西立伐他汀和攻他汀治疗高胆固醇血症患者疗效比较

目的：探讨西立伐他汀及普伐他汀对高胆固醇血症患者疗效及安全性。方法：150例高胆固醇血症患者随机分为两组：西立伐他汀组75例和普伐他汀组75例，治疗8周后观察血脂变化和安全性，并加以比较。结果：两种药物均可显著降低总胆固醇（TC），血甘油三酯（TG），低密度脂蛋白－胆固醇（LDL－C），并可升高高密度胆蛋白－胆固醇（HDL－C),而两药的不良反应无显著差异。结论：西立伐他汀具有显著的降脂作用，在调脂的同时并可抑制血小板活性，改善胰岛素抵抗。     

西立伐他汀和普伐他汀治疗高胆固醇血症患者疗效比较

目的 :探讨西立伐他汀及普伐他汀对高胆固醇血症患者疗效及安全性。方法 :15 0例高胆固醇血症患者随机分为两组 :西立伐他汀组 75例和普伐他汀组 75例 ,治疗 8周后观察血脂变化和安全性 ,并加以比较。结果 :两种药物均可显著降低总胆固醇 (TC) ,血甘油三酯 (TG) ,低密度脂蛋白 胆固醇 (LDL C) ,并可升高高密度胆蛋白 胆固醇 (HDL C) ,而两药的不良反应无显著差异。结论 :西立伐他汀具有显著的降脂作用 ,在调脂的同时并可抑制血小板活性 ,改善胰岛素抵抗。     

阿托伐他汀对高脂血症患者胰岛素抵抗及C反应蛋白的影响

目的 观察阿托伐他汀对高脂血症患者胰岛素抵抗及C反应蛋白的影响.方法 82例高脂血症伴胰岛素抵抗患者给予阿托伐他汀20 mg/d,疗程12周.观察治疗前后血清总胆固醇（TC）、甘油三脂（TG）、低密度脂蛋白胆固醇（LDL-C）、高密度脂蛋白胆固醇（HDL-C）、空腹胰岛素（FINS）、胰岛素敏感指数（ISI）、C反应蛋白（CRP）及肝肾功能的变化.结果 阿托伐他汀治疗12周后患者TG、空腹胰岛素（FINS）、胰岛素敏感指数（ISI）及C反应蛋白（CRP）均降低（P＜0.05）,TC、LDL-C明显降低（P＜0.01）,伴有HDL-C明显升高（P＜0.01）,治疗前后肝、肾功能的比较无统计学意义（P＞0.05）.结论 阿托伐他汀具有调脂、改善胰岛素抵抗并有一定的抗炎作用.     

代谢综合征、C反应蛋白与冠心病关系的临床研究

目的：探讨代谢综合征（MS）、C反应蛋白与冠心病之间的关系。方法：将230例MS患者分为MS合并冠心病组和MS无冠心病组，比较其体重指数（BMD、甘油三酯（TG）、总胆固醇（TC）、低密度脂蛋自（LDL）、高密度脂蛋白（HDL）、空腹血糖（FBG）、餐后2小时血糖（2hBG）、空腹胰岛素（FINS）、餐后2小时胰岛素（2hINS）、糖化血红蛋白（HbAlc）及胰岛素抵抗指数（ISI）、C反应蛋白（CRP）的变化。结果：MS患者BMI、TG、TC、LDL、FBG、2hBG、FINS、2hINS、HbAlc、CRP较对照组显著升高（P〈0．01），ISI较对照组显著降低（P〈0．01），而MS合并冠心病组较无冠心病组上述改变更显著（P〈0．05）。结论：MS患者存在血脂和血糖代谢紊乱、胰岛素抵抗和炎症标记物CRP升高的病理变化，胰岛素抵抗和炎症状态在MS患者冠心病的发生和发展起着促进作用。     

胰岛素抵抗、高脂血症、体重指数与2型糖尿病脂肪肝的关系探讨

目的探讨胰岛素抵抗、高脂血症、体重指数与2型糖尿病脂肪肝（DFL）的关系。方法对2型糖尿病合并脂肪肝的患者进行身高、体重、空腹血糖（FBG）、血脂（TG、TC、HDL、LDL）、血浆胰岛素（FINS）测定,计算胰岛素敏感指数（ISI）、体重指数（BMI）,同时检查是否合并其他的糖尿病慢性并发症,并与2型糖尿病非脂肪肝患者进行比较。结果2型糖尿病合并脂肪肝组与未并发脂肪肝组相比TG、TC、LDL、FINS、FBG、BMI均升高,HDL、ISI降低（P〈0.05或P〈0.01）。结论2型糖尿病合并脂肪肝患者存在脂代谢紊乱、胰岛素抵抗及超重,而且大血管的并发症发生率较高。对2型糖尿病尽可能防止高胰岛素血症,控制血糖,维持正常血脂,减少胰岛素抵抗（IR）,对预防和减少2型糖尿病脂肪肝的发生具有重要临床意义。     

原发性高血压与胰岛素抵抗关系的临床研究

目的探讨原发性高血压与胰岛素抵抗、高胰岛素血症的关系。方法排除糖尿病及肝肾功能严重受损者,A组高血压患者60例:收缩压≥140mmHg和(或)舒张压≥90mmHg;B组为对照组60例:收缩压<140mmHg、舒张压<90mmHg。检测空腹血糖、餐后2h血糖(FBG)、胰岛素(FINS)、体重指数(BMI)、脂肪分布指数(WHR)、三酰甘油(TG)、总胆固醇(TC)、高密度脂蛋白(HDL)、胰岛素敏感指数(ISI)进行对照分析。结果高血压组BMI、WHR、FBG、FINS、TC、TG水平高于对照组(P<0.05或<0.01),ISI低于对照组(P<0.01)。结论胰岛素抵抗、高胰岛素血症与原发性高血压有密切联系,减轻胰岛素抵抗、改善高胰岛素血症对治疗高血压有利。     

低分子肝素口服制剂的降血脂作用研究

研究了低分子肝素口服制剂对实验性高胆固醇血症的预防作用及对食物性高脂蛋白血症的治疗作用。结果表明：低分子肝素口服制剂高、中剂量组小鼠血浆总胆固醇（TC）、低密度脂蛋白胆固醇（LDL－C）较高胆固醇血症对照组小鼠显著降低（P＜0.05），HDL－C／TC显著升高（P＜0.05）；低分子肝素口服制剂高、中剂量组大鼠较高脂蛋白血症对照组大鼠血浆TC、LDL－C显著降低（P＜0．05）．HDL－C／TC显著升高（P＜0．05），高剂量组大鼠血浆甘油三酯（TG）亦显著降低（P＜0．05）。其降血脂作用与藻酸双酯钠相近。     

探究血糖正常人群的尿酸与胰岛素抵抗的关系

目的探讨血糖正常人群尿酸与胰岛素抵抗、血脂代谢的关系。方法选取通州区两个社区共3300人,测定身高、体重、腰围、臀围、颈围,空腹静脉抽血检测血糖（FBG）、胰岛素（IR）、血脂、尿酸（UA）等,选取血糖正常2789人根据血尿酸水平分为两组：血尿酸正常组和高尿酸血症（HUA）组,分析各组体重指数、颈围和腰围、稳态胰岛素评估模型胰岛素抵抗指数（HOMR—IR）、甘油三酯（TG）、总胆固醇（TC）、高密度脂蛋白胆固醇（HDL—C）、低密度脂蛋白胆固醇（LDL-C）、UA的差异。并分析影响HuA的因素7XHUA是否与胰岛素抵抗相关。结果HUA组的颈围、腰围、体重指数、HOMR-IR、TG、TC、LDL—C明显高于血清尿酸正常组,P〈0．05,存在明显统计学差异。HUA组的HDL明显低于血清尿酸正常组,P〈0．05,存在明显统计学差异。HUA受TG、HDL-C、LDL—C腰围、颈围等因素影响,不受TC、HOMA—IR、BMI影响。结论血糖正常人群HUA的影响因素包括TG、HDL—C、LDL—C腰围、颈围,但不受TC、HOMA-IR、BMI的影响,与HOMA-IR无相关性。     

缺血性脑卒中患者血清 PTX－3水平变化及阿托伐他汀的干预效果

目的：探讨缺血性卒中患者血清PTX－3水平变化及阿托伐他汀的干预影响。方法选择神经内科收入院的缺血性脑卒中患者120例,随机分为对照组和他汀,每组60例。对照组给予常规综合治疗方法,他汀组在常规治疗基础上给予阿托伐他汀40 mg,1次／d,疗程3个月。另选健康体检者30例作为正常组。采用酶联免疫吸附分析（ELISA）检测血清PTX－3水平,全自动生化分析仪检测血清LDL－C、HDL－C、TG及TC水平,并评价对照组和他汀组患者的治疗效果。结果缺血性脑卒中患者血清HDL－C水平较正常组明显下降,血清PTX－3、LDL－C、TC及TG均较正常对照组明显升高,差异有统计学意义（ P ＜0±．05）。对照组和他汀组患者血清PTX－3、HDL－C、LDL－C、TC及TG水平均无统计学差异（ P ＞0．05）。对照组和他汀组治疗后血清PTX－3、LDL、TG、TC水平均较治疗前明显下降,HDL－C较治疗前升高,差异有统计学意义（ P ＜0．05）;2组治疗后相比,他汀组血清PTX－3、LDL、TG、TC水平均较对照组明显下降,HDL－C较对照组明显升高,差异有统计学意义（ P ＜0．05）。他汀组有效率83．33％,对照组有效率66．67％,差异有统计学意义（ P ＜0．05）。结论血清PTX－3水平变化参与了缺血性脑卒中的发生发展,阿托伐他汀可以降低血清PTX－3水平,抑制炎性反应,改善缺血性脑卒中患者的预后。     

阿托伐他汀与氟伐他汀治疗高胆固醇血症的对比研究

目的　探讨阿托伐他汀 (立普妥 )与氟伐他汀 (来适可 )对高胆固醇血症病人疗效及安全性。方法　 10 0例高胆固醇血症随机分成阿托伐他汀组 5 0例和氟伐他汀组 5 0例 ,治疗 6周后观察比较。结果　阿托伐他汀及氟伐他汀均能明显降低TC、TG、LDL C水平 (P <0 0 1或P <0 0 5 ) ,阿托伐他汀降TC、TG、LDL C的作用强于氟伐他汀 (P <0 0 5 ) ,两药均能升高HDL C水平 (P <0 0 5 ) ,但两组比较未达到显著差异 (P >0 0 5 )。两药不良反应均比较小 ,耐受性好。结论　阿托伐他汀降TC、TG、LDL C的作用优于氟伐他汀 ,但升高HDL C水平相似 ,两药均有良好的安全性。     

Efficacy of gut lavage,hemodialysis, and hemoperfusion in the therapy of paraquat or diquat intoxication

Clinical and in vitro investigations were carried out to test the efficacy of gut lavage, hemodialysis, and hemoperfusion in the treatment of poisoning with paraquat or diquat. In a patient suffering from diquat intoxication 130 times more diquat was removed by gut lavage 30 h after ingestion than was removed by complete aspiration of the gastric contents.Determination of in vitro clearances for paraquat and diquat by hemodialysis showed that, at serum concentrations of 1–2 ppm, such as are frequently encountered in poisoning in man, toxicologically relevant quantities of herbicide cannot be removed from the body. At a concentration of 20 ppm, on the other hand, hemodialysis proved to be effective, the clearance being 70 ml/min at a blood flow rate of 100 ml/min. The efficacy of hemoperfusion with coated activated charcoal was on the whole better. Especially at concentrations around 1–2 ppm, the clearance values for hemoperfusion were some 5–7 times higher than those for hemodialysis.In a patient suffering from paraquat poisoning, both hemodialysis as well as hemoperfusion were carried out. The in vitro results could be confirmed: At serum concentrations of paraquat less than 1 ppm no clearance could be obtained by hemodialysis while by hemoperfusion with activated charcoal quite high clearance values were measured and the serum level dropped down to zero.

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Zusammenfassung Klinische Untersuchungen und Laboratoriumsversuche wurden durchgeführt, um die Wirksamkeit von Darmspülung, Hämodialyse und Hämoperfusion bei Paraquat- und Deiquat-Vergiftungen zu prüfen.Bei einem Patienten wurde 30 Std nach Deiquat-Aufnahme durch Darmspülung 130mal mehr Deiquat entfernt als durch vollständige Aspiration des Mageninhaltes. In vitro-Versuche ergaben, daß bei Blutserumkonzentrationen von 1–2 ppm, die bei Vergiftungen oft gemessen werden, durch Hämodialyse keine toxikologisch relevanten Paraquat- oder Deiquat-Mengen entfernt werden können. Dagegen erwies sich die Hämodialyse bei 20 ppm und einer Blutumlaufgeschwindigkeit von 100 ml/min mit einer Clearance von 70 ml/min als wirksam. Die Hämoperfusion mit beschicheter Aktivkohle war in diesen Versuchen aber eindeutig überlegen, denn insbesondere bei Konzentrationen um 1–2 ppm waren die Clearance-Werte 5–7mal höher als bei der Hämodialyse.Die in vitro-Ergebnisse wurden bei einem Patienten mit einer Paraquat-Vergiftung bestätigt: Bei Konzentrationen unter 1 ppm war die Hämodialyse wirkungslos, während durch Hämoperfusion relativ hohe Clearance-Werte erreicht wurden, so daß der Serumspiegel rasch unter die Nachweisgrenze abfiel.

     

In vitro studies on sterically stabilized liposomes (SL) as enzyme carriers in organophosphorus (OP) antagonism

This study describes a new approach for organophosphorous (OP) antidotal treatment by encapsulating an OP hydrolyzing enzyme, OPA anhydrolase (OPAA), within sterically stabilized liposomes. The recombinant OPAA enzyme was derived from Alteromonas strain JD6. It has broad substrate specificity to a wide range of OP compounds: DFP and the nerve agents, soman and sarin. Liposomes encapsulating OPAA (SL)* were made by mechanical dispersion method. Hydrolysis of DFP by (SL)* was measured by following an increase of fluoride ion concentration using a fluoride ion selective electrode. OPAA entrapped in the carrier liposomes rapidly hydrolyze DFP, with the rate of DFP hydrolysis directly proportional to the amount of (SL)* added to the solution. Liposomal carriers containing no enzyme did not hydrolyze DFP. The reaction was linear and the rate of hydrolysis was first order in the substrate. This enzyme carrier system serves as a biodegradable protective environment for the recombinant OP-metabolizing enzyme, OPAA, resulting in prolongation of enzymatic concentration in the body. These studies suggest that the protection of OP intoxication can be strikingly enhanced by adding OPAA encapsulated within (SL)* to pralidoxime and atropine.     

Aquatic Insects and Trace Metals: Bioavailability,Bioaccumulation, and Toxicity

Abstract

The uptake of metals from food and water sources by insects is thought to be additive. For a given metal, the proportions taken up from water and food will depend both on the bioavailable concentration of the metal associated with each source and the mechanism and rate by which the metal enters the insect. Attempts to correlate insect trace metal concentrations with the trophic level of insects should be made with a knowledge of the feeding relationships of the individual taxa concerned. Pathways for the uptake of essential metals, such as copper and zinc, exist at the cellular level, and other nonessential metals, such as cadmium, also appear to enter via these routes. Within cells, trace metals can be bound to proteins or stored in granules. The internal distribution of metals among body tissues is very heterogeneous, and distribution patterns tend to be both metal and taxon specific. Trace metals associated with insects can be both bound on the surface of their chitinous exoskeleton and incorporated into body tissues. The quantities of trace meals accumulated by an individual reflect the net balance between the rate of metal influx from both dissolved and particulate sources and the rate of metal efflux from the organism. The toxicity of metals has been demonstrated at all levels of biological organization: cell, tissue, individual, population, and community. Much of the literature pertaining to the toxic effects of metals on aquatic insects is based on laboratory observations and, as such, it is difficult to extrapolate the data to insects in nature. The few experimental studies in nature suggest that trace metal contaminants can affect both the distribution and the abundance of aquatic insects. Insects have a largely unexploited potential as biomonitors of metal contamination in nature. A better understanding of the physico-chemical and biological mechanisms mediating trace metal bioavailability and exchange will facilitate the development of general predictive models relating trace metal concentrations in insects to those in their environment. Such models will facilitate the use of insects as contaminant biomonitors.     

Alzheimer’s disease – current trends in basic and clinical research. Highlights from the 16th ECNP

Advances in the molecular biological knowledge of neuronal nicotinic acetylcholine receptors (nAChRs) have led to a growing interest by the pharmaceutical industry in the development of novel compounds that selectively modulate nAChR function. The ability of (-)-nicotine, an activator of nAChRs, to enhance attentional aspects of cognition in animals and humans, to exert neuroprotective and anxiolytic-like effects, and presumably to mediate the negative correlation between smoking and Alzheimer's (and Parkinson's) Disease, has focused interest on the potential therapeutic utility of modulators of nAChR function for treatment of some of the deficits associated with these progressive, neurodegenerative conditions. Numerous compounds are known which activate nAChRs and which might serve as lead compounds toward the development of such agents. The pharmacologic diversity of neuronal nAChR subtypes suggests the possibility of developing selective compounds which would have more favourable side-effect profiles than existing agents. This broader class of agents, collectively called cholinergic channel modulators (ChCMs), is anticipated to encompass compounds which would have more favourable side-effect profiles than existing agents, which generally exhibit low selectivity. This selectivity may be achieved by preferentially activating some subtypes of nAChRs (i.e., Cholinergic Channel Activators, ChCAs) or inhibiting the function of other subtypes (Cholinergic Channel Inhibitors, ChCIs). An overview of the biology of nAChRs and the rationale for the use of ChCMs for the treatment of dementia related to neurodegenerative diseases are presented, followed by a discussion of lead compounds and compounds under consideration for clinical evaluation.     

Steroidal sapogenin contents in some domestic plants

In order to find out the values of the steroid resources for the future use. the compositions and contents of steroidal sapogenins from 13 domestic plants have been investigated. As a result,Dioscorea nipponica, D. quinqueloba andSmilax china were found to have large amount of diosgenin. And pennogenin inTrillium kamtschaticum andParis verticillata, yuccagenin inAllium fistulosum, hecogenin inAgave americana and neochlorogenin inSolanum nigum were appeared to be major steroidal sapogenins.     

Pharmacological treatment of COVID-19: an opinion paper

The precocity and efficacy of the vaccines developed so far against COVID-19 has been the most significant and saving advance against the pandemic. The development of vaccines has not prevented, during the whole period of the pandemic, the constant search for therapeutic medicines, both among existing drugs with different indications and in the development of new drugs. The Scientific Committee of the COVID-19 of the Illustrious College of Physicians of Madrid wanted to offer an early, simplified and critical approach to these new drugs, to new developments in immunotherapy and to what has been learned from the immune response modulators already known and which have proven effective against the virus, in order to help understand the current situation.