脑出血的中医治则概况

脑出血在中医概念里名中风又名卒中，祖国医学认为脑出血的病因主要表现在虚、风、火、气、痰、瘀六个方面，病机虽然复杂多样，但气血逆乱是病机的核心，而瘀血、痰浊、风火等病邪为害的最终环节则为脑络闭阻。络阻窍闭而致神昏，络闭内生风痰而呈惊搐，出血性中风则是离经之血瘀阻脑络。根据中风的病机特点，以急则治其标为总则，以破瘀、     

偏头痛的中医认识与证治思路 ——全国名中医王行宽学术思想与临床经验研究(四)

介绍王行宽教授对于偏头痛病因病机的认识及诊治特色.王教授认为肾精不足,髓海空虚,脑络不荣是偏头痛的发病之本,风气内动、外风侵袭、内外合邪所致脑络舒挛失利、脑络绌急是偏头痛的发病之标,肝气郁结、气滞血瘀、脑络不通是偏头痛缠绵难愈的重要病理因素.治当益肾填精以补络、养肝祛风以柔络、理气活血以通络,针对病机创制头痛宁方治疗偏...     

络病理论知识有奖函授课程问答

1.冠心病的病位在A.心B.肝C.脑D.肾2.不属于冠心病基本病理环节的是A.心络瘀阻B.心络绌急C.心络瘀塞D.心气虚脱3.治中风常用当归、没药“化脑中瘀血,以流通血脉”的是A.张仲景B.刘河间C.叶天士D.张锡纯4.补阳还五汤出自A.《金匮要略》B.《景岳全书》C.《医林改错》D.《脾胃论》     

基于络病理论探讨消渴郁证

消渴郁证属气血津液类疾病,可归为络病范畴。络为聚血之所,渗灌注而运气血,故脉络通畅充盈、络道无阻是维持其正常功能的前提,若脉络瘀阻、气血津液不和,则病症丛生,致消致郁。本文基于络病理论探析消渴郁证的病因病机及临床治则用药,认为消渴郁证的病因病机为气机郁滞、气阴两虚、痰热毒瘀而致脉络瘀阻,久而产生痰、瘀、毒等病理产物,最终致消渴郁证,遂以行气解郁、补气养阴、清热解毒为基础,加以活血通络为总则,在此基础上合理选择临床用药,疗效颇好。     

肺络病变证治研究

络脉具有运行气血、络属脏腑等功能,可以分为运行经气的气络和运行血液的血络。肺主气、司呼吸、朝百脉、通调水道、主治节等功能的正常发挥有赖于肺之络脉和气道结构功能的正常。感冒、肺痿、肺痈、肺积等病证均可见肺络病变,肺络病变主要的病机有络虚不荣、肺络郁滞、肺络绌急、热毒滞络、肺络瘀阻、肺络损伤和络息成积。肺络病变常始于气络病变,逐渐发展至血络病变,往往伴有气道壅滞、气道瘀阻、气道绌急等气道病变。以络病理论为指导研制的连花清瘟胶囊、养正消积胶囊对于肺络病变具有显著疗效。对肺之气络、肺之血络和气道的功能、病机变化及常见肺络病变进行简要介绍。      

叶天士“络痛”证治初探

搜集整理叶天士《临证指南医案》中关于痛证的病因病机及辨治的认识，认为：叶氏介“久痛必入络”，而络痛证的病机为络中气血不通，痛因有虚实寒热四端；辨症要点为“痛则不通”，贵在辨别“络不通”有气血阴阳之分；总以辛香通气为络痛证的治疗大法，根据其络痛之属气血阴阳虚实而“辨证施通”，指出通络时应重视虫类药的运用及以奇经通补络脉，并强调因“痛久入络”，故治疗时以“缓调为宜”。     

填精补髓、祛瘀化痰法治疗血管性痴呆及阿尔茨海默病的理论探讨

认为血管性痴呆与阿尔茨海默病有着共同的病理机制,即肾精不足,髓海空虚,痰瘀闭阻脑络。肾精不足是其共同的病理基础,髓海空虚是其共同的病理演变,痰瘀闭阻脑络是其共同的中心病理环节。填精补髓、祛瘀化痰为两病的通用大法。     

中医内科治疗偏头痛

目的 观察中医辨证治疗偏头痛的疗效.方法 将120例患者运用辨证分为肝阳上亢、痰浊上扰、瘀阻脑络、气血亏虚、肝肾亏虚五型,口服中药汤剂治疗.结论 中医辨证治疗偏头痛具有较好的疗效.     

骨性关节炎的病因学分析

骨性关节炎是临床常见病,明确其发病原因对治病防病都有其指导意义. 1 骨性关节炎属中医"痹症"范畴 中医学认为,人体肝肾精血不足,筋脉失养,寒湿之邪侵入人体,流注关节,使气血痹阻;或过力劳伤,或跌打损伤,瘀血停滞,经脉瘀阻,均可发为此病.由于瘀血阻络,经脉不通,"不通则痛".故引起关节刺痛、顿痛或肿痛,肢体麻木,关节僵硬,屈伸不利等证.<黄帝内经·痹论篇>曰:"风寒湿三气杂至,合而为痹也,"痹者,闭也,就是闭阻不通之意.<灵枢·营卫篇>中云:"老者之气血衰,其肌肉枯,气道涩."由于老人气血亏虚,风寒湿邪易客注凝结于关节,使气机阻滞,气血运行不畅,"不通则痛"乃发为本病.唐朝<仙受理伤续断秘方>则认为外伤瘀血也可产生痹症;唐容川曰:"盖髓者,肾精所在,精足则髓足,髓在其内,髓足则骨强,髓不足者力不强."肾气亏虚,元气帅血运行及关节长期劳损,或努力任重,而致内生瘀血.     

偏头风中医辨证治疗

偏头风之病名见于<儒门事亲·目疾头风出血最急说>.亦名偏头痛,见<名医类案·首风>.<丹溪心法>曰:"偏头痛者,头半边痛者是也."偏头风指因风火痰涎或风寒入侵,或恼怒紧张,或肝阳上扰,致使经络痹阻,阴阳失调,气血逆乱于头部而成.以反复发作、或左或右、来去突然的剧烈头痛为主要表现的痛病类疾病.本病相当于西医学所说的血管神经性头痛和偏头痛.     

Value of D-Dimers in patients with acute aortic dissection

Objective: To evaluatel the value of D-dimers in patients with acute aortic dissection (AAD). Methods: This study consisted of 16 patients with AAD and 27 non-AAD patients. Serum D-dimets were measured by Sta-Liatest D-DI immunoturbidimetric assay. Results: D-dimer level was higher (P ＜ 0.001) in patients with AAD(7.91 ± 5.52 μg/ml) than that in non- AAD group(1.57±1.24 μg/ml). D-dimer was positive (＞0.4 μg/ml) in all patients with AAD and in 10 control group patients (37%). Among patients with acute AAD, D-dimers tended to be higher in Stanford A than in Stanford B (8.67 ± 4.31 μg/ml vs. 3.24±1.27 μg/ml, P ＜0.01). D-dimer values tended to be higher in more extended disease(3.84 ± 1.65 μg/ml, 8.57 ± 3.58 μg/ml and 11.87 ± 5.69 μg/ml in thoracic aorta, thoracic and abdominal aorta, thoracic and abdominal aorta and iliacal arteries, respectively, P ＜ 0.05 for both 8.57 ± 3.58 and 11.87 ± 5.69 vs. 3.84 ± 1.65 ). Including the control group into the analysis, we found a sensitivity of 100%, a negative predictive value of 100%, and a specificity of 66% and a positive predictive value of 64% for D-dimer in diagnosis of AAD in our patients with suspected AAD. Conclusion: D-dimer was elevated in patients with AAD. A negative D-dimer test result could be useful in excluding AAD.     

Research of combined liver-kidney transplantation model in rats

Objective： To set up a simple and reliable rat model of combined liver-kidney transplantation. Methods： SD rats served as both donors and recipients. 4℃ sodium lactate Ringer＇s was infused from portal veins to donated livers,and from abdominal aorta to donated kidneys, respectively. Anastomosis of the portal vein and the inferior vena cava （IVC） inferior to the right kidney between the graft and the recipient was performed by a double cuff method, then the superior hepatic vena cava with suture. A patch of donated renal artery was anastomosed to the recipient abdominal aorta. The urethra and bile duct were reconstructed with a simple inside bracket. Results： Among 65 cases of combined liver-kidney transplantation, the success rate in the late 40 cases was 77.5%. The function of the grafted liver and kidney remained normal. Conclusion： This rat model of combined liver-kidney transplantation can be established in common laboratory conditions with high success rate and meet the needs of renal transplantation experiment.     

BLOOD PRESSURE CHANGE WITH AGE IN SALT-SENSITIVE TEENAGERS

Objective To observe blood pressure change with age in salt-sensitive teenagers whose salt sensitivity were determined by repeated testing.Methods Salt sensitivity was determined through intravenous infusion of normal saline combined with volume-depletion by oral diuretic furosemide in 55 teenagers. After five years, salt sensitivity was re-examined and subject blood pressure was followed up. Blood pressure changes in salt-sensitive teenagers were compared to that of non-salt sensitive teenagers over five years.Results After 5 years, the repetition rate of salt sensitivity determined by intravenous saline loading is 92.7%. In teenagers with salt sensitivity on the baseline, both the systolic blood pressure increments and increment rates were much higher than non-salt sensitive teenagers (12.7±12.1 mmHg vs. 2.8±5.2 mmHg, P＜ 0.01; 12.2%± 12.0% vs. 2.5% ±4.4%, P＜ 0.001,respectively). There was a similar trend for diastolic blood pressure (8.4 ± 6.4 mmHg vs. 3.7 ± 6.4 mmHg, P = 0.052; 13.2% ±10.6 % vs. 6.8%± 10.1%, P = 0.053, respectively).Conclusions Salt sensitivity determined by intravenous saline loading showed good reproducibility. Blood pressure increments with age were much higher in salt-sensitive teenagers than non-salt sensitive teenagers, especially in terms of systolic blood pressure.     

安心颗粒对急诊经皮冠状动脉介入术后生活质量影响的研究

目的：评价使用安心颗粒对急诊经皮冠状动脉介入术（PPCI）术后生活质量的影响.方法：将160例接受PPCI的急性ST段抬高型心肌梗死患者随机分为安心颗粒组（术前顿服安心颗粒8.8g,术后安心颗粒4.4 g/次,每日2次）和对照组（仅接受基础药物治疗）.所有患者均服用阿司匹林、氯吡格雷和阿托伐他汀.分别在入院时、出院前1d、出院后180 d时,应用心肌梗死多维度量表（MIDAS）、中文版SF-36评价量表对患者生活质量评分.并观察术后30 d以内的出血并发症、血小板减少症发生情况.结果：入院时和出院前1d,两组患者的心肌梗死MIDAS、SF-36量表评分比较无差异（P＞0.05）;出院后180 d时,与对照组比较,安心颗粒组MIDAS、SF-36评分明显减低（P＜0.05）;组内与入院时比较,两组出院前1d、出院后180 d时,MIDAS、SF-36评分均降低（P＜0.05）.两组患者在随访期间均无大量出血、少量出血、重度和极重度血小板减少症发生,安心颗粒组有4例、对照组有7例发生不明显出血（P＞0.05）.两组发生轻度血小板减少症的患者数比较无差异（P＞0.05）.结论：PPCI使用安心颗粒,能改善急性ST段抬高型心肌梗死患者的生活质量,且不增加出血风险.     

The comparative studies of the influences of Urapidil and Nicardipine on sino-atrial node function, atrio-ventricular node function and hemodynamics

Objective:To investigate the influences of urapidil and nicardipine on rabbit sinus function,atrio-ventricular node function and hemodynamics.Methods:Thirty-two Angora's rabbits were selected and randomly divided into four groups.U1 group:urapidil 0.25 mg/kg;U2 group:urapidil 0.5 mg/kg;N1 group:nicardipine 10 μg/kg;N2 group:nicardipine 20 μg/kg.All these medicine were administrated within 30 seconds.Measurements were taken before and after the administration of urapidil or nicardipine for the following data:mean blood pressure(MAP),heart rate(HR),sino-atrial conduction time(SACT),maximal sinoatrial recovery time(SNRTmax)corrected sinus node recovery time(CSNRT),index of sinus node recovery time(SNRTI),Wenckebach A-V conduction frequency (WB),and P-R interval.Results:Significant MAP and HR changes were identified in all of the four groups before and after administration of both urapidil and nicardipine.No significant changes could be found in the rest of the parameters.Intergroup analysis showed that SACT and CSNRT of N1 and N2 groups were shorter than those of the U2 group(P＜0.01);the MAP decreased(P＜0.01)and the HR increased drastically(P＜0.01).Conclusions:Neither urapidil(0.25 mg/kg,0.5 mg/kg)nor nicardipine(10μg/kg,20μg/kg)has any significant influence on rabbit sinus function or rabbit atrio-ventricular node function.Nicardipine could be a better choice than urapidil for parafunctional sinus node patients.     

Expression of OPGmRNA and ODFmRNA in the patients of hip fracture due to osteoporosis

Objective：To investigate the gene expression of osteoprotegerin（OPG） and osteoclast differentiation factor（ODF） in the bone tissue of patients with hip fracture due to osteoporosis. Methods：OPGmRNA and ODFmRNA in the bone tissue in 50 cases of osteoporosis sufferers（over 50 years old） with hip fracture（Observer Group） and 30 cases of hip facture sufferers with no osteoporosis（Control group） were analyzed with the Semi-Quantitative RT-PCR method. Results：The mRNA expressed of ODF, OPG were both high in the patients with hip fracture. In the control group, the expression of OPG mRNA was observed, while the expression of ODF mRNA was very slight. Conclusion：Aged patients contained all signals including OPG, ODF that are essential for inducing osteoclastogenesis and promoting bone resorption.     

Dynamic Changes in Serum Estradiol and Progesterone levels in Patients of Premenstrual Syndrome with Adverse Flow of Liver-qi

Objective:To probe into the influence of changes of ovarian hormones on the pathogenesis of the specific sub-type premenstrual syndrome(PMS)and reveal partial microcosmic mechanisms of adverse flow of liver-qi.Methods:Estradiol(E2)and progesterone(P)levels in serum were determined at different phases of menstrual cycle by radioimmunoassay.Results:In the group of PMS with adverse flow of liver-qi.the secretive peak value Of E2 and P at the follicular phase significantly decreased,and the secretive peak value at the luteal phase did not come into being.Conclusions:Low E2 and P secretive peak at the follicular phase and absence of secretive peak at the luteal phase is one of the microcosmic mechanisms of PMS with adverse flow of liver-qi.One of the pathophysiologic mechanisms of specific sub-type PMS is probably the continuous low level of E2and P.     

Real-time Three-dimensional Echocardiography in Assessment of Left Ventricular and Right Ventricular Volumes

Real-time three-dimensional echocardiography (RT3DE)is a new ultrasound technique that enables dynamic threedimensional visualization and quantification of the heart in real time. Investigation of feasibility and methodology of RT3DE in determining left ventricular (LV) and right ventricular (RV) volumes, RT3DE was performed in 35 normal adults using Philips SONOS 7500 system with a 2-4 MHz matrix array transducer. The 60°×60° "pyramid" volume database was obtained and analyzed on a TomTec echo workstation. Both LV and RV volumes were calculated with four 3DE methods (i.e. apical 2, 4, 8, and 16-plane) through manually tracing ventricular endocardial borders in end diastole and end systole. Stroke volumes were then calculated. LV volume was also measured by 2DE Simpson's rule using GE VIVID 7 ultrasound machine.     

SCREENING FOR A 21-CHROMOSOME ABNORMALITY IN PREIMPLANTED EMBRYOS OF ELDERLY WOMEN

Increasing maternal age is the only etiological factor unequivocally linked to Down's syndrome in humans. The occurrence rate of newborns with Down's syndrome is about 1/220 in women over 35 years old. However, the occurrence rate in embryos fertilized in vitro, of the elder woman is unclear. Using FISH we screened the number of chromosome 21 in preimplanted embryos of 5 elderly women (average age, 38.4 years) to study the feasibility and necessity of screening trisomy 21 in embryos in patients over 35 years old at the in vitro fertilization (IVF) center.     

Scientific principles and rigorous processes should be followed in developing clinical guidelines for therapeutic interventions of integrative medicine

A clinical guideline for the therapeutic interventions of integrative medicine may be defined as a written document which states a series of recommendations on therapeutic interventions of integrative medicine for a special disease or condition. The guideline may provide assistance to medical professionals in making clinical decisions aimed at improving the clinical outcome of patients and reducing the costs of medical care（~＇4~. Recommendations issued by a guideline should be based on the best available evidence in both Western and Chinese medicine. For fulfilling this purpose, the development of clinical guidelines for therapeutic interventions in the field of integrative medicine should follow scientific principles and undergo a rigorous processes.