Clinical Significance of Splenic Hilar Lymph Node Metastasis in Proximal Gastric Cancer

Background  Prophylactic splenectomy for splenic hilar node removal is generally not advised because of the high morbidity and mortality rates and the uncertain impact on patient survival. The aim of this study was to compare the clinicopathologic characteristics and effect on survival of the following two groups: the splenic hilar lymph node metastasis group and the non-metastasis group. Methods  Three hundred and nineteen patients with proximal gastric adenocarcinoma who underwent curative total gastrectomy with simultaneous splenectomy and D2 lymph node dissection at the Samsung Medical Center between 1995 and 2004 were analyzed retrospectively. Results  Forty one patients (12.9%) had splenic hilar node metastasis. The splenic hilar metastasis group was shown to have a higher proportion of females (48.8%), Borrmann type IV (34.1%), tumor size >5 cm (82.9%), poorly differentiated adenocarcinoma (51.2%), signet ring cell carcinoma (31.7%), Lauren diffuse-type (80.5%), endolymphatic invasion (65.5%), and nerve invasion (46.4%; p < 0.05). There was no splenic hilar node metastasis in early gastric cancer. The 5-year survival rate was 11.04% for the hilar node metastasis group (p < 0.001), which was significantly lower than in the non-metastasis group, in which it was 51.57%. Multivariate analysis revealed that hilar node metastasis was an independent prognostic factor [hazard ratio 1.671; 95% confidence interval (CI) 1.075–2.595; p = 0.022]. Conclusion  Splenic hilar node metastasis was not apparent in early gastric cancer and had a very poor prognosis, even though curative resection was done, so the effectiveness of prophylactic splenectomy is uncertain.     

Significance of splenectomy in the treatment of cancer

With inoculation of a large amount of tumor cells, the tumor growth of splenectomized mice was depressed compared to sham operated mice. On the contrary, with inoculation of a small amount of tumor cells the occurrence of tumor was lower in sham-operated mice. The effect of splenectomy on tumor growth was bidirectional depending on the dose of the inoculate. The effect was due to the production of the immunosuppressive factor in sera obtained from mice inoculated with a large but not small amount of tumor cells. Studies for the late survivals of 113 patients who had received curative total gastrectomy with or without splenectomy revealed that the non-splenectomized group showed a significantly better late survival rate than the splenectomized group when the splenic hilar lymph nodes were not involved with cancer metastasis.     

Randomized clinical trial of splenectomy versus splenic preservation in patients with proximal gastric cancer

BACKGROUND: Preservation or removal of the spleen during total gastrectomy for proximal gastric cancer is a matter of debate. METHODS: A randomized clinical trial included patients with gastric adenocarcinoma who underwent total gastrectomy either with (104 patients) or without (103) splenectomy. Postoperative outcome in the two groups was compared, including morbidity, mortality and survival. RESULTS: Gastrectomy combined with splenectomy tended to be associated with slightly higher morbidity and mortality rates, a slightly greater incidence of lymph node metastasis at the splenic hilum and along the splenic artery, and marginally better survival, but there were no statistically significant differences between the groups. Splenectomy had no impact on survival in patients with metastatic lymph nodes at the hilum of the spleen or in those with metastatic lymph nodes along the splenic artery. CONCLUSION: These results do not support the use of prophylactic splenectomy to remove macroscopically negative lymph nodes near the spleen in patients undergoing total gastrectomy for proximal gastric cancer.     

保留脾脏的近端胃癌D2根治术脾门淋巴结清扫

目的探讨保留脾脏的近端胃癌D2根治术行脾门淋巴结清扫的可行性与必要性。方法回顾性分析28例近端胃癌D2根治采用保脾脾门淋巴结清扫的临床资料,并与同期行脾脏切除组21例病人资料相对比。结果保脾组28例手术均顺利完成,无术中中转切脾病例。保脾组与切脾组术中出血量分别为（71.6±30.3）m l和（72.9±31.6）m l,脾门淋巴结阳性率分别为17.9%（5/28）和19.0%（4/21）,两组比较差异无统计学意义（P〉0.05）,而手术时间分别为（3.6±0.4）h和（4.8±0.8）h,住院时间分别为（10.9±1.8）d和（14.0±3.1）d,差异有统计学意义（P〈0.05）。保脾组术后无一例脾坏死、脾扭转或静脉血栓形成。结论近端胃癌脾门淋巴结有较高的转移率,保脾清扫既减少了术后并发症的发生,又保留了脾脏对肿瘤的免疫作用。保脾脾门淋巴结清扫实属必要亦切实可行。     

The value of spleen-preserving lymphadenectomy in total gastrectomy for gastric and esophagogastric junctional adenocarcinomas: A long-term retrospective propensity score match study from a high-volume institution in China

BackgroundThe benefit of removing the splenic lymph nodes in patients with proximal gastric cancer has been controversial. The purpose of our study was to investigate the importance of performing a splenic hilar lymph node dissection without splenectomy in patients undergoing total gastrectomy for gastric cancer.MethodsFrom January 2006 to December 2015, we retrospectively reviewed patients who underwent a curative total gastrectomy for gastric cancer. Propensity score matching was used to balance any potential discrepancy of the other covariates between patients with and without splenic hilar lymph node dissection. Survival analysis, Cox univariate and multivariate analysis, and subgroups analysis were conducted to determine the value of splenic hilar lymph node dissection. After matching, 2 nomograms among patients with and without splenic hilar lymph node dissection were established respectively, the C-index, calibration curve and decision curve analysis were used to further evaluate the value of splenic hilar lymph node dissection.ResultsThe rate of metastatic splenic hilar lymph nodes in the 274 patients undergoing splenic hilar lymph node dissection was 16.4% (45/274). Patients undergoing splenic hilar lymph node dissection had better survival outcomes than those not undergoing splenic hilar lymph node dissection before (P = .003) and after (P = .003) propensity score matching. Cox multivariate analysis also confirmed that splenic hilar lymph node dissection was an independent prognostic factor both before (hazard ratio 1.284, 95% confidence interval 1.042–1.583, P = .019) and after (hazard ratio 1.480, 95% confidence interval 1.156–1.894, P = .002) propensity score matching. Subgroup analysis indicted that splenic hilar lymph node dissection offered better survival outcomes for esophagogastric junctional adenocarcinoma (P < .001, P for interaction = .018). After propensity score matching, the nomogram of patients with splenic hilar lymph node dissection (C-index 0.735, 95% confidence interval 0.695–0.774) also indicated a statistically significant advantage compared with that without splenic hilar lymph node dissection (C-index 0.708, 95% confidence interval 0.668–0.748, P < .001).ConclusionOur study suggests that spleen-preserving splenic hilar lymph node dissection should be an essential procedure among patients undergoing total gastrectomy.     

胃上部癌根治术中脾门淋巴结清扫的现状与争议

淋巴结清扫是胃癌手术达到D2根治的关键,更与患者的预后息息相关。从开腹联合脾切除到腹腔镜下保留脾脏的脾门淋巴结清扫,No.10组淋巴结清扫始终是进展期胃上部癌根治术的难点所在。虽然有研究证实胃上部癌根治术清扫脾门淋巴结可取得好的短期疗效但目前仍缺乏高级别的循证医学证据,而且脾门区域淋巴结解剖复杂,盲目的清扫,常易造成不必要的损伤,甚至导致严重的并发症。胃上部癌根治术中脾门淋巴结清扫不同学者对手术安全性、手术入路、是否联合脾切除、脾血管后方淋巴结是否常规清扫,仍有较多争议。本文将从脾门淋巴结清扫的现状、腹腔镜下不同手术入路、脾门淋巴结清扫的争议等方面综述目前对胃上部癌根治术中脾门淋巴结的研究情况。     

器官外非淋巴结性转移癌组织与胃癌预后的相关性分析

目的:探究器官外非淋巴结性转移癌组织对胃癌预后的影响。方法:对天津市大港油田总医院2003年10月—2008年1月收治的140例胃癌患者病理标本进行溶脂,获取器官外淋巴结或非淋巴结性转移癌组织,并按照其浸润转移类型分为淋巴结转移组56例和非淋巴结转移组84例,对比2组患者5年存活率、浸润深度及分化程度等指标,分析器官外非淋巴结性转移癌组织与胃癌预后的相关性。结果:2组患者胃癌浸润深度及分化程度差异无统计学意义(P>0.05);淋巴结转移组患者5年存活率48.2%(27/56),非淋巴结转移组患者5年存活率32.1%(27/84),2组差异无统计学意义(P>0.05)。结论:器官外非淋巴结性转移癌组织亦具有高浸润深度与分化程度,与淋巴结性转移癌类似,且预后较差,因此,在治疗中应对非淋巴结性转移癌患者等同于淋巴结性转移癌患者对待,不可忽视,以推断患者预后,提高生存质量。     

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??Extruded splenic hilar lymph nodes dissection with retroperitoneal approach retrogressively in radical gastrectomy for gastric cancer WAN Xiang-bin??Ren Ying-kun??HAN Guang-sen, et al. Department of Surgery, Tumor Hospital of Henan Province??Zhengzhou 450003, China Corresponding author: Ren Ying-kun, E-mail: ren402kun@yahoo.com.cn Abstract Objective To study a new approach of splenic hilar lymph nodes dissection in radical gastrectomy for gastric cancer. Methods The tail and body of spleen and pancreas were thoroughly freed with retroperitoneal way retrogressively and extruded out of abdominal cavity in 63 cases who received operation without splenectomy between May 2008 and September 2008 at Tumor Hospital of Henan Province. The clinical data of 63 cases were compared with those of the other 30 cases received splenectomy Results In 63 cases who received operation without splenectomy, the total splenic hilar lymph nodes were 409; the positive ones were 51; positive rate was 12.4%. In the other 30 cases, the total splenic hilar lymph nodes were 205; the positive ones were 24; positive rate was 11.7%. The positive rate had no statistic significances between the two groups. Conclusion Extruded splenic hilar lymph nodes dissection with retroperitoneal approach retrogressively is safe and has the same effect with splenectomy in gastric cancer operation.     

胃癌根治手术联合脾脏切除远期疗效分析

目的探讨胃癌根治手术联合脾脏切除对胃癌患者预后的影响。方法1994年6月至2004年3月完成胃癌手术692例,其中在胃癌D2、D3手术基础上联合脾脏切除45例,选择同时期完成的具有可比性的仅行胃癌根治手术的343例病例进行分析,比较淋巴结转移的临床病理学因素、淋巴结转移率、切除脾脏后5年生存率。结果胃癌联合脾脏切除No10淋巴结转移率为15．6％,其中上1／3（U）区为11．5％,中1／3（M）区为33．3％,下1／3（L）区为0％。近端胃癌和胃体部癌、低分化及未分化腺癌、BorrmannⅢ、Ⅳ型、肿瘤浸润深度在T3、T4以及Ⅲ、Ⅳ期胃癌与远端胃癌、高中分化腺癌、Borrmann Ⅰ、Ⅱ型、肿瘤浸润深达度在T1、T2以及Ⅰ、Ⅱ期胃癌比较,其淋巴结转移率的差异有统计学意义。Ⅰ、Ⅱ期胃癌切除脾脏后平均生存时间和中位生存时间与单纯胃癌根治手术组比较降低并有统计学意义差异,Ⅲ、Ⅳ期胃癌切除脾脏以后平均生存时间和中位生存时间与单纯胃癌根治手术组比较差异无统计学意义。结论Ⅰ、Ⅱ期胃癌患者不应联合脾脏切除,Ⅲ、Ⅳ期胃癌联合切除脾脏也未能提高术后生存率,胃癌直接侵犯胰腺体尾部,脾门淋巴结明显肿大转移者,才有脾切除的指征。联合脾脏切除的手术适应证需进一步研究。     

Impact of Splenectomy for Lymph Node Dissection on Long-Term Surgical Outcome in Gastric Cancer

Background:In the treatment of gastric cancer, splenectomy is performed for effective lymph node dissection around the splenic artery and splenic hilum. The purpose of this study was to clarify the long-term outcome of splenectomy in the treatment of gastric cancer.Methods: The effect of splenectomy on recurrence and prognosis was examined in a retrospective analysis of 665 patients who had undergone curative total gastrectomy for gastric carcinoma from 1987 to 1996. The risk factors associated with recurrence and prognosis were investigated by univariate and multivariate analysis.Results: The splenectomy group showed more advanced lesions and a higher recurrence rate than the spleen-preserved group. However, after adjusting for the TNM (tumor, node, metastasis) stage, there was no significant difference in recurrence rate and pattern between the two groups. Logistic regression analysis revealed that gross type, serosal invasion, and nodal metastasis were independent risk factors for recurrence while splenectomy was not. When comparing patients with the same TNM (tumor, node, metastasis) stages, no significant difference in the 5-year survival rates was apparent. Multivariate analysis demonstrated that age, serosal invasion, and nodal metastasis were independent prognostic factors whereas splenectomy was not.Conclusions: These data suggest that splenectomy for lymph node dissection in gastric cancer is not effective regarding long-term patient prognosis.     

Lymph node metastasis at the splenic hilum in proximal gastric cancer

We performed splenectomy on patients with macroscopic advanced gastric cancer located at the proximal part of the stomach to achieve complete D2 lymphadenectomy. The aim of this study was to clarify the survival benefit of splenectomy in the treatment of gastric cancer. The clinical records of 225 patients who underwent total gastrectomy with splenectomy for gastric cancers involving the proximal part of the stomach were analyzed retrospectively. Nodal involvement at the splenic hilum (no. 10) was detected in 47 cases (20.9%). All of these cases were macroscopically diagnosed as positive for serosal invasion or regional lymph node metastasis at the time of surgery. In considering the lymphatic pathway from the primary tumor to no. 10 lymph nodes, metastasis at lymph nodes along the lesser curvature (no. 3), the short gastric vessels, or the gastroepiploic vessels (no. 4) may be good indicators of no. 10 lymph node metastasis. The overall survival of 47 patients with positive no. 10 lymph nodes was extremely poor. However, when curative surgery was performed, the survival of no. 10 positive patients was not different from that of no. 10 negative patients. Thus, for patients with advanced gastric cancer located in the proximal part of the stomach, D2 lymphadenectomy with splenectomy is recommended when patients show macroscopic evidence of serosal invaded tumor with regional lymph node metastasis.     

进展期胃上部癌患者行腹腔镜保脾脾门淋巴结环周清扫术的安全性及疗效分析

目的:探讨进展期胃上部癌患者行腹腔镜保脾脾门淋巴结环周清扫术的安全性及疗效。方法:回顾性分析2014年1月—2018年1月福建省莆田市第一医院胃肠外科一区169例行腹腔镜下保脾脾门淋巴结清扫术的进展期胃上部癌患者资料,其中92例仅清扫脾门前方淋巴结(对照组),另77例行脾门环周清扫,即在常规清扫脾门前方淋巴结的同时加做脾门后方的淋巴结清扫(观察组)。比较两组患者的相关临床指标。结果:两组患者的基线具可比性。两组在总手术时间、术中出血量、术后排气时间、术后进流质时间、术后住院时间、阳性淋巴结数方面均无统计学差异(均P0.05);与对照组比较,观察组脾门淋巴结清扫时间显明显延长,但淋巴结清扫总数、收获脾门淋巴结阳性患者例数、脾门淋巴结清扫数目均增加(均P0.05)。两组并发症发生率无统计学差异(P0.05),两组均无围手术期死亡病例。结论:进展期胃上部癌患者行腹腔镜保脾脾门淋巴结环周清扫术安全可行,同时能够避免脾门阳性淋巴结的遗漏。     

Spleen Preservation in Radical Surgery for Gastric Cardia Cancer

Background In gastric cardia cancer (GCC), the spleen is usually removed when the tumor is resected. This allows thorough lymph node dissection in the splenic hilus. However, the long-term effect of splenectomy on patient survival is controversial. The purpose of this study was to investigate the effect of spleen preservation on survival following radical resection for gastric cardia cancer. Methods We reviewed the records of 116 GCC patients (Siewert types II and III) who underwent radical resection with D2 or D3 lymphadenectomy between July 1994 and December 2003. Survival status was ascertained in December 2004 and data from 108 patients were analysed. Of these 108 patients, 38 underwent splenectomy and 70 had splenic preservation. Clinicopathological features and prognostic data of the splenectomy(+) and splenectomy(−) groups were compared. Results Seventy-four patients (68.5%) had lymph node involvement; 18 (16.7%) had involvement of nodes in the splenic hilus. Postoperative morbidity in the two groups was similar. Overall 5-year survival was higher in the splenectomy(−) group than the splenectomy(+) group (38.7% versus 16.9%, P =.008). Multivariate regression indicated that tumor invasion (P =.009) and lymph node metastasis (P = .001) were independent prognostic factors – they predicted decreased survival – with or without splenectomy. Although splenectomy was be associated with lower survival, it was not an independent prognostic factor (P =.085). Conclusions Splenectomy does not improve survival of patients who undergo curative resection for gastric cardia cancer. Thus, the spleen should be preserved in patients without direct cancer invasion of the spleen. Supported by the Project of 211 from Chinese Education Ministry, No.98087.     

基于膜解剖的腹腔镜脾门淋巴结环周清扫术与前方清扫术的对比研究

目的:探讨基于膜解剖的局部进展期胃上部癌腹腔镜原位保脾脾门淋巴结环周清扫术的安全性、可行性及近期疗效.方法:回顾分析2016年12月至2019年12月为105例局部进展期胃上部癌患者施行基于膜解剖的腹腔镜原位保脾脾门淋巴结清扫术的临床资料,按脾门淋巴结清扫方式分为环周组(n=49,清扫脾叶血管前侧方及后方淋巴结)与前方...     

Pattern of Lymph Node Involvement in Proximal Gastric Cancer

Background  The operative methods for proximal gastric cancer differ depending on the institution, thus there is no optimal therapeutic strategy. A splenic hilum lymph node (No. 10) dissection is necessary for D2 operation for proximal gastric cancer, which means it requires splenectomy. However, unnecessary splenectomy should be avoided. Methods  A total of 127 proximal gastric cancer cases from our institution were studied retrospectively. In addition, 1,569 cases were collected from the literature and were used as pooled data for further analysis. All cases were examined for the depth of tumor invasion and lymph node metastasis. Results  A retrospective analysis revealed that proximal gastric cancer within submucosa (40 cases) had no N2 lymph node metastasis in our study. The 5-year overall survival of all cases was 25.2% and the disease-free survival was 23.6%. From the pooled data analysis, No. 10 lymph node metastasis was observed in 0.9% of the patients with submucosa proximal gastric cancer. Furthermore, there was no No. 4d lymph node metastasis when the depth of cancer was limited to within the subserosa. Conclusions  Although a randomized, controlled trial concerning survival is necessary, according to this study, there is a possibility that limited resection might be accepted for proximal gastric cancer according to the depth of wall invasion.     

Evaluation of splenectomy and possible metastasis from gastric cancer, with reference to nonspecific immunological parameters and postoperative survival

For the complete removal of metastasized lymph nodes at splenic hilus in the operation for gastric cancer, the splenectomy has been widely accepted. In order to reveal justifiable of such splenectomy, nonspecific immunological parameters and postoperative survival were compared between the groups of splenectomized (S) and nonsplenectomized cases (N) in the same stage of gastric cancer. The immunological parameters in N were more stable after surgery than those in S. As to the postoperative survival there was no significant difference. The survival rates showed no definite difference. The postoperative platelet count of S was higher than that of N. It may be concluded that the splenectomy should be avoided unless the metastases are remarkable.     

胃底贲门癌根治术中保留脾脏对预后的影响

目的探讨胃底贲门癌根治术中保留脾脏对预后的影响。方法回顾性分析1994年7月至2003年12月间108例经根治性手术治疗的胃底贲门癌患者的临床病理资料,比较保脾与切脾两组患者的并发症发生情况和预后。结果切脾组38例,保脾组70例,最后随访日期2004年12月。本组淋巴结转移率68.5%(74/108),第10组淋巴结转移率16.7%。切脾组与保脾组术后并发症发生率(18.4%vs14%,χ2=0.318,P=0.573)、肿瘤复发率和肿瘤病理特征差异均无统计学意义。保脾组5年生存率明显高于切脾组(38.7%vs16.9%,P=0.008)。多因素分析显示,保留脾脏不是影响预后的独立因素(P=0.085),只有肿瘤浸润程度(P=0.009)和淋巴结转移(P=0.001)是独立的预后因素。结论除脾脏受侵犯者外,贲门癌根治术中应尽可能保留脾脏。     

联合脾切除治疗胃上部癌No．10淋巴结转移的疗效

目的探讨D2根治术联合脾切除对进展期胃上部癌No．10淋巴结转移患者预后的影响。方法1980年1月至2002年12月,对216例进展期胃上部癌N0．10淋巴结转移患者施行D2根治术,其中联合脾切除术者（切脾组）73例,未联合脾切除术者（保脾组）143例。比较两组患者术后5年生存率、No．10淋巴结清扫数目及转移数目及术后并发症发生率和病死率。结果216例进展期胃上部癌No．10淋巴结转移患者中,切脾组和保脾组术后5年生存率分别为30．0％和19．7％,两组差异有统计学意义（P〈0．05）。切脾组No．10淋巴结清扫数目及转移数目均明显高于保脾组（P〈0．05）。是否联合脾切除、肿瘤浸润深度和胃切除方式为影响预后的独立因素。T3期患者切脾组与保脾组5年生存率分别为38．7％和18．9％,两组差异有统计学意义（P〈0．05）;全胃切除患者切脾组与保脾组5年生存率分别为33．4％和20．7％,两组差异有统计学意义（P〈0．05）。切脾组和保脾组术后并发症发生率分别为24．7％和17．5％,病死率则分别为4．1％和3．5％,两组差异均无统计学意义（P〉0．05）。结论联合脾切除有利于进展期胃上部癌No．10淋巴结清扫。对于T3期胃上部癌No．10淋巴结转移患者,施行全胃联合脾切除能够提高疗效,不会增加患者术后并发症发生率和病死率。     

Survival after surgical resection for stage IV non-small cell lung cancer

We analyzed 20 patients with stage IV non-small cell lung cancer operated from 1988 to 2003. Fourteen out of 20 were cases with pulmonary metastasis (pm2). The prognosis of patients with pm2 was better than that of those with distant organ metastasis. In pm2 patients, the survival rate of cases without lymph node metastases was higher than those with lymph node metastases. It is suggested that in cases of pm2 without lymph node metastases, surgical operation is possibly effective treatment of choice.     

残胃癌的临床病理特点及淋巴转移规律分析

目的 探讨残胃癌临床病理特点和淋巴转移规律及其与原发性胃癌的差异.方法 比较1994年3月至2008年8月收治的56例残胃癌和1171例原发性胃癌临床病理与淋巴结转移情况,探讨残胃癌临床病理特点和淋巴转移规律.结果 本组残胃癌患者56例,占同期胃癌患者的4.6%.与原发性胃癌患者相比,残胃癌患者在发病年龄较高[(64.3±9.0)比(58.3±12.6)岁]、淋巴结阳性率较高(31.8%比25.5%)、Borrmann分型(较晚)及联合脏器切除率较高(57.1%比26.4%),差异均有统计学意义(X~2值为18.800、11.679、9.177、25.190;P均<0.05);与原发性胃癌行淋巴结廓清的病例相比,残胃癌No. 10、11组淋巴结转移阳性率较高(X~2值为5.558、6.099;P均<0.05);而原发性胃癌No.2、3、8组淋巴结转移率较高(X~2值为15.508、6.003、4.084;P均<0.05).残胃癌空肠系膜淋巴结转移率为24%(6/25),周围结缔组织浸润发生率高(8/56).结论 残胃癌患者具有与原发性胃癌不同的临床病理特征,淋巴结转移有一定规律可循;近端胃癌D2淋巴结廓清术和空肠系膜淋巴结清扫是残胃癌的标准手术,但应注意联合脏器切除.