南昌市东湖区居民恶性肿瘤死亡概况及期望寿命分析

目的了解南昌市东湖区居民恶性肿瘤的死亡状况及死因特征,为制定针对性干预措施提供依据,促进居民健康长寿。方法采用回顾性调查研究的方法,对2008年东湖区居民死因资料进行统计分析,专题研究分析东湖区居民恶性肿瘤死因特征及其对居民寿命的影响。结果2008年东湖区居民病伤死亡(全死因)2 227人,年平均死亡率为5.49‰。其中恶性肿瘤死亡617人,死亡率为1.54‰,在死因顺位中居第1位。男性恶性肿瘤的死亡率为167.20/10万,女性为138.04/10万。在恶性肿瘤的死亡谱中,前3位依次为肺癌、肝癌、胃癌。平均死亡年龄为67.05岁。恶性肿瘤造成男女性损失平均寿命均接近3岁。结论恶性肿瘤是影响东湖区居民健康长寿的主要原因,肺癌在死亡谱中位居第1,并造成居民的寿命损失。干预恶性肿瘤的发病与死亡是疾病预防与控制工作面临的紧迫的卫生问题。     

金华市婺城区城乡居民不同时期恶性肿瘤死亡模式研究

目的：比较金华市婺城区城乡居民（1986-1988年和2004-2005年）居民恶性肿瘤死亡模式。方法：按照《全国第三次死因回顾抽样调查实施方案》要求进行回顾性调查。结果：2004—2005年居民的期望寿命男性为73.18岁、女性为78.53岁，分别比1986-1988年男性高4．38岁、女性高5．64岁。2004—2005年平均标化死亡率为7．22‰，比1986—1988年下降了22.20‰。恶性肿瘤死因由原来的第二死因转变为首位死因。并从原来的胃癌、肺癌和肝癌顺位转变为肺癌、肝癌和胃癌顺位。肺癌、肝癌、胃癌标化死亡率男性高于女性，三大恶性肿瘤死亡男性是女性两倍。胃癌、肺癌和肝癌标化死亡率男性2004—2005年高于1986—1988年，女性2004—2005年低于1986—1988年。结论：恶性肿瘤的死亡强度增强，肺癌死亡率在恶性肿瘤死亡率中跃居首位，消化系统恶性肿瘤死亡率上升较快，肺癌、肝癌、胃癌居恶性肿瘤前3位；恶性肿瘤作为首位死因，对人均期望寿命影响较大。     

2009—2014年常州市武进区居民恶性肿瘤死亡状况及减寿分析

目的了解武进区居民恶性肿瘤死亡水平、变化趋势及对居民寿命的影响;为制定相应的预防控制措施、优化卫生资源提供科学依据。方法运用死亡医学登记系统DeathReg 2005软件包,对2009—2014年恶性肿瘤死亡数据进行统计分析。结果 2009—2014年武进区恶性肿瘤年均粗死亡率为229.41/10万,标化死亡率为125.50/10万,居全死因首位。男性死亡率高于女性,差异有统计学意义(P<0.01);<35岁、35~59岁、≥60岁组首位死因分别是白血病、肝癌、胃癌;恶性肿瘤潜在减寿年数(PYLL)为74 045人年,潜在减寿率(PYLLR)为12.92‰,平均减寿年数(AYLL)为10.72年,男性PYLLR大于女性,而AYLL略低于女性。肝癌和白血病分别居PYLLR、AYLL首位。结论恶性肿瘤是本区居民的主要死因。肝癌是减寿的首位死因,白血病是早死的首位死因。应针对不同年龄、不同性别死因特点,制定相应的预防控制措施,降低恶性肿瘤的发病率和死亡率。     

2014年普洱市思茅区居民死亡原因和潜在寿命损失分析

目的分析云南省普洱市思茅区居民死因分布特点和潜在寿命损失情况,为综合防治提供依据。方法采用国际疾病分类ICD-10和我国居民病伤死亡原因统计分类标准(卫统29-2报表)对云南省思茅区2014年死因监测资料进行根本死因编码和死因分类,通过死亡率、构成比、潜在减寿年数(PYLL)、减寿率(PYLLR)、期望寿命等指标分析居民死亡和减寿的主要原因。结果 2014年思茅区报告死亡总数1 911例,粗死亡率为640.89/10万,标化死亡率为633.76/10万,男性(689.94/10万)高于女性(491.83/10万);前5位死因顺位依次为心脏病、恶性肿瘤、脑血管病、呼吸系统疾病、损伤和中毒,占全死因的73.89%(1 412/1 911);居民人均期望寿命为72.99岁,去除前5位死因的影响,居民期望寿命可提高20.93岁。去心脏病、去恶性肿瘤、去脑血管病、去呼吸系统疾病、去损伤和中毒死因后居民期望寿命分别提高2.67、2.38、1.89、1.16和1.37岁。主要死因减寿顺位依次为损伤和中毒、恶性肿瘤、心脏病、脑血管病和呼吸系统疾病,减寿率分别为17.32‰、16.00‰、9.76‰、7.49‰和3.80‰,男性减寿顺位与全人群一致,女性首位减寿死因是恶性肿瘤。结论思茅区居民主要死亡原因以慢性非传染性疾病为主,应根据思茅区居民死因特点制定有效防控干预措施。     

常州市天宁区居民恶性肿瘤死亡特征分析

目的 了解常州市天宁区居民恶性肿瘤的死亡状况及死因特征，为制定针对性干预措施提供依据，促进居民健康长寿。方法 采用回顾性调查研究的方法，对2000-2004年天宁区居民死因资料进行统计分析，专题研究分析天宁区居民恶性肿瘤死因特征及其对居民寿命的影响。结果 2000-2004年天宁区居民病伤死亡（全死因）7630人，年平均死亡率为460．61／10万。其中恶性肿瘤死亡2527人，死亡率为152．55／10万，在死因顺位中居第2位。男性恶性肿瘤的年平均死亡率为96．34／10万，女性为56．2／10万。两者差异有非常显著意义（χ^2=3218．66，P〈0．01）。在恶性肿瘤的死亡谱中，前3位依次为肺癌、胃癌、肝癌。平均死亡年龄为66．04岁。结论 恶性肿瘤是影响天宁区居民健康长寿的第2位死因，肺癌在死亡谱中位居第1。干预恶性肿瘤的发病与死亡是疾病预防与控制工作面临的紧迫的卫生问题。     

常州市天宁区居民肺癌死亡特征分析

目的 为了解常州市天宁区肺癌的死因特征,查找其发病原因,为制定针对性干预措施提供依据,促进居民健康长寿.方法 采用回顾性调查研究的方法,对2002-2005年天宁区居民肺癌死亡资料进行统计分析,专题研究分析天宁区居民肺癌死因特征及其对居民健康的影响.结果 2002-2005年天宁区居民肺癌死亡人数为540人,年平均死亡率为36.23/10万,男性肺癌的年平均死亡率为49.81/10万,女性肺癌的年平均死亡率为22.74/10万.男性高于女性,男女性别之比为2.19∶1.肺癌的平均死亡年龄为69.84岁,其中男性为70.34岁、女性为69.24岁.男性死亡高峰为70岁年龄组、女性死亡高峰为80岁年龄组.而且有明显的地区差异.结论 肺癌在天宁区恶性肿瘤的死亡谱中,仍处于第1位的地位.应进一步探索其危险因素,制定干预性的预防措施.     

2008年永定县居民死因监测分析

[目的]了解2008年永定县居民死因状况,为制定区域卫生规划提供依据。[方法]整理全国疾病监测系统永定县全人群死因材料,用疾病监测年报统计软件进行统计分析。[结果]2008年永定县居民标化死亡率4.7‰,男性死亡率高于女性;前5位死因顺位依次为恶性肿瘤、呼吸系统疾病、脑血管病、损伤中毒和心血管疾病,占全死因的89.1%;各主要死因有明显的年龄差异,恶性肿瘤、损伤中毒以及消化系统疾病死亡率男性高于女性。[结论]2008年永定县居民慢性非传染性疾病及损伤中毒的死亡比例占居民死因的90%以上,恶性肿瘤居居民死因首位,各主要死因有明显的年龄特征。     

2014年南昌市居民主要死因和期望寿命分析

目的 了解南昌市居民的主要死亡原因及期望寿命,为提高人群的健康水平及制定疾病防控措施提供依据。方法 以2014年南昌市全人群死因监测数据中常驻居民的所有死亡个案为研究对象,使用死亡率、期望寿命等指标对数据进行描述性分析,率的比较采用χ2检验。结果 南昌市居民的粗死亡率为3.16‰(标化率3.54‰),死因以慢性病为主,死亡专率2.64‰,占全死亡人数的83.42%。居民死因顺位前5位依次为循环系病、恶性肿瘤、呼吸系病、伤害以及内分泌营养,占全死因的88.58%。居民的期望寿命为74.28岁(男性73.05岁,女性75.83岁),造成寿命损失的疾病顺位前4位依次为循环系统疾病、恶性肿瘤、伤害以及呼吸系统疾病。结论 南昌市居民的死亡率较低,以心脑血管疾病、恶性肿瘤为代表的慢性病与伤害是影响该市居民健康的主要疾病,应继续加强该区慢性病的综合防治工作,以降低主要慢性病的发病与死亡。     

湘潭市2011年城乡居民死亡原因分析

目的分析湘潭市居民2011年死亡原因。方法利用2011年湘潭市居民死亡原因监测资料,用死亡率、死因顺位、居民期望寿命、去死因期望寿命、减寿年数等指标评价该市居民健康状况。结果 2011年湘潭市居民死亡率为5.88‰,城区为5.67‰,乡村为5.98‰,男性为6.85‰,女性为4.88‰;前5位死因为心脏病、恶性肿瘤、脑血管病、呼吸系统病和损伤与中毒,传染病位居第9位,且死亡率仅为0.4‰。居民期望寿命为78.07岁,城区为77.12岁,乡村为78.38岁,男性为75.8岁,女性为80.59岁。去心脏病、恶性肿瘤、脑血管疾病、损伤与中毒、呼吸系统病后,居民寿命有0.05～8.93岁的增长,减寿年数为16 401.36～21 800.50年。结论传染病危害降低,慢性非传染性疾病、损伤与中毒已成为主要的公共卫生问题。     

2010年汉源县居民死因监测分析

目的了解四川省汉源县居民死因的分布特点及对寿命的影响,为综合防治提供依据。方法对汉源县居民2010年死因监测资料通过死亡率、构成比、潜在减寿年数(PYLL)、减寿率(PYLL率)等指标对居民死亡和减寿的主要原因进行分析。结果汉源县2010年报告死亡人数1 958人,死亡率为608.63/10万,标化死亡率569.98/10万。男性死亡率为712.47/10万,女性死亡率为500.35/10万,男性高于女性。前5位死因分别为呼吸系统疾病、恶性肿瘤、损伤和中毒、脑血管疾病,心脏病,占全死因的88.15%;呼吸系统疾病、恶性肿瘤、损伤和中毒是造成汉源县居民寿命损失的主要原因。结论慢性非传染性疾病是2010年汉源县居民死亡的主要死因。     

Calcium intake in the elderly: validation of a dietary questionnaire

Epidemiological studies of calcium and osteoporosis have been hampered by the lack of a suitable tool for assessing calcium intake. This report describes a new frequency and amount questionnaire for measuring present and past calcium intake in the elderly. The validity of the questionnaire was tested against two commonly used standards of dietary assessment, five-day duplicate diets and seven-day weighed dietary inventories. The resulting correlation coefficients were, respectively, r = 0.76 and r = 0.69, while that for repeatability was r = 0.84. Furthermore, the questionnaire categorized subjects into thirds of the distribution of intake with almost no gross misclassification. It is suggested that the present findings may be extended to the majority of normal, healthy elderly subjects, implying wide application for the questionnaire in the assessment of calcium intake in the elderly.     

The occurrence of antimicrobial substances in toilet,sink and shower drainpipes of clinical units: A neglected source of antibiotic residues

Antibiotics represent one of the most important drug groups used in the management of bacterial infections in humans and animals. Due to the increasing problem of antibiotic resistance, assurance of the antibacterial effectiveness of these substances has moved into the focus of public health. The reduction in antibiotic residues in wastewater and the environment may play a decisive role in the development of increasing rates of antibiotic resistance. The present study examines the wastewater of 31 patient rooms of various German clinics for possible residues of antibiotics, as well as the wastewater of five private households as a reference.To the best of our knowledge, this study shows for the first time that in hospitals with high antibiotic consumption rates, residues of these drugs can be regularly detected in toilets, sink siphons and shower drains at concentrations ranging from 0.02?μg·L^?1 to a maximum of 79?mg·L^?1. After complete flushing of the wastewater siphons, antibiotics are no longer detectable, but after temporal stagnation, the concentration of the active substances in the water phases of respective siphons increases again, suggesting that antibiotics persist through the washing process in biofilms. This study demonstrates that clinical wastewater systems offer further possibilities for the optimization of antibiotic resistance surveillance.     

Self-reported health problems among Swedish miners one year after unemployment

Unemployment is considered to be a public health concern sincedeterioration in the health of the unemployed is often anticipated.However, for some groups, such as miners, unemployment mightimprove health due to a cessation of potentially harmful occupationalexposures. This study evaluates the health of 79 miners in oneSwedish iron-ore mine, and 226 age-matched controls from thegeneral population, during one year after the closure of themine. The participants received a questionnaire regarding medicalhistory and subjective symptoms at the beginning of the studyperiod, and after one year. Statistically significant negativeeffects on self-reported health attributable to unemploymentwere not found, although neuropsychiatric symptoms were morecommon among the unemployed miners. The miners reported a statisticallysignificant improvement in grip force (p=0.031). They had asignificantly higher prevalence of symptoms associated withmining related exposures when compared with the population controls;pain in the upper extremities [relative risk (RR)=2.27, 95%confidence interval (Cl)=1.44–3.59), back pain (RR=1.84;Cl=1.237–2.75), vasospastic disease of the fingers (RR=2.05;Cl=1.18–3.57) and obstructive respiratory symptoms (attacksof dyspnea and wheezing: RR=3.67; Cl=1.167–11.6).     

Excès de cas humains et animaux de tularémie en France au cours de l’hiver 2007–2008 : émergence ou phénomène isolé ?

Context

Tularemia is a zoonosis affecting humans and hares in France. We describe the results of surveillance in both species, in 2007 and 2008.

Methods

Human tularemia cases are mandatorily notifiable in France since 2003. In hares, surveillance relies on volunteer hunter associations in all districts of the country. Data from mandatory reports and volunteer surveillance in 2007/2008 were analyzed and compared with previous results.

Results

In 2007/2008, 144 cases were reported in humans and 117 cases in hares. This was a 100% increase compared to previous years. Human cases differed from those of previous years only by the frequency of contact with breeding animals. Human cases without any documented risk exposure were also more frequent.

Conclusion

An increase of tularemia cases occurred in 2007/2008 in both species. Complementary studies are needed to identify the species reservoir in France to understand the causes of this peak of cases.     

Occupational health hazards in mining: an overview

This review article outlines the physical, chemical, biological, ergonomic and psychosocial occupational health hazards of mining and associated metallurgical processes. Mining remains an important industrial sector in many parts of the world and although substantial progress has been made in the control of occupational health hazards, there remains room for further risk reduction. This applies particularly to traumatic injury hazards, ergonomic hazards and noise. Vigilance is also required to ensure exposures to coal dust and crystalline silica remain effectively controlled.     

Manufacture and use of nanomaterials: current status in the UK and global trends

This paper provides an overview of the production and use of nanomaterials (NMs), particularly in the UK. Currently, relatively few companies in the UK are identifiable as NM manufacturers, the main emphasis being the bulk markets in metals and metal oxides, and some niche markets such as carbon nanotubes and quantum dots. NM manufacturing in the UK does not reflect the global emphasis on fullerenes, nanotubes and fibres. Some assumptions have been made about the types of NM that are likely to be imported into the UK, which currently include fullerenes, modified fullerenes and other carbon-based NMs including nanotubes. Many university departments, spin-offs and private companies have developed processes for the manufacture of NMs but may only be producing small quantities for research and development (R&D) purposes. However, some have the potential to scale up to produce large quantities. The nanotechnology industry in the UK has strong R&D backup from universities and related institutions. This review has covered R&D trends at such institutions, and appropriate information has been added to a searchable database. While several companies are including NMs in their products, only a few (e.g. manufacturers of paints, coatings, cosmetics, catalysts, polymer composites) are using nanoparticles (NPs) in any significant quantities. However, this situation is likely to change rapidly. There is a need to collect more information about exposure to NPs in both manufacturing and user scenarios. As the market grows, and as manufacturers switch from the micro- to the nanoscale, the potential for exposure will increase. More research is required to quantify any risks to workers and consumers.     

深圳公立医院管理体制改革制度设计

深圳公立医院管理体制改革实行政事分开、管办分开,在理事会架构下按法定机构模式组建市医管中心,落实公立医院运营管理自主权.作者从当前公立医院管理体制的弊端入手,介绍了深圳市进行公立医院管理体制改革的基本思路及改革方案设计的主要举措,深入剖析了的改革方案的特点,并对改革效果进行了预测.     

Effects of nitrogen dioxide on red blood cells of rats: Changes in components of red cell membranes during in vivo exposure to NO2

Red cell membranes, prepared from red blood cells of rats exposed to 4, 10, or 20 ppm nitrogen dioxide (NO₂) for 1 to 10 days, were examined for evidence of changes in membrane components. Appreciable changes were not found in contents of phospholipid and cholesterol during exposure to 10 ppm NO₂. By contrast, protein content altered with the time of exposure. Moreover, changes in protein composition were observed by employing sodium dodecyl sulfate — polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis. Twenty-four-hour exposure to NO₂ at the concentration above 10 ppm resulted in a marked increase in the percentage of lysophosphatidylethanolamine (LysoPE) to the total phospholipids. The prolonged exposure to 10 ppm NO₂ gave rise to a further increase in LysoPE, whereas the percentage of phosphatidylethanolamine (PE) showed a gradual decrease. A 1-day exposure to 4.0 ppm NO₂ also caused an increase in sialic acid content and decreases in those of PE and hexose. In addition to contents of these components the percentage of LysoPE increased 5 days after exposure and the elevated values were maintained up to the end of exposure period. These results demonstrate that red blood cells in circulation exhibit different membrane properties in terms of lipid and carbohydrate composition during 10 days of exposure to 4.0 ppm NO₂.     

Investigating clusters in the workplace and beyond

Clusters of disease are common and occur in the workplace and in the general community. They often arouse considerable concern among the population. Investigations have sometimes lead to exciting new knowledge, but in general the investigation of clusters is difficult and often unrewarding, especially for community clusters. In the workplace, investigations are more likely to find associations and even new causes, but still many clusters remain enigmatic. Despite this, there are many reasons for investigating clusters, including allaying community concern and identifying uncontrolled exposures. A structure for investigating clusters in the workplace is suggested.