Retentissements hydroélectrolytiques et acidobasiques de la chimiohyperthermie intrapéritonéale

Background

Hyperthermic intraperitoneal chemoperfusion (HIPEC) is an innovative treatment of the peritoneal carcinomatosis with potential iatrogenicity. This observational study was designed to improve our understanding of HIPEC's impact on the renal and respiratory functions, on temperature, blood cells counts, body fluids/electrolytes and acid-base balance.

Methods

We retrospectively analyzed the perioperative care of 20 patients that underwent HIPEC with oxaliplatin (n = 19) and mitomycin C (n = 1). The abdominal cavity was filled with the peritoneal dialysis fluid with dextrose 5%: volume of 2 L/m². Follow-up for the study was stopped on postoperative day 7.

Results

The main changes were appearing just after the HIPEC procedure: increased diuresis, lactic acidosis, hyponatremia and hyperglycaemia (despite aggressive intravenous insulin therapy). In our series, there was no renal failure or impact on blood cells counts until the 7^th day, neither some changes on the arterial blood gases.

Conclusion

Hyperglycemia might explain increased diuresis of lactic acidosis and the rapid installation of hyponatremia. Taken together, these results suggest that glycemic control must be improved in order to avoid the other metabolic disturbances.     

Hémorragie cérébrale chez un enfant asthmatique ventilé : mécanismes multifactoriels

We report the case of a 7-year-old boy with acute status asthmaticus requiring mechanic ventilation in the pediatric intensive care unit. He developed a brain hemorrhage during the course of his illness. We discuss the mechanisms that may have precipitated this neurological complication.     

Métabolisme cellulaire,température et agression cérébrale

Brain temperature is strongly linked to brain metabolic rate. In the brain, energy metabolism is mainly oxidative. The oxidative metabolism and heat production are therefore strongly related. In normal conditions, heat production consecutive to brain energy metabolism is counterbalanced by heat loss, by using a complex heat exchange system. After major cerebral injuries as subarachnoid haemorrhage or traumatic brain injury, cerebral temperature can often exceed systemic temperature. Moreover, brain temperature can vary independently to systemic temperature, making difficult the prediction of brain temperature from other central temperatures. Mitochondrial dysfunction is probably the corner stone of these post-injury perturbations of brain temperature. Understanding of this phenomenon remains however not complete.     

Organisation des soins en analgésie,anesthésie et réanimation en maternité en France métropolitaine : résultats comparés des enquêtes nationales périnatales 2003 et 2010

Objective

The equipment and practices in obstetric analgesia, anaesthesia and intensive care, as well as their evolution between 2003 and 2010 in metropolitan France, were described.

Population and methods

Data were derived from two representative samples of births in 2003 and 2010, based on all births in France during one week. The sample included 534 maternity units and 14,903 births in 2010 and 618 maternity units and 14,737 births in 2003.

Results

The caesarean operating room was adjacent or inside the labour ward in 66% of maternity units in 2010 vs 56% in 2003. An anaesthetist was appointed permanently to the labour ward in 38.9% of maternity units in 2010 vs 21.5% in 2003. Locoregional analgesia or anaesthesia rate increased significantly: 81.5% in 2010 compared to 74.9% in 2003. Almost all operative vaginal deliveries were performed under epidural anesthesia in 2010. Patient controlled epidural analgesia (PCEA) was available in 58% of the units in 2010 but only 34.2% of women had PCEA. Newborn's resuscitations were performed mainly by paediatricians in 2010, but 11.4% of children were resuscitated by an anaesthetist in level 1 maternity units.

Conclusion

The conditions required to ensure anaesthetic care safety in maternity units has improved since 2003. Improvements in quality of care are still possible.     

Phénotypage métabolique par résonance magnétique nucléaire pour l’évaluation périopératoire et en réanimation

Metabolic phenotyping consists in the identification of subtle and coordinated metabolic variations associated with various pathophysiological stimuli. Different analytical methods, such as nuclear magnetic resonance, allow the simultaneous quantification of a large number of metabolites. Statistical analyses of these spectra thus lead to the discrimination between samples and the identification of a metabolic phenotype corresponding to the effect under study. This approach allows the extraction of candidate biomarkers and the recovery of perturbed metabolic networks, driving to the generation of biochemical hypotheses (pathophysiological mechanisms, diagnostic tests, therapeutic targets…). Metabolic phenotyping could be useful in anaesthesiology and intensive care medicine for the evaluation, monitoring or diagnosis of life-threatening situations, to optimise patient managements. This review introduces the physical and statistical fundamentals of NMR-based metabolic phenotyping, describes the work already achieved by this approach in anaesthesiology and intensive care medicine. Finally, potential areas of interest are discussed for the perioperative and intensive management of patients, from newborns to adults.     

Description de la prévention et estimation de la fréquence des erreurs de programmation de vitesse d’administration en continu des médicaments en réanimation par une application informatique

Objectives

To assess the usefulness and the feasibility to use a software supervising continuous infusion rates of drugs administered with pumps in ICU.

Study design

Follow-up of practices and inquiry in three intensive care units.

Material

Guardrails software^TM of reassurance of the regulations of the rates of pumps (AsenaGH^TM, Alaris).

Methods

First, evaluation and quantification of the number of infusion-rates adjustments reaching the maximal superior limit (considered as infusion-rate-errors stopped by the software). Secondly, appreciate the acceptance by staffs to such a system by a blinded questionnaire and a quantification of the number of dataset pumps programs performed with the software.

Results

The number of administrations started with the pumps of the study in the three services (11 beds) during the period of study was 63,069 and 42,694 of them (67.7 %) used the software. The number of potential errors of continuous infusion rates was 11, corresponding to a rate of infusion-rate errors of 26/100,000. KCl and insulin were concerned in two and five cases, respectively. Eighty percent of the nurses estimated that infusion-rate-errors were rare or exceptional but potentially harmful. Indeed, they considered that software supervising the continuous infusion rates of pumps could improve safety.

Conclusion

The risk of infusion-rate-errors of drugs administered continuously with pump in ICU is rare but potentially harmful. A software that controlled the continuous infusion rates could be useful.     

Rôle délétère de l’hyperthermie en neuroréanimation

Fever is a secondary brain injury and may worsen neurological prognosis of neurological intensive care unit (NICU) patients. In response to an immunological threat, fever associates various physiological reactions, including hyperthermia. Its definition may vary but the most commonly used threshold is 37.5 °C. In animal studies, hyperthermia applied before, during or after cerebral ischemia may increase the volume of ischemic lesions. The mechanism of this effect may include increase in blood brain barrier permeability, increase in excitatory amino acid release and increase in free radical production. In NICU patients, fever is frequent, occurring in up to 20–30% of patients. Moreover, after haemorrhagic stroke, fever has been reported in 40–50% of patients. In half of the patients, fever may be related to an infectious cause but in more than 25% of patients, hyperthermia may be of central origin. After ischemic stroke, hyperthermia during the first 72 hours is associated with an increase in infarct size and increase in morbidity and mortality. This holds true also after subarachnoid haemorrhage. After traumatic brain injury, fever is not related to mortality but may increase morbidity. Whereas no causal link has been established between fever and unfavourable outcome, it seems reasonable to treat hyperthermia in patients suffering from brain injuries. In such patients, antipyretics have a moderate efficacy. In case of failure, they should be replaced by physical cooling techniques.     

Surdosage en dabigatran chez un patient en insuffisance rénale : intérêt et limites de l’hémodialyse

Dabigatran is a direct thrombin inhibitor indicated for stroke and systemic embolism prevention in patients with non-valvular atrial fibrillation. No reversal agent exists, but hemodialysis has been proposed as dabigatran removal method. We report a case of an 80-year-old man presenting hemorrhage with dabigatran overdose caused by obstructive acute renal failure. Before nephrostomy, several hemodialysis sessions were necessary to remove dabigatran probably because of its large volume of distribution.     

Gestion de la glycémie : un audit dans 66 réanimations

Introduction

The interest of tight glucose control in ICU is still debated. In France, no data are available regarding this therapy and the implementation of its guidelines.

Study design

Sub-study of a one-day audit performed between January and May 2009.

Patients and methods

During a one-day audit performed in 66 ICUs, trained residents collected data regarding the presence of a formal glucose control protocol and its practical application.

Results

A formalized glucose control protocol was found in 88% of patients. During the day before the audit, 3645 glycemia measurements were performed accounting for six measurements [4–9] per patient with a median higher value of 1.6 [1.4–2.1]. Hypoglycemia (< 0.8 g/L) and hyperglycemia (> 1.4 g/L in non-diabetic and > 1.8 g/L in diabetic patients) were found in 81 (15%) and 326 (58%) patients respectively. Two episodes (0.36%) of severe hypoglycemia (< 0.4 g/L) were reported. Factors associated with glucose control protocol application were: a high SOFA score, cardioversion, mechanical ventilation, intracranial pressure monitoring, steroid use and nurse to patient ratio less than 1/2.5. Hepatic failure was the only factor associated with hypoglycemia.

Discussion

Glucose control protocols are available in more than 80% ICUs but their implementation is still imperfect. However, the median glycemia meets international current recommendations. Severe hypoglycemia is a very rare event in ICU.     

Insuffisance rénale obstructive dans les suites d’une chirurgie hémorroïdaire réalisée sous anesthésie générale et bloc pudendal bilatéral : à propos d’un cas

Anorectal surgery is associated with significant postoperative pain. Pudendal nerve blocks, formerly performed by surgeons, provides effective postoperative analgesia and allow a quicker recovery, which is quite important in the current concept of fast-track postoperative care. However, even for benign surgery with a safe anaesthetic technique, serious adverse events may occur. We report a case of acute renal failure related to urinary retention. Hidden by a prior history of urination difficulties, recognition of symptoms, following haemorrhoidectomy performed with bilateral pudendal block, was late. After complete recovery, electrophysiologic investigations found hypotonic, hypocontractile bladder.Therefore, before performing haemorrhoidectomy with regional anaesthesia, prior history of urination difficulties should be searched. The risk of urinary retention due to surgery and anaesthesia may be increased, as observed in this original case report.     

Monitorage continu et automatisé de la précharge dépendance en anesthésie et en réanimation : intérêts et limites

Objectives

To describe preload dependence monitoring tools currently available as well as their limits and potential applications in the anaesthesiology setting.

Data source

References were obtained from PubMed data bank (http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi) using the following keywords: fluid responsiveness, cardiopulmonary interactions, preload dependence, hypovolemia, cardiac output.

Data synthesis

When measured in optimal conditions, dynamic parameters are the best predictors of fluid responsiveness as compared to static indicators in patients under general anaesthesia and mechanical ventilation. These dynamic parameters rely on cardiopulmonary interactions and allow evaluating preload dependence and the ability of the heart to transform an increase in preload into an increase in cardiac output. Recently, it is possible to monitor these dynamic parameters either invasively (from the arterial pressure waveform) or noninvasively (from the plethysmographic waveform). These tools have intrinsic limitations. However, they have potential to be used for fluid optimization during anaesthesia.     

Impact clinique et économique d’une politique de contrôle de la sédation par protocole dans un service de réanimation médicochirurgicale

Objective

Since the last consensus conducted by Sfar/SRLF, the use of protocol for sedation became the reference in our ICUs. Decrease in length of stay and length of mechanical ventilation with used of these protocols have been already described. We would like to investigate the economic impact associated.

Study design

Using the PMSI data, we studied retrospectively, the economic effect, one year before and one year after protocol implementation in our ICU.

Method

The economic evaluation compared the cost of sedation but also the cost of mechanical ventilation and length of stay in ICU.

Results

Characteristic and number of patients were equivalent during the two years. We described a significant decrease in length of mechanical ventilation (8.8 vs. 8.4; p < 0.05) but not in length of stay (11.4 vs. 11.7; NS) between the two periods. We described a decrease of sedation cost of 11 412 euros and a decrease of mechanical ventilation cost of 27 360 Euros between the two years.

Conclusion

We confirm in this study that use of sedation protocol in ICU is associated with a clinical impact but also with an economic effect.