“特发性”瘢痕相关性左心房房性心动过速—电解剖标测和消融结果

目的 报道1组无明显器质性心脏病,无外科手术或导管消融史的左心房折返性房性心动过速(房速)的电解剖标测特点及消融结果.方法 共10例[男3例,女7例,年龄37 ～72(57.4±14.6)岁]符合上述特征的左心房房速患者接受电解剖标测和导管消融.结果 所有房速的折返环均位于大面积低电压(双极电压≤0.5 mV)区域内,低电压区域内可标测到1～5(2.6±1.2)个双电位线和/或电静止瘢痕区,这些传导障碍区和左心房固定的解剖屏障(如二尖瓣环)构成各个折返环必经的关键峡部.8例在折返环峡部内可记录到低幅,长时限碎裂电位,平均振幅(0.21±0.05)mV,平均时限(123±14) ms,占心动过速周长43％±5％.选择折返环峡部特别是长时限碎裂电位为消融靶点,10例均通过1～3(平均2次)次局部放电即终止房速,首次消融后2例复发房速,再次消融成功,随访共(14±10)个月,所有患者无房速复发.结论“自发”的左心房广泛瘢痕形成构成本组房速的“致心律失常基质”,折返环内存在的狭窄且传导缓慢的峡部对维持房速非常重要,并易于消融成功.     

高密度标测指导下射频导管消融房性心动过速

目的 探讨EnSite NavX系统高密度标测对房性心动过速（房速）射频导管消融的指导作用.方法 17例房速患者,平均年龄（45.9±16.9）岁,男性15例,女性2例.心动过速均呈持续性发作,应用EnSite NavX系统于心房进行高密度标测,建立激动图.对于折返性房速,线性消融关键峡部或传导通道（channel）,对于局灶性房速,点消融局部最早心房激动区域.结果 17例患者中,共标测到19种房速,周长为（254±49）ms,平均取点（316±90）个,标测时间为（8.4±2.6）min,建立19种激动图 激动图显示大折返性房速10种,局灶性房速9种 19种房速中,18种即时消融成功 无标测与消融相关并发症发生.随访（3.0±1.6）个月,2例服用胺碘酮可预防发作（1例患者房速复发,1例患者术中有1种房速未消融成功）.结论 EnSite NavX系统高密度标测对心动过速机制可作出快速、准确的判断,有助于确定消融靶点,提高消融成功率.     

心脏病外科术后右房房性心动过速的标测及射频消融

目的总结分析心脏病外科术后右房起源房性心动过速(简称房速)的标测及射频消融结果。方法共入选27例心脏外科术后持续性右房房速患者,在心动过速状态下采用三维电解剖标测系统建立右房激动标测图和电压图,标示出疤痕区及双电位区,并揭示心动过速的机制。根据标测结果选择心动过速的关键峡部或起源点进行消融。结果心动过速机制分为以下几种类型:单环折返包括右房峡部依赖性心房扑动(15例)和切口折返性房速(5例);双环折返性房速(3例);两种以上机制(包括局灶性)的复杂房速(4例)。术中即时手术成功率100%。随访过程中5例复发房速,3例再次消融成功。结论心脏外科术后右房房速多数与外科手术切口疤痕相关,在三维电解剖标测系统指导下射频消融治疗效果满意。     

应用CARTO系统标测和消融房性心动过速的初步经验

初步探讨CARTO系统在房性心动过速 (简称房速 )标测和射频消融中的临床应用。 5例房速患者 ,年龄 42 .4± 15 .8岁 ,男 3例、女 2例。其中 1例为法氏三联症外科根治术后。心动过速周期 35 5± 76ms。在心动过速时应用CARTO系统标测相关心房 ,实时重建三维电解剖图 ,并用以指导射频放电消融靶点。 5例房速均成功消融。 3例为右房内折返性心动过速 ,其中 1例法氏三联症手术后房速为右房外侧壁手术瘢痕所介导 ,经线性消融关键峡部成功。 2例为局灶性房速 ,起源点分别在右房His束旁和左房后壁。放电次数为 3.5± 2 .1。手术时间为 2 39± 45min ,曝光时间为 14± 9min。结论 :本研究提示应用CARTO系统标测和消融房速 (包括折返性和局灶性 )是可行的。在较少X线曝光下 ,易于标志到最佳靶点和成功消融 ,尤其是对于心脏结构异常和复杂房速的病例。     

大折返房性心动过速的电解剖标测和导管射频消融

目的应用电解剖标测系统分析3例大折返房性心动过速(房速)的电生理机制并导航消融。方法3例房速患者(男1例,女2例),平均年龄51±12岁,心动过速病史19±11年。常规电生理检查初步确定房速所在心腔,使用电解剖标测系统构建心房三维模型,完成电压和激动标测,分析心动过速的机制并确定缓慢传导区(即关键峡部),使用冷生理盐水灌注导管消融。结果3例患者临床常规检查初步排除结构性心脏病,电压标测均显示被标测心房存在疤痕区。病例1为围绕三尖瓣环顺钟向的大折返房速,关键峡部位于三尖瓣环与后侧壁的疤痕之间。病例2为围绕上腔静脉逆钟向的大折返房速,关键峡部位于右房侧壁疤痕与上腔静脉之间。病例3为左房8字形折返,关键峡部位于左房顶部的两片疤痕之间。3例患者均在关键峡部消融成功,随访9～10个月未见复发。结论电解剖标测可以揭示大折返房速的基质,阐明折返机制,并有效指导消融。     

电解剖标测消融左室特发性室性心动过速

目的报道三维电解剖标测指导下左室特发性室性心动过速(ILVT)的射频消融方法。方法4例经常规电生理标测消融失败的ILVT患者,应用三维电解剖(CARTO)标测指导确定消融部位。结果4例患者室性心动过速时CARTO标测的V波最早激动点在前中间隔,在此部位消融无效。以左后分支电位标测的最早激动点在左后间隔区域,在此部位消融终止所有ILVT,此成功部位距V波最早记录点1.0~2.0cm。随访1~7个月无复发。结论左后分支及其浦氏纤维是构成折返环的关键部位,也是射频消融的关键部位,并与折返的出口有一定距离。     

电解剖标测指导下消融左心耳尖部持续性房性心动过速二例

患者1,女性,19岁.阵发性室上性心动过速3年,每2～3个月发作1次,每次持续3～5 min,近3个月心动过速为持续性发作,曾在外院行电生理检查诊断为房性心动过速（房速）,未行消融治疗.入院后心动过速的心电图房室传导呈1：1或文氏传导（图1）。患者2，女性，45岁。阵发性室上性心动过速6年，4个月来心动过速持续性发作，口服药物无效，入院后体表心电图显示为室上性心动过速（图2）。     

Carto标测指导导管消融心脏病术后心房内折返性心动过速

目的：心脏外科术后的心房折返性心动过速（IART）折返环涉及无传导的或各向异性的传导障碍区，本研究的目的是利用三维电解剖标测系统（Carto）标测这些障碍区并确定与折返环的关系，指导导管消融。方法：22例患者共26种IART进行了Carto标测，首先确定形成IART的基质以及与折返环的关系，并在其峡部消融。结果：22例患者诱发出27种心动过速，对其中26种进行标测，12种IART中心障碍区为三尖瓣环，其消融靶点在下腔静脉一三尖瓣环峡部；12种IART中心障碍区在右心房游离壁，其消融靶点在其周围；2种IART中心障碍区在房间隔，并在此障碍区下方消融成功。即刻成功21例，其中峡部消融成功者12例、游离壁消融成功者7例、间隔部消融成功者2例。平均随访（22±7）个月，20例无心律失常发生而不需用药。结论：可以利用三维电解剖标测方法标测IART基质，这些基质构成IART的中心传导障碍区，消融靶点常常位于其周围。     

特发性室性心动过速12例的电磁解剖标测系统标测和消融

目的评价电磁解剖标测系统(Carto)标测和指导射频消融在治疗特发性室性心动过速的临床应用价值。方法入选12例特发性室性心动过速患者,年龄(33±12)岁。心动过速周期(370±95)ms。室性心动过速持续发作时,7FNavi-Star在相关心室标测,实时重建心腔三维电解剖图,右心室室性心动过速在右心室流出道详细标测,根据激动图上最红色区域为较早激动部位,结合大头导管记录心室波最早、且起搏时体表12导联图形与心动过速一致处,作为消融靶点。左心室室性心动过速在间隔部细标,标识较体表QRS波及His束电位提前的P电位处,作为靶点。温控60℃放电消融。以基础态及静脉滴注异丙肾上腺素反复电生理检查.不可诱发室性心动过速作为成功消融终点。结果12例均成功消融,其中右心室室性心动过速7例,均位于右心室流出道前中间隔部,左心室室性心动过速5例,起源于左心室后中间隔4例、中下间隔近心尖部1例。1例左心室室性心动过速于心动过速在左心室后中间隔处标测时,室性心动过速终止,后标志此处作为靶点,放电消融成功。手术时间为(102±25)分钟,曝光时间为(11±7)分钟。随访6～18个月,无复发病例。结论Carto系统通过磁场标测定位,结合心内电图重建室性心动过速时心室电激动图,可有效快速寻找最早激动点或P电位处作为消融靶点,进行电解剖标测,并可在标测导管机械损伤终止室性心动过速处标志,结合起搏标测,作消融参考点指导消融,治疗特发性室性心动过速安全有效。     

心脏外科手术后房性心律失常的三维电解剖标测和射频消融

目的应用Carto系统对心脏外科手术后房性心律失常患者进行三维电解剖标测和射频消融。方法入选心脏外科手术后房性心律失常患者29例,平均年龄（47±13）岁,男性15例,女性14例。在心动过速时,电解剖标测三维重建右心房和／或左心房。根据双极电图电压确定瘢痕区。对于折返性房性心动过速（房速）,线性消融关键峡部或瘢痕区与正常解剖障碍区之间或两瘢痕区间,对于局灶性房速,点消融局部最早激动区域。结果29例患者中,共标测39种心动过速,右心房切口性房速13例（45％）,右心房峡部心房扑动（房扑）19例（66％）,其中单一出现患者11例（38％）,伴发出现患者8例（28％）,即时消融成功率93％（27／29）,无消融术相关并发症发生。随访（26±20）个月,2例复发,1例再次消融成功。结论心脏外科手术后房性心律失常常见为右心房切口性房速和右心房峡部房扑,Carto电解剖标测系统可有效指导射频消融治疗。     

Factors affecting error in integration of electroanatomic mapping with CT and MR imaging during catheter ablation of atrial fibrillation

Objective Integration of 3-D electroanatomic mapping with Computed Tomographic (CT) and Magnetic Resonance (MR) imaging is gaining acceptance to facilitate catheter ablation of atrial fibrillation. This is critically dependent on accurate integration of electroanatomic maps with CT or MR images. We sought to examine the effect of patient- and technique-related factors on integration accuracy of electroanatomic mapping with CT and MR imaging of the left atrium. Materials and methods Sixty-one patients undergoing catheter-based atrial fibrillation (AF) ablation procedures were included. All patients underwent cardiac CT (n = 11) or MR (n = 50) imaging, and image integration with real-time electroanatomic mapping of the aorta and left atrium (LA). CARTO-Merge software (Biosense-Webster) was used to calculate the overall average accuracy of integration of electroanatomic points with the CT and MR-derived reconstructions of the LA and aorta. Results There was a significant correlation between LA size assessed by electroanatomic mapping (112 ± 31 ml) and average integration error (1.9 ± 0.6 mm) (r = 0.46, p = 0.0003). There was also greater integration error for patients with LA volume ≥ 110 ml (n = 31) versus < 110 ml (n = 30) (p = 0.004). In contrast, there was no significant association between average integration error and paroxysmal versus persistent AF, left ventricular ejection fraction, days from imaging to electroanatomic mapping, or images derived from CT versus MR. Conclusions Patients with larger LA volume may be prone to greater error during integration of electroanatomic mapping with CT and MR imaging. Strategies to reduce integration error may therefore be especially useful in patients with large LA volume.     

射频消融治疗风湿性心脏病二尖瓣置换术后房性心动过速

目的报道一组风湿性心脏病二尖瓣置换术后房性心动过速（房速）的机制及射频消融效果。方法共入选22例（男8例）二尖瓣置换术后持续性房速患者,在心动过速状态下采用三维电解剖系统建立右心房或左心房激动标测图和电压图,标出瘢痕区、低电压区及双电位区,并揭示心动过速的机制。根据标测结果选择心动过速的关键峡部或起源点进行消融。结果22例患者共标测33种心动过速,17例次房速起源于右心房（51．5％）,16例次房速起源于左心房（48．5％）。符合大折返机制的31例次（93．9％）,符合局灶起源机制的2例次（6．1％）。消融术中即时成功率90．9％（20／22）。随访过程中5例患者仍有房速发作,3例再次消融成功。结论二尖瓣置换术后房速机制复杂且个体化,在三维电解剖标测指导下射频消融治疗效果满意。     

Treatment of macro-re-entrant atrial tachycardia based on electroanatomic mapping: identification and ablation of the mid-diastolic isthmus.

AIMS: This multicentre prospective study evaluated the ability of electroanatomic mapping (EAM) using a specific parameter setting to identify clearly the mid-diastolically activated isthmus (MDAI) and guide ablation of macro-re-entrant atrial tachycardia (MAT). METHODS AND RESULTS: Consecutive patients with MAT, different from typical isthmus-dependent atrial flutter, were enrolled. EAM was performed using a specific setting of the window of interest, calculated to identify the MDAI and guide ablation of this area. Sixty-five patients exhibiting 81 MATs (mean cycle length 308 +/- 68 ms) were considered. Thirty-two (49.2%) had previous heart surgery. In 79 of 81 morphologies (97.5%), EAM reconstructed 95.9 +/- 4.3% of the tachycardia circuit and identified the MDAI; 23 of the 79 morphologies (29.1%) were double-loop re-entry. Mapping of two morphologies was incomplete due to MAT termination after catheter bumping. In 73 of 79 mapped morphologies (92.4%), abolition of the MAT was obtained by 13.2 +/- 12.4 applications. During the 14 +/- 4 month follow-up, MAT recurred in 4 of the successfully treated patients (6.8%). CONCLUSION: EAM using a specific parameter setting proved highly effective at identifying the MDAI in MAT, even in patients with previous surgery and multiple re-entrant loops. Ablation of the MDAI yielded acute arrhythmia suppression with low rate of recurrence during follow-up.     

三维标测系统指导下射频消融局灶性房性心动过速47例临床评价

目的:探讨CARTO指导下导管射频消融治疗局灶性房性.42动过速的临床疗效. 方法:47例症状明显、发作频繁、经抗心律失常药物治疗无效的局灶性房性心动过速患者,其中23例曾因阵发性房颤行环肺静脉前庭电隔离(CPVA)术.在CARTO系统指导下对这47例患者行导管射频消融术,消融终点为终止房性心动过速,并且药物和程序电生理刺激均不再诱发能持续存在的房性心律失常. 结果:47例患者中45例手术即刻成功(95.7%).按消融成功的部位判断房性心动过速的起源:66.0%(31/47)起源于肺静脉及其周围的前庭组织,17.0%(8/47)起源于二尖瓣环周围组织,4.3%(2/47)左心耳及附近、2.1%(1/47)左心房顶部、2.1%(1/47)希氏旁、4.3%(2/47)高右房后侧壁、2.1%(1/47)低右房侧壁、2.1%(1/47)冠状窦口.平均手术操作时间(100.3±24.4)min,X线曝光时间为(20.4±12.7)min.随访(12.8±6.3)个月,累计无房性快速心律失常率为93.6%. 结论:在三维标测系统指导下,心房局灶性房速的标测和消融安全有效,成功率高.     

三维标测系统指导下射频消融局灶性房性心动过速47例临床评价

目的:探讨CARTO指导下导管射频消融治疗局灶性房性心动过速的临床疗效。方法:47例症状明显、发作频繁、经抗心律失常药物治疗无效的局灶性房性心动过速患者,其中23例曾因阵发性房颤行环肺静脉前庭电隔离(CPVA)术。在CARTO系统指导下对这47例患者行导管射频消融术,消融终点为终止房性心动过速,并且药物和程序电生理刺激均不再诱发能持续存在的房性心律失常。结果:47例患者中45例手术即刻成功(95.7%)。按消融成功的部位判断房性心动过速的起源:66.0%(31/47)起源于肺静脉及其周围的前庭组织,17.0%(8/47)起源于二尖瓣环周围组织,4.3%(2/47)左心耳及附近、2.1%(1/47)左心房顶部、2.1%(1/47)希氏旁、4.3%(2/47)高右房后侧壁、2.1%(1/47)低右房侧壁、2.1%(1/47)冠状窦口。平均手术操作时间(100.3±24.4)min,X线曝光时间为(20.4±12.7)min。随访(12.8±6.3)个月,累计无房性快速心律失常率为93.6%。结论:在三维标测系统指导下,心房局灶性房速的标测和消融安全有效,成功率高。     

Transthoracic percutaneous access for electroanatomic mapping and catheter ablation of atrial tachycardia in patients with a lateral tunnel Fontan

BACKGROUND: The incidence of atrial tachycardia following Fontan surgery is high, but access to the pulmonary venous atrium, a frequent site of arrhythmia origin, is limited. OBJECTIVES: The purpose of this study is to report our results with a novel transthoracic percutaneous technique that provides direct access to the pulmonary venous atrium for electrophysiologic procedures. METHODS: Six transthoracic ablation procedures were performed in five patients (age 1.2-17 years, weight 9.2-68.4 kg) with a lateral tunnel Fontan. Under biplane fluoroscopy, a percutaneous needle was advanced at the selected intercostal space toward the pulmonary venous atrium. Once access was confirmed, a sheath was placed over a wire and a Navistar CARTO catheter advanced for mapping and ablation. Additional catheters were placed in the baffle and esophagus for pacing and reference. Atrial tachycardia was induced, electroanatomic mapping performed, and candidate areas tested with entrainment techniques. Radiofrequency ablation was performed and success defined as the inability to reinduce tachycardia using the initiating protocol. RESULTS: All tachycardias were ablated. Procedure time ranged from 3.7 to 4.9 hours, and fluoroscopy time ranged from 31 to 70 minutes. Hospital stay was 2 days. One patient had a pneumothorax and two had a hemothorax that was drained. Tachycardia recurred in one patient at 3 months. Ablation was repeated successfully. Four patients are free of tachycardia at follow-up ranging from 6 to 29 months. Follow-up is not available for one child. CONCLUSION: Transthoracic percutaneous access provided a direct route to the pulmonary venous atrium for successful mapping and radiofrequency ablation in Fontan patients.