肾移植术后外科并发症的防治体会

肾移植术后的外科并发症是导致移植肾早期失功能的重要原因之一，其预防已越来越引起人们的重视。１９７８年８月～１９９５年７月共施行肾移植５３６例（５８７次），其中发生各种外科并发症５１例，发生率为９．５％，中就此并发症的发生原因及如何防治进行了分析和讨论，认为肾移植外科并发症有三类，即尿路并发症，血管并发症和淋巴系统并发症，其防治可针对三种情况分别处理。     

460例次肾移植术后尿路并发症分析

本文报告我院460例次肾移植术后尿路并发症,共45例次,其中42例原发性(占9.13％),3例继发性,包括输尿管梗阻18例,输尿管或膀胱瘘26例,肾输尿管结石1例。除1例因行移植肾造瘘并发感染死亡外,余均经手术或非手术治愈。我们认为多数尿路并发症为外科技术所致,需要开放手术治疗。仔细的取肾、规范植肾手术操作和及早诊断是减少肾移植后尿路并发症发生的重要因素。     

肾移植术中受者血压对移植肾的影响

慢性肾功能衰竭移植术者３９例，按手术中移植肾开放血流时受者的平均动脉压分为３组。Ａ组Ｂｐ１６．８－２２．８ｋＰａ；Ｂ组Ｂｐ１０．７－１６．７ｋＰａ；Ｃ组：Ｂｐ７．０－９．８ｋＰａ，观察血流开放后移植肾的情况。     

同种异体肾移植术中心血管功能及其维护

同种异体肾移植术中心血管功能及其维护王永光＊徐建国＊管忍＊施行同种异体肾移植的终末期肾衰病人常伴有肾性高血压、水钠储留、左心室肥厚、严重贫血等，大大增加了麻醉及手术期间心血管风险，临床上因心血管功能衰竭导致肾移植失败的病例屡有发生。因此，如何维护心血...     

老年患者开胸术后心血管并发症的护理

开胸手术的手术创伤和麻醉对呼吸和循环系统影响较大，尤其是老年病人更明显，故手术后更易发生心血管并发症犤１犦。现对本院１９９４年以来１５例胸部手术后心血管并发症的护理，进行回顾性的总结。临床资料１．一般资料：本组１５例患者均为男性，年龄６０～８０岁，平均６５．５岁。８例行肺叶切除，４例行肺癌楔形切除，３例行食道癌根治术。１５例病人中术前均有不同程度心血管病表现，５例心电图示心肌缺血，７例房性早搏伴短阵房速，３例有高血压。２．术后出现并发症：室性心动过速４例，房性早搏６例，房颤２例，室性早搏２例，房…     

肾移植术后血管并发症的防治

肾移植术后血管并发症往往是导致移植肾功能丧失的重要原因之一。我们回顾性分析2000年至2006年我院236例同种异体肾移植术后16例（6．8％）出现血管并发症患者的临床资料,探讨血管并发症的类型、临床特点及防治。     

慢性肾脏病患者动态血压参数及血压变异的特点分析

目的 分析慢性肾脏病（chronic kidney disease,CKD）患者动态血压参数与肾小球滤过率（GFR）及尿蛋白定量的相关性,并探讨血压变异性参数特点.方法 收集首次治疗的伴有高血压及蛋白尿的CKD患者70例.测量肾功能、24 h尿蛋白定量等生化检测结果,采用动态血压监测仪监测24 h血压并记录参数.根据GFR将患者分为CKD1~2期组和CKD3~5期组.根据24 h尿蛋白定量分为以下3组：Ⅰ组＜1.0 g,Ⅱ组1.0～3.5 g,Ⅲ组＞3.5 g.比较各组动态血压参数,并探讨监测结果与肾功能及蛋白尿的关系.结果 随着患者肾功能恶化,24 h收缩压、舒张压、脉压差、白昼收缩压、夜间收缩压等指标明显升高（P＜0.05）,且与GFR成负相关,白昼收缩压是GFR下降的独立危险因素.Ⅲ组的白昼舒张压（92.94±15.32）mm Hg明显高于Ⅰ组的（85.25±8.64）mm Hg（P＜0.05）.白昼舒张压与蛋白尿水平呈正相关（r=0.257,P=0.032）.所有患者舒张压变异性均明显高于收缩压变异性（P＜0.05）.结论 本研究样本中收缩压与肾功能恶化明显相关,白昼收缩压和舒张压分别与GFR下降及蛋白尿有关,舒张压变异性应受到更多重视.     

维拉帕米拮抗肾移植术后免疫抑制剂毒性作用的研究

目的　提高移植肾的远期存活率。　方法　采用特异性单克隆抗体放免方法对 4 4例肾移植术后 2周病人服用维拉帕米 (IPT) 2、3、4周后环孢素浓度及毒副作用进行分析 ,观察排斥反应发生率、环孢素A(CsA)谷值浓度 (C0 )、服用量及毒副反应、血压和心血管并发症、血生化等指标。同期 15例术后未使用维拉帕米者作为对照组。　结果　 4 4例病人服用IPT后与同期对照相比排斥反应发生率并未增加 ,服用IPT 2周后 ,CsA浓度增加 2 5 .5 % ,CsA用量减少 32 .6 % ,药费减少 30 .0 %。CsA毒副反应减轻。　结论　肾移植术后常规使用IPT可以提高CsA浓度 ,减少CsA用量 ,相应节省医疗开支     

Ambulatory blood pressure monitoring and renal functions in children with a solitary kidney

The aim of this study is to investigate the blood pressure (BP) profile, microalbuminuria, renal functions, and relations with remaining normal kidney size in children with unilateral functioning solitary kidney (UFSK). Sixty-six children with UFSK were equally divided into three groups: unilateral renal agenesis (URA), unilateral atrophic kidney (UAK), and unilateral nephrectomy (UNP). Twenty-two age-, weight-, and height-matched healthy children were considered as a control group. The serum creatinine level and first-morning urine microalbumin and creatinine concentrations were determined by the standard methods. Also, the BP profile was determined by ambulatory blood pressure monitoring (ABPM). We found that the serum creatinine level was higher and creatinine clearance was lower in each patient groups compared to those of the control group (p < 0.05). Compared with the controls, each group of patients had mean office, 24-h, daytime, and night-time systolic and diastolic BP values similar to those of the controls (p > 0.05). An inverse correlation was found between the renal size standard deviation scores (SDS) of normal kidneys and 24-h systolic and diastolic BP load SDS in all of the patients (p < 0.05; r = −0.372, r = −0.295, respectively). The observed relationship between renal size SDS and 24-h mean arterial pressure (MAP), systolic and diastolic BP load SDS suggests that children with UFSK should be evaluated by using ABPM for the risk of hypertension.     

Steroid-free immunosuppression regime reduces both long-term cardiovascular morbidity and patient mortality in renal transplant recipients

The aim of this retrospective study was to assess the impact of steroid therapy on cardiovascular disease (CVD) and patient mortality, in 486 on-CsA renal transplant recipients, with a follow-up of 9.5 +/- 4.3 yr. Two hundred and one patients had their steroids permanently withdrawn at sixth month after transplantation (G1); 285 patients did not (G2) as they were unable (acute rejection after suspension) or unsuitable (because of clinical criteria or immunosuppressive protocols). The CVD considered were coronary artery disease diagnosed by angiography and myocardial infarction. G1 and G2 patients were well-matched regarding CVD risk factors, except for age (G1: 44 +/- 14 yr; G2: 40 +/- 12 yr; p < 0.003), incidence of male (G1: 62%; G2: 72%, p < 0.02) incidence of acute rejection (G1: 39%; G2: 83%, p < 0.0001). Both CVD and deaths occurring during the first year of transplantation were excluded from the analysis. At 20 yr, the cumulative probability of developing a CVD, was 3.8% in G1; 23.8% in G2 (p < 0.0005). Patient survival rate was 95% in G1; 62% in G2 (p < 0.003). Mortality caused by CVD was higher in G2 (4.2% vs. 0.5%; p < 0.03). The Cox analysis identified in steroid therapy the main independent risk factors for both CVD (hazard ratio 9.56 p < 0.0001) and patient mortality (hazard ratio 5.99, p < 0.0001). At 10th and 15th year after transplantation, the mean-daily dose of steroids was 4.2 mg. In the long-term, steroid therapy, even in low-doses, increases significantly both the rate of CVD and patient mortality. This retrospective study suggests that steroid-free regime should always be recommended for the prevention of post-transplant CVD. This relevant statement should be followed by a long-term prospective study.     

Ventricular arrhythmia in incident kidney transplant recipients: prevalence and associated factors

Cardiovascular mortality in kidney transplant recipients has shown to be substantially elevated particularly in the first year of transplantation. Complex ventricular arrhythmia (VA) has been pointed as one of the etiologies of sudden death. The aim of this study was to evaluate the prevalence of VA and to investigate the factors associated with their occurrence in incident kidney transplant recipients. A total of 100 incident kidney transplant recipients were included in the study (39.7 ± 10.1 years, 55% male, 43.6 ± 10.1 days of transplantation, 66% living donors). All the patients underwent 24 h electrocardiogram, echocardiogram and multi‐slice computed tomography. Thirty percent of the patients had VA. Left ventricular hypertrophy was observed in 57% of the patients while heart failure was found in 5%. Coronary artery calcification (CAC) was observed in 26 patients, from which 31% had severe calcification. The group of patients with VA was predominantly male, had been on dialysis therapy for a longer time and had more coronary calcification. In the multiple logistic regression analysis, male gender and CAC score were independently associated with the presence of VA. In conclusion, kidney transplant recipients exhibited a high prevalence of VA and the factors associated with its occurrence were the male gender and the presence of CAC.     

Association between visit-to-visit clinic blood pressure variability and home blood pressure variability in patients with chronic kidney disease

Abstract

Although both clinic blood pressure (BP) variability and home BP variability are associated with the risk of cardiovascular disease, the relationship between both BP variabilities remain unclear. We evaluated the association between visit-to-visit variability of clinic BP (VVV) and day-by-day home BP variability (HBPV) in patients with chronic kidney disease (CKD). We recruited 143 CKD patients in whom we performed HBP measurements every morning and evening over seven consecutive days. We obtained clinic BP data during 9.6?±?1.0 consecutive visits within 24 months. The associations between the variables of VVV and HPBV were examined. The CV values of clinic systolic BP (CSBP) was significantly correlated with the mean values of morning systolic BP (MSBP) and those of evening systolic BP (ESBP) (r?=?0.23, 0.20; p?=?0.007, 0.02, respectively). The CV values of CSBP was significantly correlated with the CV values of MSBP and those of ESBP (r?=?0.19, 0.31; p?=?0.02, <0.001, respectively). On the multivariate regression analysis, the CV values of CSBP was significantly correlated with the CV values of MSBP and those of ESBP [standardized regression coefficient (β)?=?0.19, 0.34; p?=?0.03, <0.001, respectively]. In conclusion, VVV showed a weak but significant association with HBPV, especially the CV values of ESBP in CKD patients. Further studies are necessary to clarify whether these different BPV elements will be alternative marker of BPV.     

Fatigue in kidney transplant recipients

Fatigue is still present in approximately 40%‐50% of kidney transplant recipients (KTR), rates comparable to that of the hemodialysis population. Correlates of fatigue include inflammation, symptoms of depression, sleep disorders, and obesity. Fatigue in KTR determines a significant severe functional impairment, either when globally considered or when analyzed at the level of the single domains such as sleep and rest, homemaking, mobility, social interaction, ambulation, leisure activities, alertness behavior, and work limitations. In addition, fatigue in KTR is significantly associated with a severe deterioration of quality of life. Fatigue is very common among KTR poorly adherent to immunosuppressive therapy. Unfortunately, there is no evidence of studies about the treatments of this symptom in KTR. Efforts to detect and treat fatigue should be a priority in order to improve quality of life of KTR.