腹腔镜肾囊肿去顶术治疗肾盂旁囊肿的体会

目的:总结腹腔镜肾囊肿去顶术治疗肾盂旁囊肿的临床疗效。方法:回顾分析为21例肾盂旁囊肿患者经腹腔入路行腹腔镜肾囊肿去顶术的临床资料。结果:21例手术均获成功,手术时间35～85 min,平均52 min;术中出血量5～40 ml,平均16 ml;无肾蒂、肾盂损伤等并发症发生,平均住院7 d。术后随访3年,1例于术后8个月复发,再次手术;其余患者随访至今均无复发。结论:腹腔镜肾囊肿去顶术治疗肾盂旁囊肿具有患者创伤小、出血少、疗效确切等优点,可作为肾盂旁囊肿的常规治疗方法。     

后腹腔镜治疗肾盂旁囊肿

目的评价经后腹腔镜肾盂旁囊肿去顶术治疗肾盂旁囊肿的有效性和安全性。方法采用经后腹腔镜行肾盂旁囊肿去顶术17例,其中男性5例,女性12例,年龄36。72岁,平均52岁。囊肿直径5—10em。左侧肾盂旁囊肿8例,右侧9例。收集病例的临床资料进行分析总结。结果手术时间20～105min,平均45min,术中出血量5—35ml,平均14ml。术后住院时间3～12d,平均5．2d。术后一例出现肾盂尿漏,行后腹腔镜下修补后顺利出院。15例术后获随访3～32个月,无复发。结论该术式具有暴露好、创伤小、出血少、恢复快等优点,可以取代开放手术治疗肾盂旁囊肿。     

后腹腔镜技术治疗肾盂旁囊肿的体会

目的:总结经腹膜后腹腔镜囊肿去顶术治疗肾盂旁囊肿的经验,讨论手术适应证和手术要点。方法:采用经腹膜后腹腔镜囊肿去顶术治疗肾盂旁囊肿7例。结果:7例手术均获成功。术后无并发症。手术时间30~120m in,平均65m in;术中出血30~80m l,平均55m l;术后住院5~8d,平均6.5d。结论:后腹腔镜手术治疗肾盂旁囊肿可望成为治疗肾盂旁囊肿的首选方法。     

腹腔镜下肾盂旁囊肿去顶减压术

目的：评价腹腔镜技术治疗肾盂旁囊肿的有效性和安全性。方法：采用腹膜后途径、经腹腔途径及单孔腹腔镜技术行肾盂旁囊肿去顶减压术21例。结果：21例患者手术全部成功。手术时间35～150min,平均55min;术中出血量5～100ml,平均30ml。术后2～5天（平均3．2天）拔除引流管。术后住院时间4～9天,平均6．5天。1例术中肾盂修补者术后漏尿1天,引流量为200ml,其余围术期无并发症。术后随访2～36个月,无复发。结论：腹腔镜技术治疗肾盂旁囊肿具有创伤小、出血少、恢复快等优点,疗效满意,是肾盂旁囊肿治疗的理想方式。     

亚甲蓝做指示剂在腹腔镜下治疗肾盂旁囊肿的应用

目的:探讨腹腔镜下应用亚甲蓝作指示剂在肾盂旁囊肿去顶术安全性、优越性。方法:均于术前予输尿管逆行插管留置输尿管导管,输尿管导管连接混合好的亚甲蓝冲洗液3000ml(3000ml冲洗液+亚甲蓝4ml)持续灌注,在术中可以明确观察囊肿与肾盂集合系统相通,手术并发症、中转率以及术后恢复情况进行比较。结果:经后腹腔镜途径:平均手术时间52 mi n,平均术中出血12 ml,平均引流时间2天,平均术后住院时间5天;均无中转开放手术。结论:应用亚甲蓝作指示剂对肾盂源性囊肿的去顶术有良好的识别作用,对术后恢复有指导作用。     

肾盂旁囊肿分型后选择不同入路行单孔腹腔镜治疗13例报告

目的:探讨肾盂旁囊肿临床分型后选择不同入路行单孔腹腔镜囊肿去顶减压术的安全性及可行性。方法:对13例肾盂旁囊肿患者在临床分型后选择不同入路行单孔腹腔镜囊肿去顶减压术进行治疗。结果:13例患者手术顺利,无中转开放手术者。手术时间35~65min,平均52min;术中出血量15~45ml,平均29ml。术后3~5天出院,平均住院4天。其中5例为肾蒂腹内侧型,8例为肾蒂背外侧型,手术时间分别为(53±5.2)min及(51±6.5)min,术中出血量分别为(28±4.6)ml及(30±5.7)ml,术后住院时间分别为(3.9±0.6)d及(4.0±0.5)d,各参数间差异均无统计学意义(P0.05)。结论:肾盂旁囊肿分型后选择不同入路行单孔腹腔镜治疗是安全、有效、可行的。     

经脐单孔多通道腹腔镜手术治疗良性肾脏疾病的初步体会

目的 探讨经脐单孔多通道腹腔镜手术治疗良性肾脏疾病的可行性和安全性.方法 2008年12月至2009年5月,应用Triport单孔多通道平台完成无功能肾切除1例、肾盂旁囊肿1例和单纯性肾囊肿去顶减压术11例.在脐上缘切开2 cm,开放切开法直接进入腹腔,置入Triport.使用5 mm一体式腹腔镜、可弯抓钳、可弯分离钳和传统腹腔镜器械完成操作.使用血管直线切割器离断肾蒂.无功能肾脏标本装袋后由切口取出,不留置引流管.结果 手术均顺利完成,未增加另外工作通道.其中肾切除术耗时85 min,出血50 ml;肾盂旁囊肿去顶术耗时110 min,出血30 ml;单纯性肾囊肿去顶术平均耗时35(25～55)min.术后平均住院2.8(2～5)d,术后均无明显手术瘢痕.结论 经脐单孔多通道腹腔镜手术治疗良性肾脏疾病创伤小、美容效果好,效果满意,在适应可弯器械后手术难度明显减低.     

腹腔镜肾盂旁囊肿切除术与去顶术疗效比较

目的 对比腹腔镜肾盂旁囊肿切除术与去项术的近、远期疗效.方法 回顾性分析2006年1月至2009年6月采用腹腔镜手术治疗的28例肾盂旁囊患者的临床资料,其中腹腔镜肾盂旁囊肿切除术18例,腹腔镜肾盂旁囊肿去顶术10例,比较两种术式的效果.结果 所有手术均顺利完成,无中转开放手术,无肾蒂损伤及肾盂损伤并发症.腹腔镜肾盂旁囊肿切除术组与去顶组相比,手术时间长、术中失血量多,囊肿复发率低,P值均<0.05.结论 经腹腔途径腹腔镜技术治疗肾盂旁囊肿微创、安全、有效.腹腔镜肾盂旁囊肿切除术后囊肿复发率低,是肾盂旁囊肿较为理想的治疗方法.     

后腹腔镜手术治疗肾盂旁囊肿的临床体会

目的:探讨后腹腔镜技术治疗肾盂旁囊肿的临床应用价值。方法:回顾分析2011年12月至2013年6月为25例肾盂旁囊肿患者行后腹腔镜肾囊肿去顶减压术的临床资料。均全身麻醉,建立后腹腔操作空间,沿输尿管上段寻及肾门,充分暴露肾盂旁囊肿,尽量切除囊肿壁,壁缘电灼,囊腔内塞入带蒂脂肪组织。结果:23例手术顺利完成,1例因分离时损伤肾静脉分支、1例因囊肿位置无法暴露中转开放手术。手术时间44~130 min,平均(65±26)min;术中出血量10~120 ml,平均(40±18)ml,无尿漏等并发症发生。术后随访至今,均无复发。结论:肾盂旁囊肿是肾囊肿的特殊类型,解剖结构复杂,手术操作难度较大,后腹腔镜技术可清晰地解剖肾门组织,充分暴露肾盂旁囊肿,是安全、微创、有效的治疗手段。     

经后腹膜腹腔镜下治疗肾盂旁囊肿的临床疗效评价

目的 评价经后腹膜腹腔镜下治疗肾盂旁囊肿的临床疗效.方法 回顾性分析2004年6月至2011年12月间共收治的30例肾盂旁囊肿,行经后腹膜腹腔镜下囊肿去顶减压术治疗,其中男19例,女11例,平均年龄45岁(18～75岁),左侧13例,右侧17例,观察术后临床恢复情况.结果 所有患者手术均顺利完成,无中转开腹,前12例平均手术时间50min,后18例平均手术时间35min,术中出血量前12例约20ml,后18例约10ml,术中未发生肾蒂、肾血管及肾盂损伤和并发出血、术后漏尿等并发症,术后平均住院时间5d,术后随访3～60个月,临床症状均消失,影像学检查均未见复发.结论 经后腹膜入路腹腔镜治疗肾盂旁囊肿具有视野清晰、创伤小、出血少、住院时间短、术后恢复快等优点,是一种临床上较为成熟的治疗肾盂旁囊肿的理想手术方法.     

Vasopressor hormone response following mesenteric traction during major abdominal surgery

Background : We investigated the vasopressor hormone response following mesenteric traction (MT) with hypotension due to prostacyclin (PGI₂) release in patients undergoing abdominal surgery with a combined general and epidural anesthesia. Methods : In a prospective, randomized, placebo-controlled study we administered 400 mg ibuprofen (i.v.) in 42 patients scheduled for abdominal surgery. General anesthesia was combined with epidural anesthesia (T4-L1). Before as well as 5, 15, 30, 45, and 90 min after MT we recorded plasma osmolality, hemodynamics and measured 6-keto-PGFlα (stabile metabolite of PGI₂), TXB₂ (stabile metabolite of thromboxane A₂) active renin, and arginine vasopressin (AVP) plasma concentrations by radioimmunoassay. Catecholamine levels were assessed by high-pressure liquid chromatography (HPLC) with electrochemical detection. Results : Following MT, arterial hypotension occurred along with a substantial PGI₂ release. This was completely abolished by ibuprofen administration. Although plasma levels of 6-keto-PGF_1α (1133 (708) vs. 60 (3) ng/L, median (median absolute deviation), P=0.0001, placebo vs. ibuprofen) remained significantly elevated, blood pressure was restored within 30 min after MT in the placebo group. At the same point in time plasma concentrations of TXB² (164 (87) vs. 58 (1) ng/L, P=0.0001), epinephrine (46 (33) vs. 14 (6) ng/L, P=0.001), AVP (41 ± (18) vs. 12 (7) ng/L, P=0.0004), and active renin (27 (12) vs. 12 (4) ng/L, P = 0.001) were significantly higher in placebo-treated patients. Conclusion : Under combined general and epidural anesthesia arterial hypotension following MT due to endogenous PGI₂ release is associated with enhanced release of AVP, active renin, epinephrine and thromboxane A₂, presumably contributing to hemodynamic stability within 30 min after MT.     

A Teaspoon Pump for Pumping Blood with High Hydraulic Efficiency and Low Hemolysis Potential

Abstract: Virtually all blood pumps contain some kind of rubbing, sliding, closely moving machinery surfaces that are exposed to the blood being pumped. These valves, internal bearings, magnetic bearing position sensors, and shaft seals cause most of the problems with blood pumps. The original teaspoon pump design prevented the rubbing, sliding machinery surfaces from contacting the blood. However, the hydraulic efficiency was low because the blood was able to "slip around" the rotating impeller so that the blood itself never rotated fast enough to develop adequate pressure. An improved teaspoon blood pump has been designed and tested and has shown acceptable hydraulic performance and low hemolysis potential. The new pump uses a nonrotating "swinging" hose as the pump impeller. The fluid enters the pump through the center of the swinging hose; therefore, there can be no fluid slip between the revolving blood and the revolving impeller. The new pump uses an impeller that is comparable to a flexible garden hose. If the free end of the hose were swung around in a circle like half of a jump rope, the fluid inside the hose would rotate and develop pressure even though the hose impeller itself did not "rotate"; therefore, no rotating shaft seal or internal bearings are required.     

Microspheres Based Detoxification System: A New Method in Convective Blood Purification

Abstract: A variety of protein-bound or hydrophobic substances, accumulating as a result of pathologic conditions such as exogenous or endogenous intoxications, are removed poorly by conventional detoxification methods because of low accessibility (hemodialysis), insufficient adsorption capabilities (hemosorption), low efficiency (peritoneal dialysis), or economic limitations (high-volume plasmapheresis). Combining advantages of existing methods with microspheric technology, a module-based system was designed. Major operating parameters of the latter can be modified to allow for adjustment to individual clinical situations. An extracorporeal blood circuit including a plasmafilter is combined with a secondary high-velocity plasma circuit driven by a centrifugal pump. Different microspheric adsorbers can be combined in one circuit or applied in sequence. Thus, a prolonged treatment can be tailored using specially designed selective adsorber materials. Comparing this system with existing methods (high-flux hemodialysis, molecular adsorbent recycling system), results from our in vitro studies and animal experiments demonstrate the superior efficiency of substance removal.     

Tissue perfusion in relation to cardiac output during continuous positive-pressure ventilation and administration of propranolol or verapamil

Background : Our objective was to determine whether administration of propranolol or verapamil modifies the hemodynamic adaptation to continuous positive-pressure ventilation (CPPV), in particular the regional distribution of cardiac output (CO).
Methods : General hemodynamics and regional blood flows assessed by microsphere technique (15 (μm) were recorded in 16 anesthetized pigs during spontaneous breathing (SB) and CPPV with 8 cm H₂O end-expiratory pressure (CPPV8) before and after intravenous administration of propranolol (0.3 mg · kg⁻¹ followed by 0.15 mg · kg⁻¹ · h⁻¹, n=8) or verapamil (0.1 mg · kg⁻¹ followed by 0.3 mg · kg⁻¹ · h⁻¹, n=8).
Results : CPPV8 depressed CO by 25% without shifts in its relative distribution with the exception of a noteworthy increase in adrenal perfusion. Propranolol increased arterial blood pressure, and due to a fall in heart rate, CO dropped by 25%. The kidneys and, to a lesser extent, the splanchic region and central nervous system received increased fractions of the remaining CO at the expense of skeletal muscle flow. Similar patterns were seen during SB and CPPV8 such that the combination of propranolol and CPPV8 depressed CO by 50%. The circulatory effects of verapamil were less evident but myocardial perfusion tended to increase.
Conclusions : The combination of propranolol or verapamil with CPPV does not result in any specific hemodynamic interaction in anesthetized pigs, except that the combined effect of propranolol and CPPV may severely reduce CO.     

Bariatric Surgery in Some "Central and East-European (former Eastern bloc)"Countries - Current Status and Prediction for the Next Millennium

Background: Obesity is increasing globallly, including in the formerly "Eastern Bloc" countries. Methods: A survey was made of obesity and bariatric surgery. Results: In the 8 East and Central European countries studied, with total population 300 million, roughly 43% of the population was overweight (BMI 25-30), 23% obese (BMI > 30), with about 15 million people morbidly obese (BMI > 40). From 0-10 morbidly obese individuals/100,000/year undergo bariatric surgery. Conclusion: Most countries were found to provide inadequate treatment for obesity.The majority of the morbidly obese are not treated effectively. However, health-care awareness of obesity and bariatric surgeons are slowly increasing.     

Volatile anaesthetics reduce adhesion of blood platelets under low-flow conditions in the coronary system of isolated guinea pig hearts

Background : Inhibitory effects of volatile anaesthetics on platelet aggregation have been demonstrated in several studies. However, the influence of volatile anaesthetics on intracoronary platelet adhesion has not been elucidated so far.
Methods : Isolated hearts of guinea pigs were perfused with buffer in the absence or presence of volatile anaesthetics (0.5 and 1 MAC) at constant coronary flow rates of 5 ml/min for 25 min, then 1 ml/min for 30 min and again 5 ml/min for 10 min. Before, during and after low-flow perfusion, a bolus of human platelets was applied into the coronary system. To simulate thrombogenic conditions, 0.3 U/ml human thrombin was infused during low-flow perfusion and reperfusion. The number of platelets sequestered to the endothelium was calculated from the difference between coronary in- and output of platelets. The myocardial production of lactate and consumption of pyruvate and coronary perfusion pressure were also determined.
Results : At a flow rate of 5 ml/min only about 3% of the applied platelets did not emerge from the coronary system, in any group. In contrast, 13.1±1.2% (mean±SEM) of infused platelets became adherent in low-flow perfusion in the control group without anaesthetic. The adherence was reduced with each 1 MAC isoflurane (to 6.2±1.2%), sevoflurane (to 4.4±0.9%) or halothane (to 3.2±1.5%) (each P <0.05 vs. control). Volatile anaesthetic, 0.5 MAC, did not inhibit platelet adhesion to a statistically significant extent in any case. Perfusion pressure and metabolic parameters were not statistically different between the control and the hearts exposed to anaesthetics.
Conclusion : Volatile anaesthetics in a concentration of 1 MAC can reduce the adhesion of platelets in the coronary system under reduced flow conditions. This action does not arise from vasodilation or inhibition of ischaemic stress.     

Synergistic interaction between the effects of propofol and midazolam with fentanyl on phrenic nerve activity in rabbits

Background: It has been shown that the depressive effects of both propofol and midazolam on consciousness are synergistic with opioids, but the nature of their interactions on other physiological systems, e. g. respiration, has not been fully investigated. The present study examined the effect of propofol and midazolam alone and in combination with fentanyl on phrenic nerve activity (PNA) and whether such interactions are additive or synergistic. Methods: PNA was recorded in 27 anaesthetised and artificially ventilated rabbits. In three groups, propofol, fentanyl and midazolam were administered intravenously in incremental doses to construct dose-response curves for the depressant effects of each one on PNA. In another two groups, the effect of pretreatment with either fentanyl 1 μg · kg^?1 i. v. or midazolam 0.05 mg · kg^?1 i. v. on the effects of propofol and fentanyl respectively on PNA were studied. Results: Propofol and fentanyl caused a dose-dependent depression of PNA with complete abolition at the highest total doses of 16 mg · kg^?1 i. v. and 32 μg · kg^?1 i. v., respectively. In contrast, midazolam in incremental doses to a total of 0.8 mg · kg^?1 reduced mean PNA by 63%, but approximately 12% of PNA remained at a total dose as high as 6.4 mg · kg^?1. The mean ED₅₀s, calculated from dose-response curves, were 5.4 mg · kg^?1, 3.9 μg · kg^?1 and 0.4 mg · kg^?1 for propofol, fentanyl and midazolam, respectively. Initial doses of either fentanyl 1 μg · kg^?1 i. v. or midazolam 0.05 mg · kg^?1 i. v. acted synergistically with subsequent doses of either propofol or fentanyl to abolish PNA at total doses of 8 mg · kg^?1 and 8 μg · kg^?1, respectively. Conclusion: Fentanyl has a synergistic interaction with both propofol and midazolam on PNA and hence potentially on respiration.     

Influence of dopexamine hydrochloride on haemodynamics and regulators of circulation in patients undergoing major abdominal surgery

Background: Catecholaminergic support is often used to improve haemodynamics in patients undergoing major abdominal surgery. Dopexamine is a synthetic vasoactive catecholamine with beneficial microcirculatory properties. Methods: The influence of perioperative administration of dopexamine on cardiorespiratory data and important regulators of macro- and microcirculation were studied in 30 patients undergoing Whipple pancreaticduodenectomy. The patients received randomized and blinded either 2 μg · kg^?1 · min^?1 of dopexamine (n=15) or placebo (n=15, control group). The infusion was started after induction of anaesthesia and continued until the morning of the first postoperative day. Endothelin-1 (ET-1), vasopressin, atrial natriuretic peptide (ANP), and catecholamine plasma levels were measured from arterial blood samples. Measurements were carried out after induction of anaesthesia, 2 h after onset of surgery, at the end of surgery, 2 h after surgery, and on the morning of the first postoperative day. Results: Cardiac index (CI) increased significantly in the dopexamine group (from 2.61±0.41 to 4.57±0.78 1 · min^?1 · m^?2) and remained elevated until the morning of the first postoperative day. Oxygen delivery index (DO₂I) and oxygen consumption index (VO₂I) were also significantly increased in the dopexamine group (DO₂I: from 416±91 to 717±110 ml/m² · m²; VO₂I: from 98±25 to 157±22 ml/m² · m²), being significantly higher than in the control group. pHi remained stable only in the dopexamine patients, indicating adequate splanchnic perfusion. Vasopressive regulators of circulation increased significantly only in the untreated control patients (vasopressin: from 4.37±1.1 to 35.9±12.1 pg/ml; ET-1: from 2.88±0.91 to 6.91±1.20 pg/ml). Conclusion: Patients undergoing major abdominal surgery may profit from prophylactic perioperative administration of dopexamine hydrochloride in the form of improved haemodynamics and oxygenation as well as beneficial influence on important regulators of organ blood flow.     

A comparison of the inhibitory effects of four volatile anaesthetics on the metabolism of chlorzoxazone, a substrate for CYP2E1, in rabbits

Background: Halothane inhibits in vitro and in vivo activity of cytochrome P-450 (CYP) 2E1. There are several fluorinated volatile anaesthetics besides halothane, and most of them are defluorinated by CYP2E1. It is unclear whether other fluorinated anaesthetics inhibit the in vivo activity of CYP2E1.
Methods: We compared the inhibitory effects of therapeutic concentrations of four inhalational anaesthetics, halothane, enflurane, isoflurane, and sevoflurane, on chlorzoxazone metabolism in rabbits receiving artificial ventilation.
Results: All four inhalational anaesthetics decreased arterial blood pressure and increased plasma chlorzoxazone concentration. However, no significant differences in the plasma chlorzoxazone concentration were found between the four anaesthetics. The estimated chlorzoxazone clearance increased after beginning inhalation with all four agents, but no significant difference in clearance was noted between agents.
Conclusions: At therapeutic concentrations, the in vivo inhibitory effect on chlorzoxazone metabolism was similar for all four inhalational anaesthetics examined, even though their chemical characteristics and extent of hepatic metabolism differ considerably.     

Systemic analgesia adapted to the children's condition

A concept of balanced analgesia using nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs), paracetamol (acetaminophen), opioids, and corticosteroids can also be used in patients with pre-existing illnesses. NSAIDs are the most effective treatment for acute pain of moderate intensity in children; however, these drugs should be avoided in patients at increased risk for serious side effects, e.g. patients with renal impairment, bleeding tendency, or extreme prematurity. NSAIDs can be given with minimal risks to the younger child with mild to moderate asthma, and, in these patients, the use of steroids can be encouraged; in addition to their antiemetic and analgesic action, a beneficial effect on asthma symptoms can be expected. In the non-intubated child with cerebral trauma, exaggerated sedation caused by opioids and increased bleeding tendency caused by NSAIDs must be avoided. In neonates and small infants, the oral administration of sucrose or glucose is helpful to minimize pain reaction during short uncomfortable interventions.