CT和低场强MRI对新生儿缺氧缺血性脑病的临床诊断价值

目的探讨CT和低场强MRI对新生儿缺氧缺血性脑病的临床诊断价值。方法选取2010-06—2013-06来我院就诊的缺氧缺血性脑病104例新生儿作为研究对象,所有新生儿均进行CT和低场强MRI检查。结果 CT诊断结果显示正常38例,轻度33例,中度20例,重度13例;低场强MRI诊断结果显示正常20例,轻度46例,中度23例,重度15例;低场强MRI检测的病灶累及脑叶范围与临床分度结果以及CT检测结果之间的相关性差异有统计学意义。结论低场强MRI对新生儿缺氧缺血性脑病的阳性检测率显著高于CT检测,对疾病的早期诊断更具临床价值。     

神经节苷脂注射液对新生儿缺氧缺血性脑病的疗效观察

我们采取单唾液酸四己糖神经节苷脂治疗新生儿缺氧缺血性脑病,取得较为理想的临床效果,现报告如下。1资料与方法1.1一般资料选取2009-01-2011-06我院收治的中、重度新生儿缺氧缺血性脑病92例,其中中度新生儿缺氧缺血性脑病50例,重度新生儿缺氧缺血性脑病42例,诊断依据《新生儿缺氧缺血性脑病诊断标准》。     

窒息所致新生儿缺氧缺血性脑病的治疗与护理体会

目的总结窒息所致新生儿缺氧缺血性脑病的治疗与护理方法,以减少新生儿的神经系统后遗症。方法对2010-06—2012-06我院治疗的新生儿缺氧缺血性脑病患者120例进行回顾性分析,其中由于窒息原因导致80例,采取产前监护、产后救治和康复训练的手段进行治疗和护理。结果窒息时间严重影响新生儿缺氧缺血性脑病的程度,2组差异有统计学意义(P<0.05);80例窒息所致新生儿缺氧缺血性脑病患者中痊愈60例,好转13例,未愈转院治疗4例,死亡3例,总有效率91.25%。结论预防救治和康复训练是新生儿缺氧缺血性脑病治疗和护理的主要方法,对患者的康复起着重要作用,能降低病死率,减少神经系统后遗症的发生,可在临床加以推广。     

新生儿缺氧缺血性脑病（附30例临床分析）

新生儿缺氧缺血性脑病（附３０例临床分析）闫超英，孙桂莲，王菊香，霍淑芳，时景琴，李菊华新生儿缺氧缺血性脑病（ＨＩＥ）指围产期窒息导致的脑缺氧缺血性损害，临床出现的一系列脑病表现。ＨＩＥ是新生儿死亡或致残的主要原因之一。我科近三年来收治了３０例，现报告...     

神经节苷酯联合复方丹参治疗新生儿缺氧缺血性脑病

为探讨神经节苷酯联合复方丹参治疗新生儿缺氧缺血性脑病的疗效,对我院儿科60例中度新生儿缺氧缺血性脑病患儿进行对比观察,报告如下。1资料与方法1.1一般资料病例均选自我院儿科2009-03～2011-03住院患儿,患儿均为中度缺氧缺血性脑病患儿,全部在生后24h内住院,均有围生期缺氧窒息史,生后均出现异常神经症状包括意识障碍、过度兴奋、嗜睡、昏迷、惊厥、肌张力改变及原始反时消失。行CT检查表现为程度不一的多灶性低密度区,排除产伤、颅先天畸形、颅内出血。临床分度及诊断标     

早期干预新生儿缺氧缺血性脑病效果观察

目的观察早期干预对新生儿缺氧缺血性脑病的治疗效果。方法对我院收治的124例缺氧缺血性脑病新生儿患者随机分为治疗组和对照组各62例,治疗组患者采用早期干预联合常规治疗,对照组患者使用常规治疗,分析早期干预的临床效果。结果 治疗组效果和新生儿发育情况优于对照组,差异有统计学意义（P〈0.05）。结论 临床治疗新生儿缺氧缺血性脑病的过程中可使用早期干预方法,能有效提高治疗效果,增强患儿发育,值得推广使用。     

缺氧缺血性脑病新生儿血清MMP-9和TNF-α水平变化及意义

目的分析缺氧缺血性脑病新生儿血清中基质金属蛋白酶-9(MMP-9)和肿瘤坏死因子-α(TNF-α)水平变化及临床意义。方法入组缺氧缺血性脑病新生儿(脑病组)48例,同期正常新生儿(正常组)40例,采用ELISA法分别检测2组新生儿出生72h时血清中MMP-9和TNF-α水平。结果缺氧缺血性脑病新生儿组血清中MMP-9和TNF-α水平均高于正常新生儿组(P0.05)。缺氧缺血性脑病新生儿血清中MMP-9和TNF-α水平与疾病严重程度有关(P0.05)。缺氧缺血性脑病新生儿血清中MMP-9和TNF-α水平呈正相关(r=0.693,P0.05)。结论 MMP-9和TNF-α可能参与新生儿缺氧缺血性脑病的发病过程,两者联合检测有助于该病的病情和预后评估。     

新生儿缺氧缺血性脑病急性期的护理

新生儿缺氧缺血性脑病(HIE)是指围产期缺氧窒息,导致脑的缺氧缺血性损害,包括特征性的神经病理及病理生理改变,并在临床上出现一系列脑病的表现,部分病例可留有不同程度神经系统后遗症[1].我科2004-10～2006-03收治56例HIE患儿,加强急性期护理,效果满意,总结如下.     

新生儿缺氧缺血性脑病的早期康复治疗

目的探讨新生儿缺氧缺血性脑病的早期康复治疗效果。方法我院2009-01-2010-06收治新生儿缺氧缺血性脑病200例,随机分为早期康复治疗组和常规治疗组各100例,观察2组临床效果。结果早期康复治疗组后遗症发生率为7.0%,常规治疗组后遗症发生率为27.0%,2组比较差异有统计学意义（P〈0.05）。结论新生儿缺氧缺血性脑病的早期康复治疗能够防止神经细胞迟发性死亡,促进神经功能恢复,降低致残率。     

苯巴比妥与高压氧治疗新生儿缺氧缺血性脑病的疗效观察

目的分析苯巴比妥与高压氧联合治疗新生儿缺氧缺血性脑病的临床效果。方法选取我院2015-05—2016-05收治的新生儿缺氧缺血性脑病患儿90例。依据入院顺序随机分为观察组与对照组各45例。观察组使用注射用苯巴比妥钠与高压氧联合治疗,对照组采用对症支持等常规治疗。观察2组临床效果。结果观察组总有效率82.2%,对照组为46.6%,观察组明显高于对照组,差异有统计学意义(P0.05)。结论苯巴比妥与高压氧联合治疗新生儿缺氧缺血性脑病,能够有效提高效果,值得临床推广。     

Axonal injury and the neuropathology of shaken baby syndrome

We examined an autopsy series of 14 children with shaken baby syndrome (SBS) who lacked skull fracture. Evidence of axonal injury was sought using immunohistochemical stains for neurofilament, 68-kDa neurofilament and β-amyloid precursor protein (βAPP). βAPP-positive axons were present in the cerebral white matter of all cases of SBS but were also present in 6 of 7 children dying of non-traumatic hypoxic ischemic encephalopathy (HIE). Swollen axons were present in 11 of 14 cases of SBS and in 6 of 7 cases of HIE. βAPP-positive axons were present in both groups in the midbrain and medulla. The cervical spinal cord in SBS contained βAPP-positive axons in 7 of 11 cases; 5 of 7 contained swollen axons within the white matter tracts; in 2 immunoreactivity was localized to spinal nerve roots; in all 7 there was a predilection for staining at the glial head of the nerve root. Among cases of HIE, none showed abnormal axons or βAPP-positive reactivity in the cervical cord white matter. We conclude that cerebral axonal injury is common in SBS, and may be due in part to hypoxic/ischemic injury. Cervical cord injury is also common, and cannot be attributed to HIE. These findings corroborate suggestions that flexion-extension injury about the cervical spinal column may be important in the pathogenesis of SBS. Received: 20 October 1997 / Accepted 19 November 1997     

早期干预对新生儿缺氧缺血性脑病预后的影响

目的探讨早期干预对新生儿中、重度缺氧缺血性脑病（HIE）预后的影响。方法将2009年5月至2010年5月在商丘市第一人民医院治疗的85例足月中重度HIE患儿分为早期干预组49例和非干预组36例，对干预组进行系统的早期干预，均于出生后3，6，9，12月龄对两组患儿进行智能发育随访和评估。结果干预组平均智能发育指数（MDI）高于非干预组（P〈0．05）；干预组平均运动发育指数（PDI）除3个月时差异无统计学意义外，其余各时点均高于非干预组（P〈0．05），非干预组后遗症发生率明显高于干预组（P〈0．05）。结论对HIE患儿早期给予持续的干预，能有效地促进智力发育，改善预后，降低后遗症的发生率，是提高其生活质量的有效方法。     

新生儿缺血缺氧性脑病早期干预及预后观察

目的分析研究早期干预治疗对新生儿缺血缺氧性脑病患儿预后的影响。方法收集我院2009年1月至2010年1月期间在我院治疗的68例新生儿缺血缺氧性脑病患儿。68例患儿随机分为干预组34例和对照组34例。对照组行常规治疗和护理,干预组除常规治疗和护理外,还进行药物、视觉、听觉、触觉刺激,3次/d,15～20min/次,连续治疗6个月。结果干预组患儿智能发育指数高于对照组（P〈0.05）。两组患儿运动发育指数比较,干预组高于对照组（P〈0.05）;对照组34例患儿中,预后不良者16例,预后良好者18例;干预组34例,其中预后不良者9例,预后良好者25例,两组比较差异有统计学意义（P〈0.05）。结论早期干预对缺血缺氧性脑病患儿智能上有促进作用,且能显著改善患儿的预后。     

Neonatal hypoxic–ischemic encephalopathy reduces c-Fos activation in the rat hippocampus: evidence of a long-lasting effect

The effect of neonatal hypoxic–ischemic encephalopathy (HIE) on maturation of nociceptive pathways has been sparsely explored. To investigate whether neonatal HIE alters neuronal activity, nociceptive behavior, and serum neuroplasticity mediators (brain-derived neurotrophic factor [BDNF] and tumor necrosis factor-α [TNF]) in the short, medium, and long term. Neonate male Wistar rats were randomized to receive a brain insult that could be either ischemic (left carotid artery ligation [LCAL]), hypoxic (8% oxygen chamber), hypoxic–ischemic (LCAL and hypoxic chamber), sham-ischemic, or sham-hypoxic. Neuronal activity (c-Fos activation at region CA1 and dentate gyrus of the hippocampus), nociceptive behavior (von Frey, tail-flick, and hot-plate tests), neuroplasticity mediators (BDNF, TNF), and a cellular injury marker (lactase dehydrogenase [LDH]) were assessed in blood serum 14, 30, and 60 days after birth. Neonatal HIE persistently reduced c-Fos activation in the ipsilateral hippocampal region CA1; however, contralateral c-Fos reduction appeared only 7 weeks after the event. Neonatal HIE acutely reduced the paw withdrawal threshold (von Frey test), but this returned to normal by the 30th postnatal day. Hypoxia reduced serum LDH levels. Serum neuroplasticity mediators increased with age, and neonatal HIE did not affect their ontogeny. Neonatal HIE-induced reduction in neuronal activity occurs acutely in the ipsilateral hippocampal region CA1 and persists for at least 60 days, but the contralateral effect of the insult is delayed. Alterations in the nociceptive response are acute and self-limited. Serum neuroplasticity mediators increase with age, and remain unaffected by HIE.     

The clinical outcomes of deep gray matter injury in children with cerebral palsy in relation with brain magnetic resonance imaging

In the present study we investigated the nature and extent of clinical outcomes using various classifications and analyzed the relationship between brain magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) findings and the extent of clinical outcomes in children with cerebral palsy (CP) with deep gray matter injury. The deep gray matter injuries of 69 children were classified into hypoxic ischemic encephalopathy (HIE) and kernicterus patterns. HIE patterns were divided into four groups (I–IV) based on severity. Functional classification was investigated using the gross motor function classification system-expanded and revised, manual ability classification system, communication function classification system, and tests of cognitive function, and other associated problems. The severity of HIE pattern on brain MRI was strongly correlated with the severity of clinical outcomes in these various domains. Children with a kernicterus pattern showed a wide range of clinical outcomes in these areas. Children with severe HIE are at high risk of intellectual disability (ID) or epilepsy and children with a kernicterus pattern are at risk of hearing impairment and/or ID. Grading severity of HIE pattern on brain MRI is useful for predicting overall outcomes. The clinical outcomes of children with a kernicterus pattern range widely from mild to severe.What this paper addsDelineation of the clinical outcomes of children with deep gray matter injury, which are a common abnormal brain MRI finding in children with CP, is necessary. The present study provides clinical outcomes for various domains in children with deep gray matter injury on brain MRI. The deep gray matter injuries were divided into two major groups; HIE and kernicterus patterns. Our study showed that severity of HIE pattern on brain MRI was strongly associated with the severity of impairments in gross motor function, manual ability, communication function, and cognition. These findings suggest that severity of HIE pattern can be useful for predicting the severity of impairments. Conversely, children with a kernicterus pattern showed a wide range of clinical outcomes in various domains. Children with severe HIE pattern are at high risk of ID or epilepsy and children with kernicterus pattern are at risk of hearing impairment or ID. The strength of our study was the assessment of clinical outcomes after 3 years of age using standardized classification systems in various domains in children with deep gray matter injury.     

Z蛋白与小儿脑性瘫痪的关系

目的研究Z蛋白(PZ)和小儿脑性瘫痪之间的关系。方法随机选取脑瘫患儿40例(脑瘫组)、缺氧缺血性脑病患儿30例(HIE组)、脑瘫高危新生儿20例(脐血组)以及各组正常对照健康儿童20例,用酶联免疫吸附试验法(ELISA法)测定各组血浆中PZ的含量(脐血组测定脐血浆PZ含量)。结果脐血组PZ水平高于脐血对照组(P0.05);脑瘫组和HIE组血浆PZ水平均明显高于各自对照组(P0.01);HIE组血浆PZ水平显著高于脐血组(P0.05);脑瘫组血浆PZ水平明显高于HIE组(P0.05)。结论 PZ在小儿脑瘫的演变过程中呈现动态变化的规律,可在一定程度上为临床早期诊断、治疗提供参考依据。     

Single-nucleotide polymorphism screening and RNA sequencing of key messenger RNAs associated with neonatal hypoxic-ischemia brain damage

A single-nucleotide polymorphism(SNP)is an alteration in one nucleotide in a certain position within a genome.SNPs are associated with disease susceptibility.However,the influences of SNPs on the pathogenesis of neonatal hypoxic-ischemic brain damage remain elusive.Seven-day-old rats were used to establish a hypoxic ischemic encephalopathy model.SNPs and expression profiles of mRNAs were analyzed in hypoxic ischemic encephalopathy model rats using RNA sequencing.Genes exhibiting SNPs associated with hypoxic ischemic encephalopathy were identified and studied by gene ontology and pathway analysis to identify their possible involvement in the disease mechanism.We identified 89 up-regulated genes containing SNPs that were mainly located on chromosome 1 and 2.Gene ontology analysis indicated that the up-regulated genes containing SNPs are mainly involved in angiogenesis,wound healing and glutamatergic synapse and biological processing of calcium-activated chloride channels.Signaling pathway analysis indicated that the differentially expressed genes play a role in glutamatergic synapses,long-term depression and oxytocin signaling.Moreover,intersection analysis of high throughput screening following PubMed retrieval and RNA sequencing for SNPs showed that CSRNP1,DUSP5 and LRRC25 were most relevant to hypoxic ischemic encephalopathy.Significant up-regulation of genes was confirmed by quantitative real-time polymerase chain reaction analysis of oxygen-glucose-deprived human fetal cortical neurons.Our results indicate that CSRNP1,DUSP5 and LRRC25,containing SNPs,may be involved in the pathogenesis of hypoxic ischemic encephalopathy.These findings indicate a novel direction for further hypoxic ischemic encephalopathy research.This animal study was approved on February 5,2017 by the Animal Care and Use Committee of Kunming Medical University,Yunnan Province,China(approval No.kmmu2019038).Cerebral tissue collection from a human fetus was approved on September 30,2015 by the Ethics Committee of Kunming Medical University,China(approval No.2015-9).     

Immunohistochemical analysis of brainstem lesions in infantile spasms

Whether the cerebral or subcortical lesions are involved in the pathogenesis in infantile spasms (IS) remains to be determined. To investigate the functional lesions of the subcortical structures in IS, the brainstem expression of neurotransmitters, neuropeptides and calcium‐binding proteins in IS autopsy cases of lissencephaly and of perinatal hypoxic ischemic encephalopathy (HIE/IS) was investigated. The IS patients consisted of four subjects each of lissencephaly and HIE. They suffered from both West and Lennox–Gastaut syndromes. The healthy and disease controls were composed of four subjects without neuromuscular disorders and six cases of HIE (HIE/C), neither of whom had the epileptic syndrome. In these subjects the expressions of tryptophan hydroxylase (TrH), tyrosine hydroxylase (TH), parvalbumin (PV), methionine–enkephalin (ME) and substance P (SP) were immunohistochemically determined in serial sections of the midbrain, pons and medulla oblongata. The immunoreactivity of neurons and neuronal processes for TH was altered in the mesencephalic periaqueductal gray matter, locus ceruleus, and dorsal vagal nucleus in the patients. The HIE/IS cases showed reduced TrH‐immunoreactivity in the medullary raphe nuclei. The brainstem auditory tract was poorly discernible on anti‐PV immunostaining in the IS patients. The immunoreactivity for ME in the spinal trigeminal nucleus was severely affected in the IS patients, while that for SP was comparatively well preserved. It is suggested that the presence of common brainstem lesions in IS is irrespective of etiologies. It is intriguing that some of the changes seemed to be interrelated with the neurophysiological abnormalities being reported in IS patients.     

Therapeutic effect of human umbilical cord mesenchymal stem cells on neonatal rat hypoxic–ischemic encephalopathy

The therapeutic potential of umbilical cord blood mesenchymal stem cells has been studied in several diseases. However, the possibility that human umbilical cord Wharton's jelly‐derived mesenchymal stem cells (hUCMSCs) can be used to treat neonatal hypoxic–ischemic encephalopathy (HIE) has not yet been investigated. This study focuses on the potential therapeutic effect of hUCMSC transplantation in a rat model of HIE. Dermal fibroblasts served as cell controls. HIE was induced in neonatal rats aged 7 days. hUCMSCs labeled with Dil were then transplanted into the models 24 hr or 72 hr post‐HIE through the peritoneal cavity or the jugular vein. Behavioral testing revealed that hUCMSC transplantation but not the dermal fibroblast improved significantly the locomotor function vs. vehicle controls. Animals receiving cell grafts 24 hr after surgery showed a more significant improvement than at 72 hr. More hUCMSCs homed to the ischemic frontal cortex following intravenous administration than after intraperitoneal injection. Differentiation of engrafted cells into neurons was observed in and around the infarct region. Gliosis in ischemic regions was significantly reduced after hUCMSC transplantation. Administration of ganglioside (GM1) enhanced the behavioral recovery on the base of hUCMSC treatment. These results demonstrate that intravenous transplantation of hUCMSCs at an early stage after HIE can improve the behavior of hypoxic–ischemic rats and decrease gliosis. Ganglioside treatment further enhanced the recovery of neurological function following hUCMSC transplantation. © 2013 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.     

Reduction in cerebral blood flow volume in infants complicated with hypoxic ischemic encephalopathy resulting in cerebral palsy

Hypoxic ischemic brain can result in cerebral palsy, mental retardation, and learning disabilities in surviving children. The purpose of this study was to elucidate the cerebral blood flow volume in infants complicated with brain damage after the birth. Nine term infants with hypoxic ischemic encephalopathy and 41 normal term infants were studied. Four infants with HIE suffered from CP or mental retardation, and the other five infants exhibited normal neurodevelopment. The mean blood flow velocity and diameter of the internal carotid artery and the vertebral artery were measured for 28 days. The intravascular flow volume was determined by calculating the flow velocity and the cross-sectional area. The ejection fraction and cardiac output were obtained, and the mean blood pressures were recorded. The summed flow volumes in both the ICA and VA, and the total CBFV increased after the birth in both the normal infants and the infants diagnosed with HIE with no disability complications. The total blood flow volume was significantly lower in infants with HIE and CP than in normal infants on days 0, 2, 5, 7, 10, 21, and 28, and significantly lower in infants with HIE and CP than in normal infants with HIE on days 2, 4, and 7. The ejection fraction was significantly lower in infants with HIE than in normal infants only on day 0. Our results suggest that the total cerebral blood supply is decreased in infants with HIE in those complicated with brain damage.