, plug hardness, weight, and thickness. Results. The erosion time of the compressed plugs increased with increasing molecular weight of the hydrophilic polymer (e.g. hydroxypropyl methylcellulose, polyethylene oxide), decreasing filler (lactose) content and decreased with congealable lipidic plugs with increasing HLB-value and inclusion of surfactants. For complete and rapid release of the drug from the capsule body, effervescent agents had to be included in the capsule content. The drug delivery system showed typical pulsatile release profiles with a lag time followed by a rapid release phase. The lag time prior to the pulsatile drug release correlated well with the erosion properties of the plugs and, besides the composition of the plug, could be controlled by the thickness (weight) of the plug. Conclusions. A single-unit, capsular-shaped pulsatile drug delivery system was developed wherein the pulsatile release was controlled by the erosion properties of a compressed or congealed plug placed within the opening of the capsule opening.