儿童烟雾病20例临床及影像学特点分析

目的：探讨儿童烟雾病的临床及影像学特征改变。方法：对20例烟雾病患儿的临床资料进行回顾性分析。结果：临床表现主要有偏瘫、头痛、癫痫发作等。磁共振（MRI）多为缺血性改变,磁共振血管成像（MRA）和数字减影动脉造影（DSA）均可显示动脉的狭窄和闭塞。结论：儿童烟雾病临床症状不典型,MRA成为本病诊断及观察病变进展的首选方法,但DSA仍为显示脑血管病变的金标准,若进行手术治疗,则需进一步作DSA检查。     

儿童烟雾病MRI和MRA的诊断价值

目的探讨MRI和MRA对儿童烟雾病（Moyamoya）的诊断价值。方法分析19例烟雾病患儿的MRI、MRA表现和临床资料。MRA采用3D TOP法，7例行增强MRA。结果MRI表现为①Moyamoya血管（双侧、19例）；孕大脑半球皮质和／或皮质下梗死、软化灶（14例）；③局部脑萎缩（10例）。MRA表现为颈内动脉虹吸部末端和大脑前或中动脉近端狭窄或闭塞，并有脑底部异常血管网形成。结论MRI和MRA是诊断烟雾病有效非创伤性的检查方法。MRI与MRA相结合可作为儿童烟雾病诊断的首选方法。     

烟雾病临床特点和数字减影血管造影分析

目的探讨烟雾病患者的临床特点和脑血管造影(DSA)特征。方法回顾性分析21例全脑血管造影证实的烟雾病患者的临床特点与脑血管造影影像结果。结果临床上有脑缺血症状者6例(28%),出血症状者12例(57%),癫痫发作3例;DSAx显示14例为双侧颈内动脉虹吸段狭窄闭塞性病变,21例均可见脑底异常血管网形成。结论①成年发病的烟雾病患者以出血型为主,儿童以癫痫及缺血型为主。②DSA是诊断烟雾病追重要的检查方法。对于青少年出现脑血管事件者,应尽早行DSA检查确诊。     

成人缺血型烟雾病的临床及影像学分析

目的:探讨成人缺血型烟雾病的临床特点和影像学特征.方法:回顾性分析20例烟雾病患者的临床与影像学资料.结果:首发症状表现TIA 8例,急性脑梗死表现6例,因反复头痛头昏记忆力下降检查发现6例;数字减影血管造影(DSA)和(或)磁共振血管造影(MRA)显示20例均有颈内动脉或其分支不同程度的狭窄或闭塞和颅底异常血管网形成.结论:烟雾病的临床表现多样、易变,常以继发病出现.MRA和(或)DSA仍是诊断烟雾病的重要手段,早期诊断并给予及时合适的治疗对改善患者的预后有着重要作用.     

CT、MRA及DSA对成人型烟雾病的诊断价值

目的探讨CT、MRA、DSA在成人型烟雾病（Moyamoya’s Disease,MMD）中的临床应用价值。方法14例成人型烟雾病均行CT、MRI平扫及MRA检查,其中3例行数字减影血管造影（DSA）,回顾性分析以上病人的影像资料。结果9例患者CT表现为颅内出血,以脑实质和脑室出血为主,5例表现为脑梗塞灶,MRA显示其中11例基底区均有不同程度异常血管网形成,病变段血管狭窄或闭塞,3例可疑病例进一步行DSA检查,亦表现为颅底侧支循环的毛细血管异常增多。结论CT可初步提示MMD存在的可能,MRA可作为该病的首选影像学检查方法。DSA在疑难病例的诊断方面依然具有其价值,到目前为止,MRA仍不能完全替代DSA。     

DSA在诊断烟雾病中的应用

烟雾病（MMD）是颈内动脉虹吸部及大脑前、中动脉起始部进行性狭窄或闭塞，以及颅底软脑膜、穿通动脉形成细小密集的吻合血管网为特征的脑血管疾病。临床表现及CT、MRI改变缺乏特异性，DSA是诊断本病的主要手段。现将我院1998年1月～2006年6月经CT或MRI检查证实为脑缺血或颅内出血，临床怀疑为脑血管畸形或动脉瘤破裂出血而行DSA检查确诊的20例烟雾病报告如下。     

烟雾病的影像学分析

目的 探讨烟雾病的影像学诊断特征.方法 回顾性分析40例烟雾病患者的影像学表现,40例均行头颅CT、数字减影血管造影(DSA)检查,16例行磁共振成像(MRI)检查,22例行磁共振血管造影(MRA)检查.结果 头颅CT显示脑出血(36/40),以脑室出血多见;脑梗死(4/40).MRI显示脑出血(12/16),其中8例可检出陈旧性的腔隙性梗死灶;脑梗死(4/16);颈内动脉末端(TICA)和(或)大脑前动脉(ACA)、大脑中动脉(MCA)血管流空影纤细或缺失(12/16);烟雾血管(10/16).MRA显示双侧TICA和(或)ACA、MCA缺失或纤细(18/22);单侧TICA和(或)ACA、MCA缺失或纤细(4/22);大脑后动脉(PEA)缺失或纤细(6/22);烟雾血管(12/22).DSA 40例均显示双侧TICA和(或)ACA、MCA不同程度狭窄或闭塞,累及PEA狭窄或闭塞12例;烟雾血管(40/40);6例可见动脉瘤.结论 烟雾病的头颅CT平扫无特异性;磁共振诊断因其无创,且MRI可以更好的显示脑内继发改变,而MRA对大血管的评价与脑血管造影结果有很好的相关性,可作为首选检查方法;DSA对血管病变范围、病变程度及烟雾血管的显示优于MRA,可显示继发动脉瘤,目前仍是烟雾病诊断的金标准.     

评价MRI及MRA在Moyamoya病的诊断价值

目的 探讨1.5 TMRI与MRA联合应用在Moyamoya病（MMD）诊断中的实用价值.方法 按照1997年国际MMD诊断标准,选择临床拟诊经DSA诊断MMD 30例,应用1.5T磁共振扫描仪行MRI和MRA检查,综合分析MMD临床表现、MR影像直接征象与间接征象.结果 30例MMD儿童组6例均为双侧,成人组24例中22例为双侧,另2例为单侧（变异型）,共计58侧大脑半球脑底血管闭塞/狭窄,ICA床突上段15支,ACA 20支,MCA 35支,ICA 15支,PCA 6支,总计91支血管.轻度者（4例）双侧单支MCA或ACA受累,中度者（25例）双侧多支MCA、ACA、ICA受累,重度者（1例）在中度基础上单或双侧PCA也受累.DSA显示ICA床突上段闭塞/狭窄14/1例,ACA、MCA、PCA闭塞/狭窄分别为20/0、33/10、6/0例,颅内外侧支血管9例,烟雾血管30例.MR显示MMD直接征象有ICA床突上段闭塞/狭窄15/0例,ACA、MCA、PCA近段闭塞/狭窄分别20/0、35/8、5/1例,烟雾血管30例,颅内外侧支血管3例.MR间接征象有脑梗死14例（大面积脑梗死1例,腔隙脑梗死13例）,脑出血15例,脑萎缩6例,脑软化7例,早期Ivy征象（常青藤征）1例.结论 MRA显示MMD直接征象与DSA相仿,但除外少数夸大狭窄血管程度及颅内外侧支血管显示稍显逊色,同时MRI也可满意显示MMD间接征象,MR对MMD是一种相当合理的影像检查方法,具有较重要临床实用价值.     

脑基底异常血管网症的MRA诊断价值的探讨

目的:探讨MRA和MRI对脑基底异常血管网症诊断价值。材料与方法:回顾性分析14例脑基底异常血管网症的MRA和DSA表现,其中10例行MRA检查,5例行DSA(1例同时做MRA和DSA检查),采用2.0T超导高磁场MR扫描仪,MRA采用3D-TOF或3D-PC法。DSA采用美国GEAdvantx心血管造影系统。结果:MRA显示狭窄或闭塞的血管,表现为多支、双侧受累。MRI平扫表现脑基底部狭窄、闭塞血管的流空效应减弱甚至消失,侧支循环血管形成所致的点状、条状迂曲低信号影。5例颅内可见血肿。结论:MRA作为一种无创伤的血管成像技术,能准确诊断moyamoya病,可以与DSA媲美,结合MRI平扫可同时显示脑组织病变。     

短暂性脑缺血发作的颈动脉超声和影像学表现及评价

目的评价颈动脉超声、磁共振（MRI）、磁共振血管造影（MRA）及数字减影血管造影（DSA）对短暂性脑缺血发作（TIA）的诊断价值。方法90例颈动脉及椎基底动脉TIA患者分别进行CT、MRI、MRA、颈动脉超声及DSA检查。结果15例（16.7％）TIA患者CT、MRI显示有小血管腔隙性梗死,20例（22.2％）CT正常,MRI的他加权像显示有小的梗死灶,60例患者行颈动脉超声检查,40例（66.7％）显示有动脉硬化及管腔狭窄。有30例行MRA及DSA检查,14例（46.7％）MRA有异常,22例（73.3％）DSA显示颈动脉和相应动脉的狭窄或闭塞。结论CT及MRI是诊断TLA的筛选手段,颈动脉超声、MRA及DSA对TIA的诊断及预后的估计具有重要意义。     

烟雾病的MR成像及MR血管造影表现

目的评价磁共振成像(MRI)和磁共振血管造影(MRA)对烟雾病的诊断价值.方法对7例烟雾病患者均行MRI和MRA检查.结果 MRI表现:脑实质改变包括脑梗死5例,脑室轻度扩大2例,局部脑萎缩1例,7例均见双侧基底节区异常血管流空影. MRA均见不同程度的颈内动脉分叉以上狭窄或闭塞,其中双侧颈内动脉狭窄5例,单侧颈内动脉狭窄2例;大脑中动脉狭窄14支,大脑前动脉狭窄12支,大脑后动脉狭窄10支;5例同时显示异常血管网.结论 MRI及MRA可良好显示烟雾病异常血管,尤其是MRA可作为烟雾病诊断的首选检查方法.     

数字减影脑血管造影及磁共振血管成像对烟雾病的诊断价值

目的评价数字减影血管造影(DSA)和磁共振血管成像(MRA)对烟雾病的诊断价值.方法对12例烟雾病患者进行DSA和MRA检查和回顾性分析.结果 DSA能直观、准确表现狭窄及闭塞血管,以及颅底毛细血管网;由于失位相和饱和效应以及小血管流空效应,导致MRA对血管狭窄或闭塞过高评价,细小血管不能充分显影.结论 MRA可提示大血管的狭窄和闭塞,同DSA相结合,可明确烟雾病的诊断.     

烟雾病17例的脑血管造影和CT影像分析

目的：对17例烟雾病病人的数字减影脑血管造影（DSA）和CT征象进行分析,总结其表现,材料和方法：17例均进行了DSA检查及CT扫描,其中14例行高清晰螺旋CT扫描,5例行薄层增强扫描,结果：按日本厚生省的诊断标准,16例为确诊病例,1例为可疑病例,颈内动脉ICA病变主要为狭窄,大脑前动脉（ACA）,大 中动脉（MCA）病变主要为闭塞,烟雾血管多位于脑底基底节区,较晚期病人可见眶顶或其它部位烟雾血管,而其底节区烟雾血管可消失,结论：对本病CT无特异性,只起提示作用,对于螺旋CT增强病人应注意其基底池层面大血管有无及血管异常强化影征象,有较好的提示作用。     

甲状腺功能亢进症并发烟雾病5例临床分析

【目的】分析甲亢合并烟雾病的临床特点和可能的病因学联系。【方法】回顾性分析本院收治的5例甲亢合并烟雾病患者的临床表现和神经影像学特点。5例均行头部磁共振平扫（MRI）和磁共振血管造影（MRA）以及甲状腺功能检测。【结果】5例患者中,男1例,女4例;5例均表现为缺血性卒中。MRA表现：双侧颈内动脉系统狭窄或闭塞4例。1例单侧颈内动脉系统受累。3例可见网状侧枝血管。2例同时合并大脑后动脉狭窄。【结论】对于临床拟诊烟雾病的中青年女性,应常规筛查甲状腺功能。     

烟雾病颅脑磁共振影像学诊断特征分析

目的探讨烟雾病患者颅脑磁共振成像(MRI)平扫及磁共振血管造影(MRA)影像学特点。 方法回顾性分析2014年10月至2019年3月丰县人民医院神经内外科及儿科收治的资料完整的25例烟雾病患者的临床及影像学资料。所有患者均行常规1.5T轴位T1WI、T2WI、液体衰减反转恢复(FLAIR)、弥散加权(DWI)及矢状位T2WI序列扫描，同时行三维—时间飞跃(3D-TOF)法MRA扫描；病程中患者均有CT平扫资料，15例有CT血管造影(CTA)资料，12例有数字减影血管造影(DSA)资料。 结果MRI平扫均可显示双侧颈内动脉末端、大脑中动脉及大脑前动脉变细、流空差，颅底中线两旁区域出现烟雾状流空信号影，以轴位T2WI显示最佳；FLAIR见两侧大脑半球沿软脑膜分布的点状或条状高信号("常春藤征")，以额顶叶为多；21例患者的T2WI及FLAIR还可见放射冠、半卵圆中心白质区呈现垂直于侧脑室壁的刷子状高信号("刷子征")，20例T2WI可见基底节区血管流空信号影。MRI诊断25例脑梗死(伴新鲜梗死灶6例)，陈旧性出血9例。MRA可显示双侧颈内动脉末端、大脑中动脉及大脑前动脉不同程度狭窄或闭塞、颅底异常血管网形成，TOF源图像均可见两侧基底节区高信号强度区域。 结论MRI及MRA可显示烟雾病特征性的血管狭窄、侧支循环征象及所造成的卒中等不良结果，值得应用。     

Transcranial color-coded duplex sonography,magnetic resonance angiography,and computed tomography angiography: Methods,applications, advantages,and limitations

Transcranial color-coded duplex sonography (TCCD), magnetic resonance angiography (MRA), and computed tomography angiography (CTA) are novel noninvasive or minimally invasive techniques for the study of the intracranial circulation. TCCD is relatively inexpensive and permits bedside examination. It improves the accuracy and reliability of conventional transcranial Doppler studies. The main limitation of TCCD are the ultrasonic windows. They restrict the area of insonation to the major cerebral arteries and the proximal part of its branches, lower the spatial resolution, and may prevent transtemporal insonation. Using MRA, both large and small intracranial arteries and veins can be imaged by selecting the appropriate imaging parameters. MRA provides morphologic information about the cerebral vessels, relying on blood flow as the physical basis for generating contrast between stationary tissues and moving spins. MRA is highly sensitive for the detection of occlusive disease in large intracranial arteries. However, with bright blood techniques the degree of stenosis tends to be exaggerated. Flow direction, eg, in collaterals, can be determined by selective or phase-contrast MRA. Perfusion imaging techniques provide information about blood flow at the capillary level. Diffusion imaging depicts molecular motion. TCCD and MRA used in combination or alone may eliminate the need for intra-arterial digital subtraction angiography (DSA) in most patients studied for occlusive cerebrovascular disease. DSA may be reserved for those patients where there is disagreement among the noninvasive techniques, and for the diagnosis of cerebral aneurysms and arteriovenous malformations. CTA relies on spiral CT technology and intravenous contrast injection. To date, intracranial use has been predominantly for the diagnosis of aneurysms. The role of CTA for the detection of nonaneurysmal intracranial vascular disease has yet to be established. © 1995 John Wiley & Sons, Inc.     

MR angiography: noninvasive vascular imaging of the abdomen

Magnetic resonance angiography (MRA) has been used to image abdominal vessels less frequently than renal arteries. Until the use of fast contrast-enhanced (CE) techniques, an important limitation was the acquisition time of phase-contrast or time-of-flight imaging and, consequently, the creation of motion artifacts. Recent advances in MRA technology have shortened acquisition times, so it is now possible to obtain successive images in the arterial and then the portal phase. MRA can be used as an adjunct to any MR examination to assess, e.g., the arterial feeding of hepatocellular carcinoma, the encasement of arteries, and segmental portal thrombosis in pancreatic carcinoma. However, MRA has been used mainly to study chronic mesenteric ischemia, portal vein diseases, and complications from liver transplantation. The portal venous system is exquisitely portrayed with this method; MRA is as accurate as digital subtraction angiography (DSA) in the diagnosis of portal vein diseases. Acute mesenteric ischemia is an emergency in which computed tomography is the most appropriate imaging modality. Conversely, chronic mesenteric ischemia is best examined with CE-MRA, which is almost as accurate as DSA. CE-MRA is superior to DSA for the simultaneous exploration of the aorta, renal arteries, and iliac arteries, thereby providing a panoramic view of abdominal vascular involvement. MRA can be coupled with measurements of flow. With this functional approach, MRA is the only modality that can completely assess vascular diseases of the abdomen.     

Color and power Doppler sonography of extracranial and intracranial arteries in Moyamoya disease

PURPOSE: To study the hemodynamic characteristics of moyamoya disease with color Doppler (CD) and power Doppler (PD) sonography. METHODS: The hemodynamic parameters of intracranial and extracranial arteries from 17 patients with moyamoya disease confirmed via digital subtraction angiography and 30 healthy controls were studied with conventional and transcranial CD and PD. RESULTS: The moyamoya vessels were detected as scattered color Doppler signal with low velocity and a low resistance index (RI) at the base of the brain in 10 of the 17 patients. The RI of the common carotid arteries and the internal carotid arteries of the patients was significantly higher, whereas the peak velocity was lower than in controls. The posterior carotid arteries were more frequently involved in children (43.8%) than in adults (5.6%). CONCLUSIONS: Transcranial CD and PD can be used to demonstrate the stenosis and occlusion of intracranial arteries and the abnormal vascular network at the base of the brain in most cases. Combined with the hemodynamic characteristics of extracranial arteries and the symptoms of the patients, an accurate diagnosis of moyamoya disease could be made in the majority of cases using PD.