田阳县壮族居民高尿酸血症患病情况及其影响因素

目的了解田阳县县壮族居民高尿酸血症患病情况及其影响因素,为高尿酸血症的综合防治提供理论依据。方法采用随机抽样方法,抽取田阳县百育镇抽取六联、新民村≥22周岁的壮族居民,共774名,进行问卷、体检和血糖、血脂、血尿酸检测。结果田阳县壮族居民的高尿酸血症患病率和标化患病率分别为18.5%和17.3%;与正常组比较,高尿酸血症组患者体质指数,收缩压,舒张压,胆固醇和甘油三酯平均水平均高于正常组,差异均有统计学意义(P<0.05或P<0.01);不同性别、年龄、有无肥胖、有无高血压、有无糖尿病、有无胆固醇升高、有无甘油三酯升高等特征壮族居民高尿酸血症患病率比较,差异均有统计学意义(P<0.05或P<0.01)。结论田阳县壮族居民高尿酸血症患病率较高,肥胖、高血压、糖尿病和血脂紊乱等代谢综合征观察指标是田阳县壮族居民高尿酸血症患病的重要危险因素,防治代谢综合征对降低高尿酸血症患病率有积极意义。     

江汉油田成人糖尿病患病率及其危险因素的流行病学调查

目的 调查油田成人糖尿病(DM)患病率及其危险因素。方法 采用二阶段分级整群抽样方法对油田1087名20～70岁在职和离退休职工进行DM患病率的现况调查，并同1994年调查结果比较，用多因素Logistic回归分析筛选危险因素。结果 DM、糖耐量受损(IGT)和空腹血糖受损的标化患病率分别为5．35％、7．38％和1．29％。和1994年相比，DM患病率无明显变化，IGT患病率升高1．2倍。患病率与年龄、文化水平、体重指数、腰臀比值、高血压、血脂和血清胰岛素浓度等有关。患病的独立危险因素为腹内型肥胖、年龄及体重指数，OR值依次为19．22、12．87和2．88。结论2003年油田成人DM患病率与1994年持平，IGT患病率升高1．2倍。患病的独立危险因素是肥胖、超重和年龄。     

大连庄河石城岛原驻老年居民高血压患病率调查

目的 调查大连庄河石城岛原驻老年居民高血压的患病率及相关危险因素，为海岛老年居民高血压的防治提供依据。方法 纳入2016年6月～2016年8月大连庄河石城岛原驻居民656例，采用修正的世界卫生组织心血管病人群监测方案(WHO MONICA)研究调查问卷对其进行问卷调查，收集人口学资料、体格检查及实验室检查结果。根据有无高血压其分为无高血压组199例和高血压组457例,比较两组研究对象的一般资料。采用单因素和多因素logistic回归分析评估大连庄河石城岛原驻老年居民发生高血压的危险因素。结果 656例原驻老年居民中，高血压的总体患病率为69.6%(457/656)，其中男性高血压的患病率为65.6%(206/314),女性为73.3%(251/342)。高血压组吸烟者比例高于无高血压组，进行锻炼者比例低于无高血压组（P＜0.05），而无高血压组和高血压组过量饮酒、接受过健康教育者比例比较差异均无统计学意义（P＞0.05）。单因素logistic回归分析结果显示，腰围增大、BMI升高、吸烟、血清总蛋白升高、血尿酸升高、甘油三酯(TG)升高、低密度脂蛋白胆固醇(LDL-C)升高是大连庄河石城岛原驻老年居民发生高血压的危险因素（P＜0.05）；多因素logistic回归分析结果显示，腰围增大、BMI升高、血尿酸升高、尿肌酐升高、LDL-C升高是其发生高血压的危险因素（P＜0.05）。结论 大连庄河石城岛原驻老年女性居民高血压的患病率高于男性，限制食盐摄入量、减轻体重、减小腰围、限制高胆固醇、高嘌呤食物的摄入、适当进行体力活动等生活方式干预应当作为当地高血压防治的重要措施。     

玉林市居民三酰甘油水平与肥胖、高血压、糖尿病和胆固醇的关系探讨

目的了解玉林市居民三酰甘油升高(HTG)患病情况及其影响因素,为HTG的综合防治提供理论依据。方法随机抽取居住于玉林市仁东镇大路村、鹤林村≥20周岁的居民共1 056人,进行问卷和检测身高、体重、血糖、血脂、血尿酸水平。结果玉林市居民的HTG患病率和标化患病率分别为9.4%和10.3%;与正常组比较,体重指数、收缩压、舒张压、糖尿病和胆固醇水平均高于正常组(P0.01);HTG患病率,男性高于女性(P0.01),高血压高于非高血压(P0.01),糖尿病高于非糖尿病者(P0.01),肥胖高于非肥胖者(P0.01),胆固醇升高高于非胆固醇升高者(P0.01)。结论玉林市居民HTG患病率较高,性别、年龄、高血压、糖尿病、肥胖和高胆固醇血症是玉林市居民HTG患病的重要危险因素。     

浙江省杭州市西湖区高血压流行现状及危险因素分析

目的 了解浙江省杭州市西湖区居民高血压患病情况及其相关危险因素,为本区高血压病防治干预提供科学依据.方法 通过整群抽样的方式对西湖区8个社区年满35岁以上的居民入户进行问卷调查及相关体格检查,数据用Epidata3.1进行录入,SPSS 13.0进行统计分析.结果 杭州市西湖区人群的高血压患病率为46.5％,男性患病率显著高于女性(51.9％比41.3％;P ＜0.0001).该社区高血压的知晓率为70.2％,控制率为23.8％.随着年龄的增加,男性和女性的患病率均呈增高趋势(P ＜0.0001).与正常体质指数者相比,超重、肥胖患者的高血压患病率显著升高(51.5％和59.0％比36.1％;P ＜0.0001).Logistic回归分析显示,年龄、性别、饮酒、超重/肥胖、糖代谢异常及高甘油三酯是高血压的独立危险因素(P＜0.05).结论 杭州市西湖区居民高血压患病率处于较高水平,人群分布及相关危险因素具有一定的地域特征,高血压的预防控制应结合本地特点进行针对性干预.     

山东沿海男性居民高血压5年变迁

目的与2004年结果相比较,了解目前山东沿海地区20岁以上男性高血压的患病情况及其影响因素。方法采用随机、分层、整群抽样的方法,入户调查青岛、烟台、威海、日照、东营常住男性居民2235人高血压患病情况。结果按照同一人口标化后,2009年男性高血压患病标化率为39.6%,较2004年32.1%明显增加(P<0.01)。男性高血压患病率随年龄增长而升高,70岁以上年龄组患病率最高(P<0.01),50岁以后高血压的患病率较50岁以前明显升高(P<0.01)。2009年男性正常组和高血压组的平均年龄、体质量指数、腰围、三酰甘油、总胆固醇、血尿酸水平均较2004年有所升高(P<0.01)。Logistic回归分析显示年龄、体质量指数、腰围、脂代谢紊乱、血尿酸、血糖水平、高血压家族史为男性高血压的危险因素。结论与2004年相比,男性高血压患病率明显升高;增龄、超重或肥胖、高血糖、高尿酸、脂代谢紊乱及高血压家族史为男性高血压发生的危险因素。     

山东沿海地区居民糖尿病患病率及危险因素调查

目的调查山东沿海地区20岁以上居民2型糖尿病（DM）的患病情况及其危险因素。方法采用随机、分层、整群抽样的方法，调查青岛、烟台、威海、日照和东营常住居民5000人的DM患病情况。结果（1）DM的患病率为8．37％，按照2000年第五次全国人口普查资料进行年龄调整标化后，标化患病率为7．98％。糖调节受损（IGR）的患病率为10．5％，标化后为9．84％。（2）新诊断的DM有215例，占患病总人数的51．3％。（3）男性DM、IGR30岁以后的患病率随年龄的增加而明显增加（P〈0．01）；女性则在40岁以后随年龄增加而听显增加（P〈0．05～0．01）。（4）由正常糖耐量（NGT）、IFG、IGT至DM，年龄、BMI、腰臀比（WHR）、SBP、DBP、TG、TC、血尿酸（UA）和FPG、胰岛素（Ins）、HOMA-IR逐渐升高，且IFG、IGT、DM组均较NGT组显著升高（P均＜0．01），HDL-C显著降低（P〈0．01）；而UA在IGT组最高。（5）非条件logistic回归分析显示年龄、SBP、TG、TC、BMI、WHR为DM危险因子，HDL—C为保护因素。结论山东沿海居民DM的患病人群明显年轻化。高血压、脂代谢紊乱、中心性肥胖和增龄为糖代谢紊乱的危险因素。     

北京市小汤山镇成人高血压现况调查

目的了解小汤山镇居民高血压患病率,为进一步积极防治措施提供科学依据。方法对小汤山镇18岁以上居民进行健康体检建立档案及进行相关因素调查。结果小汤山镇18岁以上人群高血压患病率16.69%（男17.41%、女16.06%）,男性患病率与女性患病率之间没有显著性差异,高血压患病率随年龄增长而增长;对身高、体重指数、吸烟、饮酒、家族史、文化程度、体力活动、家庭收入等资料进行分析,均与高血压的患病有关系。结论该区居民的高血压患病率较高,吸烟、超重、肥胖等危险因素与高血压关系密切,亟需采取措施加以控制,以减少高血压对居民健康的危害。     

山东沿海超重和肥胖流行病学特征的5年变迁

目的 了解2009年山东沿海地区20岁以上人群超重和肥胖的流行病学特征及其相关因素,并与2004年调研结果相比较,探讨其5年来的变迁.方法 采用随机、分层、整群抽样方法,人户调查青岛、烟台、威海、日照、东营常住居民5060人超重和肥胖的流行病学情况.结果 2009年超重、肥胖和腹型肥胖的标化率分别为33.5％、16.1％和40.0％,较2004年分别增加0.6％(P＜0.05)、2.9％(P＜0.01)和6.8％(P＜0.05);其中男性超重、肥胖和腹型肥胖的标化率分别为37.9％、17.1％和44.6％,较2004年分别增加3.7％(P ＜0.01)、3.7％(P＜0.01)和10.2％(P＜0.01);2009年女性腹型肥胖患病率为38.6％,较2004年增加6.6％(P＜0.01).此外,肥胖患病率随年龄增长而升高,50 ～ 69岁达高峰,70岁以后有所下降.男性肥胖呈现明显年轻化趋势,绝经后女性肥胖患病率明显升高.2009年各组的平均年龄、体重指数、腰围、甘油三酯、总胆固醇、血糖、血尿酸水平均较2004年有所升高(P＜0.01).Logistic回归分析显示年龄、高血压、血脂紊乱、高尿酸血症、高血糖水平为肥胖的正相关因素,吸烟为负相关因素.肉类摄入量与男性肥胖有关,主食摄入量与女性肥胖密切相关.结论 与2004年相比,2009年超重和肥胖患病率明显升高,中青年男性及绝经后女性尤为显著,应作为未来肥胖防治的重点;增龄、高血压、高血糖、高尿酸、血脂紊乱及饮食结构不合理与肥胖的发生密切相关.虽吸烟可减轻体重,但不主张通过吸烟控制体重.     

安徽省部分城乡居民高血压患病状况及相关因素分析

目的了解安徽省部分城市和农村成年人高血压的患病特征及影响因素。方法 2010-2012年原卫生部疾病预防控制局组织开展"中国居民营养与健康状况监测"项目,通过多阶段分层整群随机抽样的方法抽取安徽省年龄≥18岁城乡居民4136名,采用集中和入户相结合形式进行询问调查和体格检查。采用多因素Logistic回归方法对城乡居民高血压患病的影响因素进行分析。结果安徽省部分城市和农村成人高血压患病率为35.3%,标化率为27.4%,城市患病率为34.3%,农村患病率为35.9%,差异无统计学意义(χ~2=1.04,P0.05)。年龄≥18岁居民高血压患病率随年龄增长而升高,男性患病率高于女性(30.6%比22.2%,χ~2=38.24,P0.05)。多因素Logistic回归分析结果显示,男性、年龄、超重、肥胖及腹型肥胖是城市和农村高血压患病的共同危险因素,此外农村高血压患病的危险因素还包括高血压家族史和高血脂症。结论安徽省部分城乡成人高血压患病率为27.4%,超重、肥胖和腹型肥胖等是高血压发病的主要危险因素。     

Glucose and insulin concentration in amniotic fluid and in maternal blood in early and in late pregnancy

Glucose concentration in the amniotic fluid decreases towards the end of gestation, whereas the insulin concentration increases. The ratio between fetal (amniotic fluid) glucose to maternal glucose is reduced by about 50% at the end of pregnancy, whereas the ratio of C peptide is increased four times. The higher glucose concentration in amniotic fluid in early pregnancy could be explained by a lower fetal metabolic rate in the early stage of development and a low insulin activity of the fetus.     

Differentiation pathways in carcinogenesis and in chemo- and radioresistance

Cancer stem cells (CSCs) share many features with embryonic stem cells (ESCs) such as the ability for self-renewal and differentiation. Signaling pathways that are involved in these processes are also involved in chemo- and radioresistance (e.g. Wnt, Notch and Hedgehog pathways). This review is focused on the influence of three important differentiation pathways on carcinogenesis and on chemo- and radioresistance in ESCs and CSCs.     

Nitrite and thiocyanate in the fasting and secreting stomach and in saliva.

The concentrations of nitrite and thiocyanate in fasting and pentagastrin stimulated gastric juice and in saliva have been examined. Nitrite was found in all of 17 samples of fasting gastric juice, mean 4-9 +/- 1-1 muM. Stimulation of gastric secretion with pentagastrin caused no significant change in nitrite concentration. Thiocyanate was detected in all of 21 samples of fasting gastric juice and the difference in concentration between smokers and non-smokers probably reflects similar differences in saliva. In contrast to the nitrite data there was a significant drop in thiocyanate concentration of gastric juice after pentagastrin from 0-9 +/- 0-1 mM to 0-3 +/- 0-04 mM, suggesting a salivary origin for the thiocyanate in gastric juice. Thiocyanate is a powerful catalyst of nitrosation, which, together with small amounts of nitrite and naturally occurring amines could lead to the intragastric formation of carcinogenic nitrosamines and in certain circumstances be a factor in the aetiology of gastric cancer.     

Anti-malarial efficacy of pyronaridine and artesunate in combination in vitro and in vivo

Pyronaridine is a Mannich base anti-malarial with demonstrated efficacy against drug resistant Plasmodium falciparum, P. vivax, P. ovale and P. malariae. However, resistance to pyronaridine can develop quickly when it is used alone but can be considerably delayed when it is administered with artesunate in rodent malaria models. The aim of this study was to evaluate the efficacy of pyronaridine in combination with artesunate against P. falciparum in vitro and in rodent malaria models in vivo to support its clinical application. Pyronaridine showed consistently high levels of in vitro activity against a panel of six P. falciparum drug-sensitive and resistant strains (Geometric Mean IC50=2.24 nM, 95% CI=1.20-3.27). In vitro interactions between pyronaridine and artesunate showed a slight antagonistic trend, but in vivo compared to pyronaridine and artesunate administered alone, the 3:1 ratio of the combination, reduced the ED90 of artesunate by approximately 15.6-fold in a pyronaridine-resistant P. berghei line and by approximately 200-fold in an artesunate-resistant line of P. berghei. Complete cure rates were achieved with doses of the combination above or equal to 8 mg/kg per day against P. chabaudi AS. These results indicate that the combination had an enhanced effect over monotherapy and lower daily doses of artesunate could be used to obtain a curative effect. The data suggest that the combination of pyronaridine and artesunate should have potential in areas of multi-drug resistant malaria.     

Osteoporosis in celiac disease and in endocrine and reproductive disorders

As the increase in lifespan brings to light diseases that were previously not clinically detectable, osteoporosis has become an issue of worldwide significance. The disease is marked by a loss of bone mass; the bones become less dense, fragile and more prone to fracturing. Because it is regulated by endocrine and environmental factors, osteoporosis presents a multifactorial etiopathogenesis, with the genetic component accounting for 70% of an individual variation in bone mass density （BMD）, the principal determinant, with age, of fracture risk. Pathological conditions such as celiac disease （CD） exacerbate the process of bone loss, so that the occurrence of osteoporosis in celiac subjects is of particular note： indeed, the screening of osteoporosis patients for this disease is advisable, since it may be the only sign of undiagnosed CD. An increase in interleukin IL-1β, of the IL-1 system, in the relatives of celiac patients confirms the genetic predisposition to osteoporosis and its presence is evidence of an association between the two conditions. The direct effect on the bones of CD is secondary to poor absorption of calcium and vitamin D. In women osteoporosis is indirectly associated with early menopause and amenorrhea, and it may follow prolonged breast-feeding and frequent pregnancies, while in men it is associated with hypogonadism and GH deficit. These endocrine and non-endocrine factors exert their effects on bones by modulating the RANK/RANK-L/OPG system. An appropriate lifestyle from adolescence onwards, together with early diagnosis of and treatment for CD and primaryand secondary endocrine pathologies are important for the prevention of damage to the bones.     

Salmonellosis in children in developing and developed countries and populations

PURPOSE OF REVIEW: The present review addresses recent developments that relate to the clinical management and prevention of childhood salmonellosis in developed and developing countries. RECENT FINDINGS: Invasive disease due to serovar Typhi as well as nontyphoidal salmonellae (NTS) is common in children younger than 5 years old in developing countries, and multidrug resistance is an increasingly difficult problem to manage. A new conjugate vaccine was found to be very effective in preventing typhoid fever in young Vietnamese children and was well tolerated, showing great promise for the future. Antibiotic use in the food animal industry is an important source of disease with multidrug resistant NTS strains in the developed world. Efforts for prevention are aimed at immunization of animals, control of antibiotic use in the food animal industry and careful monitoring of food-borne outbreaks. On the other hand, although the burden of NTS disease in children is far greater in developing countries, especially in tropical Africa, knowledge of even basic epidemiology is lacking. Importantly, it may be that, as spp. acquire increasing resistance, they also acquire increasing virulence that will lead to even greater morbidity and mortality. SUMMARY: Recent developments include a better knowledge of clinical aspects of invasive salmonellosis, an increasing response to the problem of multiple antibiotic resistance (including quinolones), and excellent results from the use of a recently developed conjugate vaccine for typhoid fever in children as young as 2 years old.