术前和术后脑电图在预测功能性大脑半球切除术癫痫控制效果中的意义

目的：探讨功能性大脑半球切除术患者术前、术后脑电图在预测癫痫控制效果的意义。方法回顾性分析20例功能性大脑半球切除术患者术前间期、发作期脑电图及术后脑电图特征,分析其与术后癫痫控制效果的关系。结果术后癫痫控制情况：14例术后无癫痫发作,6例术后6个月内存在癫痫发作。术前脑电图健侧半球慢波增多、间期双侧半球独立痫性放电以及术后脑电图健侧半球痫性放电预示术后癫痫发作可能性大。而术后存在健侧半球放电的患者中,如术后6个月内放电消失或演变为患侧半球放电,仍可获得良好预后。结论半球病变性癫痫术前间期脑电图及术后脑电图对术后癫痫控制效果具有重要的预测价值。     

大脑半球切除治疗难治性癫痫的术前评估及手术改良(附58例报告)

目的 研究大脑半球切除治疗由一侧大脑半球广泛病变引起的难治性癫痫的术前评估及手术改良.方法 回顾性分析清华大学玉泉医院癫痫中心2006年11月至2011年7月58例行大脑半球切除治疗癫痫病例.根据患者的临床发作、影像学及脑电图特点进行癫痫起源一侧半球的定侧;根据功能磁共振、磁共振弥散成像、PET -CT等进行术前神经功能分析及术后神经功能预测;选择制定合适的半球切除手术计划.结果 58例均行一侧大脑半球切除,32例左侧半球,26例右侧半球,其中5例行保留运动区的大脑半球切除.无手术死亡,4例少量术腔出血,5例切口缺血愈合不良并脑脊液漏.随访1年至5年8个月,48例术后癫痫无发作;10例术后有程度不等的发作.按照Engle评分Ⅰ级48例(83％);Ⅱ级7例(12％);Ⅲ级3例(5％).结论 改良大脑半球切除对于一侧半球病变引起的难治性癫痫控制效果及脑功能代偿良好,无严重并发症,术后停药复发率低.     

胼胝体切开术治疗癫痫脑电图观察3例报告

作者报导3例病人(男2例,女1例,年龄19～44岁),行胼胝体前部切开术,术后均进行脑电图检查及临床随访8个月,未见癫痫发作。脑电图研究结果表明,病人术前脑电图病理波出现率两侧基本相同,有时一侧波幅偏高或少量棘波。病人术后脑电图病理波多以一侧为主,对侧病理波明显减少,波幅也高于对侧。虽然病人手术前后均有痫性放电但病人术前发作次数较多,术后发作次数显著减少或不发作。可能与胼胝体前部被切开后,致使痫性放电大部不能传到对侧大脑半球,从而明显减少了痫性放电对另一侧脑细胞的刺激避免了大脑细胞同时异常兴奋,使癫痫病人不出现临床大发作。至于进一步机理,有待今后探讨。     

头皮脑电图在功能性大脑半球切除术中的应用价值

目的探讨头皮脑电图(EEG)在功能性大脑半球切除术中的应用价值。方法回顾性分析8例药物难治性癫痫行功能性大脑半球切除术的患者,分析病因与术后转归相关性,着重分析术前头皮EEG背景活动、间歇期放电、发作起始及术后EEG特征。结果 8例患者以获得性病因为主。术前头皮EEG背景活动多表现为慢波增多,患侧显著;发作间歇期双侧半球呈现多脑区放电特征;发作起始EEG改变多为弥漫性改变;术后复查EEG,1个月内以双侧放电居多,半年以上复查以患侧放电居多。结论头皮EEG作为一种简便易行的检查手段,在功能性大脑半球切除术术前评估、术后随访中起到重要作用。     

改良大脑半球切除术治疗难治性癫痫1例

目的探讨对一侧大脑半球结构性病变致难治性癫痫的治疗方法。方法难治性癫痫患者1例,经MRI证实其右侧大脑半球广泛软化。术前应用功能MRI和Wada试验等方法评估其大脑功能是否转移,并应用视频脑电图测定其癫痫放电的范围,应用大脑半球切除术进行治疗。结果术后患者无癫痫发作,语言及运动功能与术前无变化。结论大脑半球切除术是治疗由一侧半球结构病变引起的难治性癫痫的有效方法,术后不仅癫痫发作消失,而且神经功能不受影响。     

大脑半球切除术治疗2例4月龄症状性 West综合征报告及文献复习

目的：对2例4月龄症状性West综合征实施大脑半球切除术后随访,并结合文献分析大脑半球切除术后癫痫控制效果及神经功能恢复状况。方法2例4月龄患儿均为一侧半球广泛病变,具有典型West综合征临床特点,进行相关检查及详细术前评估后,在导航系统引导下行功能性大脑半球切除术。结果手术过程顺利,术后2例患者发作消失。术后分别随访31个月、28个月,无癫痫发作,2例肢体运动改善,智力及认知功能明显改善,复查脑电图提示背景明显改善。均未见高幅失律。结论结合文献复习,提示对于半球病变导致的West综合征早期行手术治疗可获得满意的效果。术后不仅癫痫发作可以完全消失,而且患儿的运动、智力和认知功能在不同程度上都有所提高,生活质量明显改善。     

大脑半球离断术后无癫痫发作的脑电图特征及其对停药选择的影响

目的 分析大脑半球离断术后无癫痫发作患者的脑电图(EEG)特征及其对停药的影响。方法 回顾性分析2017年1月—2022年6月首都医科大学三博脑科医院收治的54例行半球离断术后均无癫痫发作的患者。收集术前术后临床资料及抗发作药物服药情况。结果 术前EEG显示36例(66.7%)患者仅在手术侧半球记录到癫痫样放电,10例(18.5%)患者有双侧半球独立放电伴泛化,3例(5.6%)患者有双侧半球同步癫痫样放电;术后6～12个月EEG显示所有患者手术半球背景活动减弱,42例(77.8%)患者仅在手术半球有癫痫样放电,6例(11.1%)患者双侧半球均有癫痫样放电,3例(5.6%)患者放电位于手术半球及中线区,3例(5.6%)患者在两侧均无癫痫样放电,3例(5.6%)患者手术半球出现EEG发作但无临床症状。术后随访平均随访3年,14例患者(25.9%)停用抗发作药物后均无发作。结论 大脑半球离断术对双侧半球癫痫样放电的患者仍可达到术后无发作。术后无临床发作但EEG显示存在癫痫样放电的患者可逐渐减停抗发作药物。     

功能MRI对大脑半球弥漫性病变致癫痫患者的术前功能评估

目的通过功能MRI成像（fMRI）技术对大脑半球弥漫性病变致癫痫患者的患侧大脑半球的功能残存情况和健侧大脑半球的功能代偿情况进行综合评估,从而选择合理的手术方案。方法受试者为15例一侧大脑半球弥漫性病变致癫痫的患者,任务包括右手抓握运动、左手抓握运动、右脚抓握运动、左脚抓握运动、舌运动、默读语言等6项,采集fMRI数据并进行统计学分析,获取相应的皮质激活区图像。4例行解剖性大脑半球切除术,11例行多脑叶切除术。结果患侧手运动时的信号激活,6例在双侧半球相应区域;2例信号较弱,无明显激活区域;2例在健侧半球;5例在患侧半球。患侧脚运动时,8例信号激活在双侧半球相应区域;1例信号较弱,无明显激活区域;4例在健侧半球;2例在患侧半球。术后13例偏瘫无明显加重。术后随访20～52个月,12例癫痫控制为EngelⅠA级,2例为EngelⅡA级,1例为EngeⅢA级。结论fMRI能够客观地评估顽固性癫痫患者运动功能的保留和代偿情况,是一种有效且无创的评估手段。     

精神障碍性癫痫的外科治疗

精神障碍性癫痫是指智商(IQ)18岁前低于70分的癫痫发作。过去对该种癫痫是否外科治疗认识不一。随着癫痫诊治技术的进步,该病的外科治疗取得了良好效果。外科治疗方法有颞叶切除:治疗有效率达92％;颞叶外癫痫外科:致痫区+功能性皮质切除、额叶周边切除相当成功;多处软膜下横断:适用于功能性皮质致痫区;胼胝体切开:适用于失张力性发作、药物难治性发作、威胁生命的大发作;大脑半球切除:适用于一侧大脑半球萎缩、婴幼儿偏瘫和癫痫大发作,治疗后85％的病人发作停止。研究表明:术前IQ不能决定外科治疗癫痫的成败;低IQ病人致痫灶切除术后周边产生广泛致痫区,术后癫痫易复发;精神障碍是多因素的,该种病人不应列为手术禁忌症;外科治疗不仅使癫痫发作减少,同时也使脑功能恢复,精神障碍不同程度缓解。     

岛周半球离断术治疗儿童药物难治性癫痫二例

目的通过2例儿童药物难治性癫痫患者探讨儿童岛周半球离断术(PIH)的适应证、操作技术、手术效果。方法病例1为11岁男孩,诊断为药物难治性癫痫。临床表现为简单部分性发作,发作频繁。MRI示左侧大脑半球弥漫性软化灶,24h视频脑电图(24h-VEEG)示双侧中央、中线区为主大量痫性放电,左侧显著,可泛化。病例2为4岁男孩,诊断为创伤后药物难治性癫痫,临床表现为发作性跌倒。MRI示左侧颞叶软化灶,左侧半球萎缩,24h-VEEG显示左侧半球大量痫性放电。两例患儿都经过充分的术前评估和术前准备,行PIH,手术过程顺利。结果本文2例恢复良好,右侧肢体运动功能无明显下降,言语功能无明显影响。术后分别随访36个月、24个月未再有癫痫发作,疗效评估Engel I级,神经心理学评估显示智力有所提高。结论 PIH是功能性大脑半球切除术中的一种优化方法,对于儿童来说具有和大脑半球切除术相同的疗效,手术创伤相对较小,没有出现明显的并发症。     

难治性癫痫60例临床分析

目的明确难治性癫痫的临床特点,早期诊断难治性癫痫。方法采用回顾性病例对照分析方法对60例难治性癫痫患者的临床资料进行分析。结果与对照组相比,症状性癫痫比例、5岁之前发病率、早期频繁发作几率、出现多种癫痫发作形式和并发智能障碍几率明显增高;影像学异常改变和脑电图重度改变的几率增高;需要3种及以上药物控制发作的几率增高。结论难治性癫痫多具有如下特点:症状性癫痫、发病年龄早、病初发作频繁、出现多种发作形式、伴发或继发智能障碍、影像学异常改变、脑电图重度异常、应用多种抗癫痫药物疗效差。     

Contralateral MRI abnormalities in candidates for hemispherectomy for refractory epilepsy

Purpose: To assess the impact of contralateral magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) findings on seizure outcome after hemispherectomy for refractory epilepsy. Methods: We retrospectively reviewed 110 children, 0.4–18 (median 5.9) years of age, who underwent hemispherectomy for severe refractory epilepsy at Cleveland Clinic Children’s Hospital. In children with contralateral (as well as ipsilateral) MRI findings appreciated preoperatively, the decision to proceed to surgery was based on other features concordant with the side with the most severe MRI abnormality, including ipsilateral epileptiform discharges, lateralizing seizure semiology, and side of hemiparesis. Results: We retrospectively observed contralateral MRI abnormalities (predominantly small hemisphere, white matter loss or abnormal signal, or sulcation abnormalities) in 81 patients (74%), including 31 of 43 (72%) with malformations of cortical development (MCD), 31 of 42 (73%) with perinatal injury from infarction or hypoxia, and 15 of 25 (60%) with Rasmussen’s encephalitis, Sturge‐Weber syndrome, or posttraumatic encephalomalacia. Among 84 children (76%) with lesions that were congenital or acquired pre‐ or perinatally, 67 (83%) had contralateral MRI abnormalities (p = 0.02). Contralateral findings were subjectively judged to be mild or moderate in 70 (86%). At follow‐up 12–84 (median 24) months after surgery, 79% of patients with contralateral MRI abnormalities were seizure‐free compared to 83% of patients without contralateral MRI findings, with no differences based on etiology group or type or severity of contralateral MRI abnormality. Discussion: MRI abnormalities, usually mild to moderate in severity, were seen in the contralateral hemisphere in the majority of children who underwent hemispherectomy for refractory epilepsy due to various etiologies, especially those that were congenital or early acquired. The contralateral MRI findings, always much less prominent than those in the ipsilateral hemisphere, did not correlate with seizure outcome and may not contraindicate hemispherectomy in otherwise favorable candidates.     

86例癫痫痫灶定位与脑电图懒波

目的探讨86例脑电图一侧懒波、另一侧痫样放电癫痫患者的病史特点及痫灶定位。方法回顾性总结分析86例一侧懒波、另一侧痫样放电癫痫患者的病史、脑电图特点,并结合影像学改变、临床发作及发作期偶极子定位系统密度压缩谱阵(DSA)分析进行讨论。结果蛛网膜囊肿、外伤后脑软化灶和脑萎缩所致懒波常见,分别为24.4%(21/86)、23.3%(20/86)和18.6%(16/86)。42例行术中皮质及深部脑电图探测,证实了术前定位。结论脑电图一侧懒波,另一侧痫样放电时,其懒波侧多为原发痫灶侧。存在此类脑电图特有表现的癫痫患者中,以继发性癫痫多见(94.2%,81/86),但少数病程较长的顽固性原发性癫痫也可出现类似表现(5.8%)。准确找出原发致痫灶并予以切除,可获得良好的治疗效果。     

额叶癫痫的长程视频脑电特征及其在额叶癫痫诊断和外科定位中的应用

目的探讨长程视频脑电（VEEG）在额叶癫痫诊断及手术定位中应用的意义。方法回顾性分析47例诊断为额叶性癫痫并进行手术治疗患者的长程视频脑电特征及临床资料。结果癫痫临床发作有以下特点：①持续时间短;②睡眠中较多见;③继发难治全身性发作多见;④强直性或运动性姿势症状突出;⑤常伴发声。癫痫发作间期VEEG存在以下形式：①脑电无异常;②一侧额部或一侧前头部异常波形波幅优势;③额部或前头部异常波形波幅优势且双侧对称;发作期VEEG存在以下形式：①多见去同步化低电压;②一侧或双侧额叶低幅快活动;③一侧或双侧额叶的高幅优势放电;④全导联同步对称异常放电。38例患者的癫痫灶术前被精确定位,9例患者癫痫灶术前不能确定侧别。结论应用长程视频脑电监测能够较全面了解额叶癫痫临床发作表现及脑电图特点,有助于准确诊断及术前定位。     

立体定向毁损杏仁海马复合体治疗癫痫长期随访

目的 探讨立体定向射频毁损杏仁海马复合体，能否阻止癫痫放电的传播以治疗顽固性癫痫。方法 17例顽固性癫痫病人应用ZD立体定向系统，CT扫描确定杏仁核和海马的靶点，分别毁损杏仁核和海马。术后常规MR复查了解靶点毁损的部位和大小，并排除并发症。结果 本组17例，无手术并发症。随访2～6年，平均3年9个月，结果满意者7例(癫痫发作消失)，显著改善者7例(癫痫发作减少75％)，无效者1例，1例自行停药2月后，癫痫发作又复发，再次服药后仍有癫痫发作。所有患者均需服药，药量无明显减少。结论 立体定向射频毁损杏仁海马复合体治疗癫痫，创伤小，安全，控制癫痫发作基本满意，长期有效。     

Usefulness of near-infrared spectroscopy for identification of epileptic foci in two localization-related epilepsy patients]

We monitored cerebral blood volume (CBV) using near-infrared spectroscopy (NIRS) of two patients with symptomatic localization-related epilepsy who had no epileptic discharges in ictal scalp EEG. Case 1 was a 9-month-old boy who was suspected to have frontal lobe epilepsy. Although epileptic discharges were not identified on his ictal EEG due to motion artifacts, NIRS demonstrated an increase of CBV of the left brain during the seizure. Ictal single photon emission CT (SPECT) was dominant at the left side. Case 2 was a 3-year-old girl who was suspected to have temporal lobe epilepsy. Ictal EEG tracings, theta waves revealed prominent but did not enable identification of the focus. She had cortical dysplasia in the right cerebral hemisphere. NIRS monitoring demonstrated an increase in CBV in the right frontal region, which began 10 minutes before the seizure onset and lasted for 3 hours. Thus NIRS is a sensitive and non-invasive procedure for monitoring CBV changes during the seizure, and is useful in identification of the epileptic focus.     

24小时动态脑电图监测对不典型癫痫的诊断价值

目的 探讨24小时动态脑电图（AEEG）监测对不典型癫痫的诊断价值。方法 对21例临床上疑似癫痫，但发作不典型的患者作24小时AEEG检测，并结合临床进行观察。结果 21例常规脑电图（REEG）均未见痫样放电，而AEEG可检测到多次阵发棘波，尖波，棘慢波综合，尖慢波综合等痫样放电，并经抗癫痫药均获得控制，故可诊断为癫痫。结论 24小时AEEG监测能帮助临床上诊断不典型的癫痫患者。     

改良大脑半球切除术治疗儿童半侧巨脑畸形伴顽固性癫癎的研究

目的探讨儿童半侧巨脑畸形并顽固性癫癎的临床、脑电图、组织学及影像学特点,以及大脑半球切除术对其治疗的效果评估。方法 对6例半侧巨脑畸形的患儿临床资料进行回顾性分析,此6例患儿均实施了大脑半球切除术的治疗。结果 6名实施了手术的患儿中5名癫癎发作完全控制,1名部分缓解,而且患儿的精神运动发育障碍得到明显改善。结论 半侧巨脑畸形的患儿有相似的临床、组织学、脑电图及影像学表现。用大脑半球切除术进行治疗可以获得成功。另外,我们认为有必要在术前和术后进行长程脑电图监测,以验证正常大脑半球中没有癫癎样的并常放电。     

Predictors and underlying causes of medically intractable localization-related epilepsy in childhood

The goal of this study is to clarify the prognostic factors in childhood localization-related epilepsy in a tertiary medical center. Children (n = 113) with symptomatic and cryptogenic localization-related epilepsy were divided into groups of intractable patients (average seizure frequency: one or more per month during the 6 months before the last follow-up; n = 40) and well-controlled patients (no seizures for at least 1 year before the last follow-up; n = 73). Clinical and electroencephalogram (EEG) factors were examined to elucidate prognostic factors. The subtypes of epilepsies and causes were also investigated. Univariate analyses indicated that the following factors were correlated with seizure outcome: (1) seizure type at the first visit; (2) seizure frequency; (3) underlying cause; (4) age at onset of epilepsy; (5) status epilepticus occurring as the first seizure and before the first visit; and (6) diffuse epileptic discharges on first visit interictal EEGs. Multivariate analyses revealed that seizure type at the first visit, seizure frequency, status epilepticus before the first visit, and underlying causes were significant independent predictive factors. The rate of intractable patients was highest in multilobar epilepsy, followed by frontal-lobe epilepsy. Regarding etiologies, the intractable group contained nine patients with encephalitis of unknown origin and three each with localized cortical malformation and mesial temporal sclerosis.     

Predictors of Intractable Childhood Epilepsy

Our study sought to identify early predictive factors of medically intractable childhood epilepsy. A cohort of epileptic children from the city of Mersin was retrospectively investigated. All patients received care from the same Department of Pediatric Neurology. The epileptic cohort was divided into a drug-responsive epilepsy group and an intractable epilepsy group. Intractable epilepsy is defined as continued seizures in children despite adequate therapy with two or more antiepileptic drugs for more than 18 months. Strong univariate association was observed between intractability and several factors: age of onset, high initial seizure frequency, symptomatic etiology, mixed seizure types, previous history of status epilepticus, febrile and neonatal seizures, mental and motor developmental delay, multiple seizures in 1 day, electroencephalogram abnormalities, magnetic resonance imaging findings, and specific epileptic syndromes. Logistic regression analysis revealed that a previous history of epilepticus status, abnormal electroencephalogram results, and multiple seizures in 1 day comprise independent predictors of medically intractable childhood epilepsy. We suggest that medical intractability in childhood epilepsy can be predicted by monitoring these factors. Along with early prediction, alternative therapies may be designed to provide patients better seizure control and quality of life.