Ⅱ～ⅢA期乳腺癌术后胸壁电子束弧形照射的临床观察

应用电子束实施乳腺癌根治术后辅助放射治疗 ,是 80年代以来临床广为采用的放射治疗技术。为了使有胸廓曲度的胸壁照射野靶区剂量均匀、合理的分布 ,从 1993年开始摸索应用电子束弧形照射技术进行乳腺癌改良根治术后胸壁或内乳区 胸壁照射的研究 ,笔者主要分析应用该技术对Ⅱ～ⅢA期乳腺癌根治术后放射治疗的临床结果及其影响因素。一、材料与方法1.病例资料 :自 1993年 2月至 2 0 0 1年 10月对 10 1例接受乳腺癌改良根治术的Ⅱ～ⅢA期患者实施了胸壁或胸壁加内乳区放射治疗。此组可供分析的病例为 99例 ,患者年龄 2 8～ 6 7岁 (中位值 4 …     

电子线旋转治疗技术在乳腺癌术后胸壁照射中的应用

随着肿瘤综合治疗的不断发展,乳腺癌的治疗策略发生了很大变化。但放射治疗作为一种局部治疗方法在乳腺癌综合治疗中仍占重要地位。乳腺癌术后胸壁复发占所有局部复发的44％～69％,居第一位,成为乳腺癌术后放射治疗的最重要靶区。然而,由于胸廓特殊的几何形状,传统的照射方法难以达到合理的剂量分布。电子线旋转治疗技术利用电子线的剂量分布特点、结合胸壁的形状和靶区的深度选择不同的能量,使靶区达到合理的剂量分布,同时降低心、肺受量,在胸壁照射中具有较大的优势。临床实践也证实,电子线旋转照射与常规照射技术相比具有局部控制率高、心肺毒性小、皮肤反应轻等优点,在胸壁照射中具有较高的临床应用价值。     

乳腺癌术后胸壁电子线放射治疗单野与分野计划比较

目的:乳腺癌术后胸壁电子线放射治疗时单野与分野治疗对整个胸壁照射区剂量分布比较。方法:对乳腺癌根治术后病人进行模拟CT定位,用Varian的Eclipse治疗计划系统进行CT图像重建、靶区勾画。6MeV或9MeV电子线对所勾画的靶区进行单野和分野计划设计,计算并比较整个靶区的剂量分布。结果:乳腺癌术后胸壁照射由单野改成二野照射后,80%剂量曲线所包靶区体积由47%上升到84%,90%剂量曲线所包靶区体积由28%上升到72%。结论:进行乳腺癌根治术后大胸壁电子线照射时,单野照射剂量分布不均且靠近内乳区和腋中线区剂量严重不足,若在病人体表弯曲处进行分野,分野后进行二野照射则大大提高内乳区和腋中线区的剂量,提高了整个靶区的剂量,从而满足临床剂量要求。     

乳腺癌术后胸壁电子线放射治疗单野与分野计划比较

目的：乳腺癌术后胸壁电子线放射治疗时单野与分野治疗对整个胸壁照射区剂量分布比较。方法：对乳腺癌根治术后病人进行模拟CT定位,用Varian的Eclipse治疗计划系统进行CT图像重建、靶区勾画。6MeV或9MeV电子线对所勾画的靶区进行单野和分野计划设计,计算并比较整个靶区的剂量分布。结果：乳腺癌术后胸壁照射由单野改成二野照射后,80％剂量曲线所包靶区体积由47％上升到84％,90％剂量曲线所包靶区体积由28％上升到72％。结论：进行乳腺癌根治术后大胸壁电子线照射时,单野照射剂量分布不均且靠近内乳区和腋中线区剂量严重不足,若在病人体表弯曲处进行分野,分野后进行二野照射则大大提高内乳区和腋中线区的剂量,提高了整个靶区的剂量,从而满足临床剂量要求。     

乳腺癌改良根治术后三种放疗技术的剂量学对比研究

目的 分析比较容积调强弧形治疗(VMAT)与固定野调强放疗(F_IMRT)、电子束联合VMAT (E&VMAT)技术在乳腺癌改良根治术后放疗中的剂量学差异,为临床选择治疗方案提供参考。方法 随机选择乳腺癌改良根治术后放疗的左乳腺癌患者 10例,靶区包括患侧胸壁和锁骨上淋巴引流区,处方剂量43.5Gy (2.9 Gy/次)。基于Pinnacle³计划系统为每位患者分别设计VMAT、F_IMRT、E&VMAT (胸壁靶区部分电子束照射、锁骨上区部分VMAT照射)计划。对比评价靶区剂量分布适形度与均匀性、危及器官受量以及治疗实施时间。结果 VMAT计划能改善靶区剂量分布,靶区剂量适形指数和均匀性指数均优于F_IMRT和E&VMAT计划(均 P<0.05)。VMAT计划患侧肺平均剂量 、V30Gy、V20Gy、V10Gy均优于F_IMRT和E&VMAT计划(均 P<0.05)。VMAT计划患侧 肺V5Gy优于F_IMRT计划(P<0.05),与E&VMAT计划 的V5Gy相近(P>0.05)。VMAT计划的心脏、健侧乳腺、健侧肺均能满足临床剂量限制要求。VMAT、F_IMRT、E&VMAT计划的治疗时间分别为(326±27)、(1082±169)、(562±48) s。结论 与F_IMRT和E&VMAT计划相比,VMAT计划质量更优,治疗时间更短,具有较高的临床应用价值。     

Ⅱ期乳癌术后胸壁电子束弧形照射临床观察

目的分析应用电子束弧形照射技术对Ⅱ期乳癌根治术后放疗的临床效果。方法对87例接受了乳癌改良根治术后的Ⅱ期患者实施了术后放疗。靶区为患侧锁骨上、下淋巴引流区、腋窝、胸壁(包括手术疤痕),肿瘤位于内侧象限者,加以内乳区照射。内乳区、胸壁采用电子束弧形照射。结果全组病例5年存活率为79.5%,5年无瘤存活率为76.4%,腋窝淋巴结阳性率<20%组5年生存率为84.8%;>20%组为73.1%(P<0.001)。结论①实施根据胸廓外型和靶区深度调整并转换电子束能量的弧形照射,可以得到理想的靶区剂量分布,改善放疗效果,提高乳癌病人的局部肿瘤控制率,从而改善存活率及生存质量。②腋窝淋巴结阳性率>20%提示预后较差,对此组病例应予以积极的综合治疗。     

乳腺癌改良根治术后CT模拟胸壁电子线照射的剂量学探讨

目的评价乳腺癌改良根治术后CT模拟定位下胸壁电子线照射的靶区和心肺受照体积和剂量分布情况。方法20例有胸壁照射适应证的乳腺癌改良根治术后患者,行CT模拟定位,三维治疗计划系统将CT图像进行数字化重建,勾画胸壁CTV及心、肺等危及器官,并计算胸壁及其心、肺受照体积和受照剂量。胸壁处方剂量为5000cGy。结果左侧乳腺癌靶区的Dmax为(5536±301)cGy、Dmean为(4823±129)cGy、D90为(4543±290)cGy,同侧肺Dmean为(1724±624)cGy、V20为(36±13)%。心脏Dmean为(1008±457)cGy、V30为(13±9)%。右侧乳腺癌靶区的Dmax为(5554±253)cGy、Dmean为(4783±89)cGy、D90为(4496±101)cGy、同侧肺Dmean为(1416±567)cGy、V20为(30±12)%。结论通过CT模拟定位制定胸壁电子线照射放疗计划,能更准确地了解靶区和正常组织的剂量分布,从而能更好地优化放疗计划。     

乳腺癌改良根治术后胸壁切线野计划和电子线计划的剂量学比较

目的:比较乳腺癌改良根治术后胸壁X线切线野放疗计划和电子线单野放疗计划肿瘤靶区与正常组织的剂量学分布差异,探讨最合适的照射方式.方法:选取2007年8月～2008年6月收治的30例有胸壁照射适应证的乳腺癌改良根治术后患者.进行CT模拟定位,利用三维治疗计划系统为每例患者设计两种不同的胸壁放射治疗计划:X线切线野计划和电子线单野计划,胸壁处方剂量均为50Gy/25次,用剂量体积直方图(DVH)来比较两种计划中临床靶区(CTV)和心脏、同侧肺的剂量学差异.结果:左侧胸壁切线野计划和电子线野计划肿瘤靶区的最大剂量(Dmax)分别为5306±17cGy、5536±301cGy(P=0.02);右侧胸壁Dmax分别为5228±136cGy,5554±253cGy(P=0.01),统计学有显著性差异.两种计划肿瘤靶区其余指标(Dmean、D90和V105%、V110%以及不均匀指数HI)均无统计学差异.左侧胸壁切线野计划和电子线野计划同侧肺平均剂量分别为1095±243cGy和1723±624(P=-0.001),肺V20分别为21±5%和36±13%(P=0.001),两者均有显著性差异.其余指标(心脏的平均剂量、V30)无统计学差异.右侧胸壁两种计划所有正常组织指标均无统计学差异.结论:乳腺癌改良根治术后胸壁x线切线野放疗比电子线单野放疗有一定的剂量优势,可以减少胸壁的最高剂量,左侧胸壁能减少同侧肺受照射的体积和剂量,更好地保护正常组织.     

乳腺癌改良根治术后胸壁电子线照射研究

目的：探讨乳腺癌改良根治术后胸壁电子线照射（electron beam chest wall irradiation,EBCWI）的剂量学特点,为临床应用提供参考。方法：以10例左乳癌改良根治术后的定位CT图像为基础,借助Eclipse 8.6三维治疗计划系统软件（Varian Clinac iX加速器配备）进行EBCWI剂量学研究。由资深放疗医师确定CTV和心脏及肺组织边界,模拟制定不同能量电子线以不同机架角方向实施胸壁照射的放疗计划。评价各治疗计划的剂量分布和靶区及心肺组织的体积剂量关系（DVH）,并尝试用Bolus优化计划结果。结果：从照射角度来看,20°-40°机架角治疗计划的剂量分布较好并且靶区平均剂量（CTVmean）较高。从射线能量分析,以95%CTV50Gy为处方剂量,6MeV电子线无法达到剂量要求;9MeV、12MeV和15MeV电子线在满足靶剂量时,同侧肺≥20Gy的体积百分比（LungV20）分别为31%±6%、50%±4%和65%±8%;心脏≥30Gy的体积百分比（HeartV30）分别为10%±2%、23%±3%和38%±5%;精心设计Bolus可以显著降低心肺组织剂量而对靶区剂量几无影响。结论：乳癌根治术后EBCWI宜选择9-12MeV电子线从偏患侧30°左右的机架角实施照射,并应恰当应用Bolus以进一步优化剂量分布。     

乳腺癌改良根治术后胸壁电子线照射研究

目的:探讨乳腺癌改良根治术后胸壁电子线照射(electron beam chest wall irradiation,EBCWI)的剂量学特点,为临床应用提供参考。方法:以10例左乳癌改良根治术后的定位CT图像为基础,借助Eclipse 8.6三维治疗计划系统软件(Varian Clinac iX加速器配备)进行EBCWI剂量学研究。由资深放疗医师确定CTV和心脏及肺组织边界,模拟制定不同能量电子线以不同机架角方向实施胸壁照射的放疗计划。评价各治疗计划的剂量分布和靶区及心肺组织的体积剂量关系(DVH),并尝试用Bolus优化计划结果。结果:从照射角度来看,20°-40°机架角治疗计划的剂量分布较好并且靶区平均剂量(CTVmean)较高。从射线能量分析,以95%CTV50Gy为处方剂量,6MeV电子线无法达到剂量要求;9MeV、12MeV和15MeV电子线在满足靶剂量时,同侧肺≥20Gy的体积百分比(LungV20)分别为31%±6%、50%±4%和65%±8%;心脏≥30Gy的体积百分比(HeartV30)分别为10%±2%、23%±3%和38%±5%;精心设计Bolus可以显著降低心肺组织剂量而对靶区剂量几无影响。结论:乳癌根治术后EBCWI宜选择9-12MeV电子线从偏患侧30°左右的机架角实施照射,并应恰当应用Bolus以进一步优化剂量分布。     

乳腺癌改良根治术后常规放疗剂量学分析

目的 分析乳腺癌改良根治术后常规二维放疗模式下胸壁及锁骨上区剂量分布和内乳区非计划性受量。方法 回顾分析2015-2016年间20例改良根治术后放疗的女性乳腺癌患者资料,左右乳腺癌各10例。放疗范围为患侧胸壁和锁骨上下区,处方剂量43.5Gy (2.9 Gy/次)。胸壁采用单前野电子线照射,锁骨上下野予以6MV X线单前野照射。同时比较锁骨上下采用前后对穿野照射时的剂量分布。结果 锁骨上单前野照射中85%患者接受了D90≥90%处方剂量,前后对穿野中所有患者均达到了D90≥90%处方剂量(39.15Gy, EQD2≥45Gy),胸壁单前电子线野D90中位数为35.38Gy。非计划性内乳区域照射的平均剂量中位数为13.65Gy。体重指数小患者锁骨上、胸壁的D90更高(P=0.039、0.347)。结论 锁骨上下单前X线野能满足绝大多数受量≥90%的处方剂量照射,而前后对穿野在满足所有人受量需求时不增加正常组织受量。单前电子线野胸壁剂量分布不佳,内乳区有一定的非计划性照射,但剂量有限。体重指数是影响剂量分布的因素。     

Volumetric modulated arc therapy (VMAT) to deliver nodal irradiation in breast cancer patients

To evaluate feasibility, safety, toxicity profile and dosimetric results of volumetric modulated arc therapy (VMAT) to deliver regional nodal irradiation (RNI) after either mastectomy or breast conservation (BCS) in high-risk breast cancer patients. Between January 2015 and January 2017, a total of 45 patients were treated with VMAT to deliver RNI together with whole breast or post-mastectomy radiotherapy. The fractionation schedule comprised 50 Gy in 25 fractions given to supraclavicular and axillary apex nodes and to whole breast (after BCS) or chest wall (after mastectomy). Two opposite 50°–60° width arcs were employed for breast ad chest wall irradiation, while a single VMAT arc was used for nodal treatment. Treatment was generally well tolerated. Acute skin toxicity was G2 in 13.3% of patients. Late skin toxicity consisted of G1 induration/fibrosis in six patients (13.3%) and G2 in 1 (2.2%). Dosimetric results were consistent in terms of both target coverage and normal tissue sparing. In conclusion, VMAT proved to be a feasible, safe and effective strategy to deliver RNI in breast cancer patients after either BCS or mastectomy with promising dosimetric results and a mild toxicity profile.     

Dose volume histogram analysis of lung radiation from chest wall treatment: comparison of electron arc and tangential photon beam techniques

The technique of electron arc irradiation of the post-mastectomy chest wall was developed to improve dose uniformity and to reduce lung irradiation in comparison to that seen with standard chest wall tangent photon beam methods. Because of the cephalocaudal variation in chest wall shape and thickness, electron arc treatment planning requires anatomical detail provided by multiple axial CT images of the thorax. To compare the fixed beam and rotational techniques, computer simulated beams covering the chest wall and internal mammary lymphatics were retrospectively applied to the CT-derived contours obtained during treatment planning for 12 consecutive patients receiving adjuvant chest wall treatment by electron arc. The lung dose distribution for each technique was calculated using heterogeneity corrections. The multiplanar 2-dimensional isodose distributions were summed to provide estimated 3-dimensional dose distributions of integral histograms. These reveal that for most of these patients a modest to large improvement in volume-dose relationship occurs with the electron arc technique.     

The influence of patient geometry on the selection of chest wall irradiation techniques in post-mastectomy breast cancer patients.

BACKGROUND AND PURPOSE: To evaluate three chest wall (CW) irradiation techniques: wide tangential photon beams, direct appositional electron field and electron arc therapy with regards to target coverage and normal tissue tolerance. MATERIALS AND METHODS: Thirty-two post-mastectomy breast cancer patients were planned using three CW irradiation techniques. Computed tomography (CT) simulation was done on all patients and clinical target, heart and lung volumes were contoured. For each technique, dose distributions and dose-volume histograms (DVH) were calculated. Pass/fail criteria were applied based on volumetric target and critical structure dose coverage. Passing criteria for target was 95% of target receiving 95% of dose using a standard dose of 50 Gy/25 fractions, for heart 相似文献   

左侧乳腺癌放疗相关心脏毒性的危险因素分析

 放射治疗是乳腺癌的重要治疗手段,由于左乳与心脏位置毗邻,设计照射野时常不能完全避开心脏。乳腺癌放射治疗增加了患缺血性心脏病、心包炎和瓣膜病的风险。年轻、高体重指数（body mass index, BMI）、肿瘤位于中央象限和胸骨旁区域与心脏受到高剂量辐射有关。放疗心脏毒性与放疗技术有很大关系,对于左乳切除术后放疗,多野调强适形放疗（IMRT）能够平衡靶区覆盖和正常组织受量,而左乳保乳术后放疗,采用双弧度容积旋转调强（VMAT）较多野IMRT更具优势。相比全乳照射,加速部分乳腺照射能够显著降低心脏剂量;而对于需要照射区域淋巴结的患者,采用容积旋转调强或螺旋断层放疗在减少心脏受量方面则显示出优势。相比自由呼吸,深吸气屏气放疗能够显著减少心脏和冠状动脉左前降支剂量;尤其是对于胸壁+区域淋巴结（包括内如淋巴结）放疗的患者采用深吸气屏气（deep inspiration breath hold, DIBH）放疗获益更多,而对于保乳术后仍为大乳腺的患者,采用俯卧位能减少心脏毒性。另外,左乳放疗期间同步曲妥珠单抗靶向治疗、芳香化酶抑制剂（aromatase inhibitors, AI）会影响心脏事件的发生。基于上述因素,在给左侧乳腺癌患者制定放疗计划时,应结合患者年龄、BMI、原发肿瘤位置、体型、术后乳腺大小、是否需要区域淋巴结照射,根据现有放疗设备,给予最优的放疗方案,同时减少增加心脏毒性的同步治疗,从而最大程度减少治疗导致的心脏不良反应。     

Radiation therapy following mastectomy for axillary node-positive breast cancer: indication of chest wall irradiation

This retrospective study was conducted to determine the indication of chest wall irradiation following mastectomy in axillary node-positive breast cancer patients. Between 1982 and 1993, 103 women with axillary node-positive breast cancer received postoperative radiation therapy following mastectomy using the hockey-stick field, which included the ipsilateral supraclavicular fossa and internal mammary nodes, without the chest wall. Ages ranged from 33 to 73 years (median: 47). Thirty-five patients underwent modified radical mastectomy, 48 radical mastectomy, and 20 extended radical mastectomy. Twenty-two patients had 1-3 positive axillary nodes, and 81 had 4 or more positive axillary nodes. The total doses ranged from 42 to 64 Gy (median 54 Gy) with a daily fraction size of 2 Gy. Adjuvant chemotherapy was given to 75 patients, and hormone therapy was administered to 78 patients. The median follow-up time was 121 months (range, 68-191 months) for the 57 surviving patients. The actuarial overall survival rate and the chest wall control rate at 10 years for all patients were 55% and 85%, respectively. Of the 103 patients, 14 developed chest wall recurrence. In the analysis, status of vascular invasion alone had a significant impact on chest wall control. In patients with definite vascular invasion, 2 of 5 (40%) patients with 1 to 3 positive axillary nodes, and 10 of 31 (32%) with 4 or more positive axillary nodes developed chest wall recurrence. In contrast, no patients without definite vascular invasion developed chest wall recurrence. Factors such as age, menopausal status, pathology, tumor location, extent of resection, estrogen receptor status, total dose, chemotherapy, and hormone therapy did not influence the development of chest wall recurrence. Among node-positive breast cancer patients following mastectomy, those with definite vascular invasion should be delivered chest wall irradiation regardless of the number of positive axillary nodes. In contrast, those without definite vascular invasion need not be administered chest wall irradiation.     

Radiation therapy for chest wall recurrence of breast cancer after mastectomy in a favorable subgroup of patients

Purpose: Long-term outcome after radiation therapy for local–regional recurrence of breast cancer after mastectomy is generally poor. This study was performed to evaluate the long-term outcome for a potentially favorable subgroup of patients with chest wall recurrence.Methods and Materials: Of 71 patients with an isolated local–regional recurrence of breast cancer after mastectomy, 18 were identified who met the following favorable selection criteria: 1) a disease-free interval after mastectomy of 2 years or more, 2) an isolated chest wall recurrence, and 3) tumor size < 3 cm or complete excision of the recurrent disease. All 18 patients were treated with local–regional irradiation between 1967 and 1988. Radiotherapy (RT) was delivered to the chest wall to a median total dose of 60 Gy (range 30–66 Gy). Four patients received adjuvant chemotherapy and six patients received adjuvant hormonal therapy.Results: With a median follow-up of 8.4 years, nine of 18 patients were alive and free of disease. The 10-year actuarial overall and cause-specific survivals were 72% and 77%, respectively. The 10-year actuarial relapse-free survival and local control were 42% and 86%, respectively.Conclusion: Treatment for a local–regional recurrence of breast cancer after mastectomy in a favorable subgroup of patients results in a high rate of long-term survival as well as excellent local control. Aggressive treatment is warranted in this favorable subgroup of patients. 1998 Elsevier Science Inc.