重型颅脑损伤病人体位变化对颅内压及脑灌注压的影响

[目的]分析重型颅脑损伤病人体位变化对颅内压(ICP)和脑灌注压(CPP)的影响.[方法]取12种不同体位,统计比较各种体位变化前后ICP、CPP变化.[结果]仰卧位头部抬高45°、仰卧屈膝位30°及45°可使颅内压明显降低,而左侧卧位头部抬高15°、右侧卧位头部抬高15°后颅内压则明显升高.左侧卧位头部抬高30°脑灌注压明显下降.[结论]不同体位可显著影响重型颅脑损伤病人颅内压和脑灌注压的变化.     

体位及头高位对重型颅脑损伤病人颅内压和脑灌注压的影响

[目的]探讨体位及头高位对重型颅脑损伤病人颅内压和脑灌注压的影响。[方法]收集2016年10月—2017年12月某三级甲等医院颅脑外伤病区50例住院病人为研究对象。在静息状态下,依次将病人置于仰卧位合并头位抬高0°、30°、45°,左半侧卧位合并头位抬高0°、30°、45°,右半侧卧位合并头位抬高0°、30°、45°,每种体位保持15 min。记录每种体位保持15 min时的颅内压、平均动脉压、心率、血氧饱和度,并计算得出相应脑灌注压。[结果]同一头高位,病人三种卧位下颅内压、平均动脉压、脑灌注压比较差异无统计学意义(P0. 05);同一体位,病人颅内压、平均动脉压、脑灌注压随头部抬高角度增加呈下降趋势,除脑灌注压在头高位30°与45°时差异无统计学意义(P0. 05)外,其余指标同一卧位不同头高位数据两两比较,差异均有统计学意义(P0. 05)。同一体位,病人头高位0°与45°相比,心率差异有统计学意义(P0. 05),同一体位不同头高位、同一头高位不同体位,病人血氧饱和度比较差异均无统计学意义(P0. 05)。[结论]重型颅脑损伤病人床头抬高30°,有利于控制颅内压、平均动脉压,保持脑灌注压水平的稳定,且对病人生命体征没有影响。     

体位变化以及护理干预对重型颅脑损伤病人颅内压和脑灌注压的影响

目的探讨体位变化以及护理干预对重型颅脑损伤病人颅内压和脑灌注压的影响。方法选取本院2015年9月-2017年9月收治的重型颅脑损伤患者73例作为研究对象。采取3种体位,即仰卧位、左侧卧位和右侧卧位,结合头部抬高15°和30°,保持每种姿势15 min后监测颅内压和脑灌注,同时实施护理干预。结果仰卧位和左侧卧位头部抬高15°颅内压升高而脑灌注压下降,但无统计学差异(P0.05);而右侧卧位头部抬高15°颅内压升高和灌注压下降均有统计学差异(P0.05);仰卧位、左侧卧位和右侧卧位头部抬高30°颅内压下降而脑灌注压升高,但无统计学差异(P0.05)。护理干预后不同体位颅内压下降而脑灌注压升高,均有统计学差异(P0.05)。73例患者护理总满意率为97.3%。结论重型颅脑损伤患者不同体位变化颅内压及脑灌注压存在差异,护理干预可降低颅内压和升高脑灌注压,并能提高护理满意度。     

重型颅脑损伤患者颅内压,脑灌注压监护的探讨

目的：探讨重型颅脑损伤患者颅内压（ＩＣＰ）、脑灌注压（ＣＰＰ）监护的作用。方法：将１００例重型颅脑损伤患者随机分为监护组和对照组各５０例,监护组患者地后５ｈ内或开颅术后行硬膜外ＩＣＰ监护,同时行ＣＰＰ监测;对照组未行ＩＣＰ、ＣＰＰ监护。结果：监护组治疗前后ＩＣＰ、ＣＰＰ的变化差异极显著（Ｐ〈０．００１）;监护组８例死亡,５例重残或植物生存,对照组死亡１５例,重残或植物生存１０例,两组治疗效果差异显     

体位护理联合床头抬高角度干预对重症颅脑损伤病人颅内压及脑灌注压的影响

[目的]探讨体位护理联合床头抬高角度干预对重症颅脑损伤病人颅内压及脑灌注压的影响。[方法]选择2015年2月—2017年3月就诊于我院的40例重症颅脑损伤病人为研究对象,分别观察病人在0°、10°、20°、30°床头高度时平均动脉压、脑灌注压、颅内压变化情况。[结果]平均动脉压和颅内压水平随着床头角度的抬高逐渐降低,差异具有统计学意义(P0.05);当床头抬高至30°时,颅内压≥25mmHg组病人不同床头抬高角度的脑灌注压比较差异具有统计学意义(P0.05);不同颅内压水平病人的颅内压、平均动脉压会随着床头角度的抬高逐渐降低,差异具有统计学意义(P0.05)。[结论]体位护理联合床头抬高角度干预对重症颅脑损伤病人的脑灌注压、颅内压有重要影响,床头抬高30°时能明显降低颅内压及平均动脉压,保证有效的脑灌注,减少不必要的治疗干预。     

体位干预对颅脑损伤病人颅内压的影响

综述了国内外关于体位干预对颅脑损伤病人颅内压影响的研究进展,认为防止颅内压增高所致的二次颅脑损伤和维持病人充足的脑血流量是健康管理的重点。     

体位干预对颅脑损伤病人颅内压的影响

综述了国内外关于体位干预对颅脑损伤病人颅内压影响的研究进展,认为防止颅内压增高所致的二次颅脑损伤和维持病人充足的脑血流量是健康管理的重点。     

甘露醇对颅内压、脑灌注压影响的临床研究

甘露醇为在临床上广泛应用的脱水剂,但是对其脱水降颅内压(ICP)的应用时机、作用强度、起效时间、作用高峰时间和作用持续时间以及对平均动脉压(mABP)和脑灌注压(CPP)等参数的影响尚存在一定的分歧。1999年1月～2004年10月,作者在800多例钻颅穿刺血肿抽吸脑室引流治疗重症脑出血临床应用经验的基础上,对29例重症脑出血患者脑室内持续的颅内压、     

体位变化对高血压脑出血术后颅内压和脑灌注压的影响

[目的]探讨体位变化对高血压脑出血术后病人颅内压和脑灌注压的影响。[方法]2012年8月—2016年12月选择在我院诊治的高血压脑出血病人66例,根据随机数字表法分为观察组与对照组,所有病人都行开颅去大骨瓣减压手术,对照组给予传统手术体位干预,观察组给予抬高体位干预,记录颅内压和脑灌注压的变化情况。[结果]观察组开骨瓣时与清除血肿后的颅内压和脑灌注压均低于对照组(P0.05),术后第14天观察组总有效率为97.0%,高于对照组(81.8%,P0.05),且观察组卒中量表(NIHSS)评分为2.22分±0.84分,对照组NIHSS评分为4.11分±0.52分,均低于术前的7.30分±1.11分和7.33分±1.19分。[结论]术中抬高手术床头30°,有利于降低高血压脑出血术后病人颅内压和脑灌注压,从而提高预后疗效,促进神经功能恢复。     

Changes in intracranial pressure and cerebral autoregulation in patients with severe traumatic brain injury

BACKGROUND: Impaired cerebral autoregulation is frequent after severe traumatic head injury. This could result in intracranial pressure fluctuating passively with the mean arterial pressure. OBJECTIVE: This study examines the influence of autoregulation on the amplitude and direction of changes in intracranial pressure in patients with severe head injuries during the management of cerebral perfusion pressure. DESIGN: Prospective study. SETTING: Neurosurgical intensive care unit PATIENTS: A total of 42 patients with severe head injuries. INTERVENTIONS: Continuous recording of cerebral blood flow velocity, intracranial pressure, and mean arterial pressure during the start or change of continuous norepinephrine infusion. MEASUREMENTS AND MAIN RESULTS: Cerebrovascular resistance was calculated from the cerebral perfusion pressure and middle cerebral artery blood flow velocity. The strength of autoregulation index was calculated as the ratio of the percentage of change in cerebrovascular resistance by the percentage of change in cerebral perfusion pressure before and after 121 changes in mean arterial pressure at constant ventilation between day 1 and day 18 after trauma. The strength of autoregulation index varied widely, indicating either preserved or severely perturbed autoregulation during hypotensive or hypertensive challenge in patients with or without intracranial hypertension at the basal state (strength of autoregulation index, 0.51 +/- 0.32 to 0.71 +/- 0.25). The change in intracranial pressure varied linearly with the strength of autoregulation index. There was a clinically significant change in intracranial pressure (> or =5 mm Hg) in the same direction as the change in mean arterial pressure in five tracings of three patients. This was caused by the mean arterial pressure dropping below the identified lower limit of autoregulation in three tracings for two patients. It seemed to be caused by a loss of cerebral autoregulation in the remaining two tracings for one patient. CONCLUSION: Cerebral perfusion pressure-oriented therapy can be a safe way to reduce intracranial pressure, whatever the status of autoregulation, in almost all patients with severe head injuries.     

动态脑灌注压监护在重型颅脑损伤患者治疗中的应用

目的探讨动态脑灌注压（CPP）监护在重型颅脑损伤患者治疗中的应用与意义。方法选择伤后72 h内首诊入院的重型颅脑损伤患者120例随机分为非监护组和监护组各60例。监护组其中伤后〈24 h内入院36例,伤后24～72 h入院24例,进行持续CPP和同步生理监护,以患者入院时的CPP值分为A组（CFP≥9.33 kPa）和B组（CPP〈9.33 kPa）,根据监测指标的变化给予早期临床干预。结果伤后24 h内入院的监护组中,B组患者平均动脉压（MABP）为8.33±1.08 kPa、血液PaO27.88±2.78 kPa,明显低于A组的MABP12.68±1.13 kPa和PaO212.22±2.33 kPa,经统计学比较差异有显著性意义（P〈0.05）;伤后24、72 h入院的监护组中,B组颅内压（ICP）为4.04±0.12 kPa,较A组2.55±0.09 kPa明显增高（P〈0.05）。结论重型颅脑损伤后的早期动态CPP监护,有助于病情变化的正确判断,可为疾病的正确治疗、护理及判断其预后提供依据。     

高渗盐水复苏对急性脑损伤伴失血性休克患者颅内压脑氧代谢的影响

目的　研究高渗盐水 (HTS)复苏对急性脑损伤伴失血性休克患者颅内压、脑氧代谢的影响。方法　 4 6例急性脑损伤伴失血性休克患者随机分为 3组 :HTS治疗组、甘露醇 (MT)治疗组和平衡液对照组。在平衡液复苏基础上 ,分别在 15min内快速静脉输入 7 5 %HTS 4mL/kg和 2 0 %MT 0 5g/kg。于治疗后 15、30、6 0、12 0min通过侧脑室置管监测颅内压 (ICP) ,计算脑灌注压 (CPP) ;同时分别抽取动脉、颈内静脉球部血行血气分析 ,监测颈静脉血氧饱和度 (SjvO2 )及脑动静脉氧含量差 (Da -jvO2 )。结果　与对照组比较 ,HTS能明显降低ICP ,增加CPP ,改善脑氧供需平衡 (P <0 0 1) ;与MT组比较 ,HTS组降低ICP幅度与其相似(P >0 0 5 ) ,而降ICP作用维持时间较长 ,于治疗后 12 0minICP、CPP值与MT组比较差异有显著意义 (P <0 0 1)。结论　HTS降低ICP效果确切 ,且维持时间较长 ,同时可改善脑氧代谢 ,适于急性脑损伤伴失血性休克患者的急救治疗     

Effect of backrest position on intracranial pressure and cerebral perfusion pressure in individuals with brain injury: a systematic review.

Head elevation is a conventional nursing procedure for brain-injured individuals with intracranial hypertension; it is performed with the intent of reducing intracranial pressure (ICP) by means of a noninvasive physical intervention. However, in certain circumstances, head elevation puts the brain-injured individual at risk for secondary cerebral injury because of impaired arterial blood pressure and compromised cerebral perfusion pressure (CPP). A systematic literature search was conducted to evaluate existing evidence regarding the effect of changing the backrest position on ICP and CPP in brain-injured individuals. Eleven articles were retrieved. In nine articles it was concluded that ICP significantly decreased at 30 degrees of head elevation compared with a flat position. Five of the nine articles showed no statistical significance in the magnitude of change in CPP from a flat position to 30 degrees of head elevation. Major limitations in the 11 articles were small sample sizes and unclear study protocols, which may have caused a failure to detect the effect of head elevation. In clinical practice, intensive care unit staff members need to cautiously perform head elevation with a thorough understanding of its physiologic effect and potential hazard. Future research should investigate the effects of therapeutic positions on different neurological and neurosurgical populations and explore the combination of head elevation and lateral side-lying positions.     

Effect of continuous display of cerebral perfusion pressure on outcomes in patients with traumatic brain injury.

BACKGROUND: Clinical bedside monitoring systems do not provide prominent displays of data on cerebral perfusion pressure (CPP). Immediate visual feedback would allow more rapid intervention to prevent or minimize suboptimal pressures. OBJECTIVE: To evaluate the effect of a highly visible CPP display on immediate and long-term functional outcome in patients with traumatic brain injury. METHODS: A total of 157 patients with traumatic brain injury at a level 1 trauma center who had invasive arterial blood pressure and intracranial pressure monitoring were randomized to beds with or without an additional, prominent continuous CPP display. Primary end points were scores on the Extended Glasgow Outcome Scale (GOSE) and Functional Status Examination (FSE) 6 months after injury. Secondary end points were GOSE scores at discharge and 3 months after injury and FSE score 3 months after injury. RESULTS: Although GOSE and FSE scores at 6 months were better in the group with the highly visible CPP display, the differences were not significant. Slope of recovery for GOSE and FSE over all follow-up time points did not differ significantly between groups. However, the intervention's positive effect on odds of survival at hospital discharge was strong and significant. Within a subgroup of more severely injured patients, the intervention group was much less likely than the control group to have CPP deviations. CONCLUSIONS: The presence of a highly visible display of CPP was associated with significantly better odds of survival and overall condition at discharge.