Akt对哮喘小鼠肺组织VEGF表达的上调作用

目的探讨在哮喘发病机制中,PKB/Akt对哮喘小鼠肺组织VEGF表达的调节作用。方法BALB/c小鼠30只,按随机数字表法均分为正常对照组、哮喘组、PKB/Akt阻断组,免疫荧光、Western blot方法检测各组小鼠肺组织VEGF的表达。结果免疫荧光结果显示:哮喘组肺组织内VEGF阳性产物的平均光密度(MOD)显著高于正常对照组(P<0.01),而PKB/Akt阻断组与哮喘组相比,上述部位VEGF阳性反应产物的MOD值明显降低(P<0.05)。Western blot结果显示:与正常对照组比较,哮喘组小鼠肺组织内VEGF的IDV( integrated density value)与内参照IDV的比值均明显升高(P<0.01),而PKB/Akt阻断组上述部位IL-1β目标带的IDV与内参照IDV的比值均明显低于哮喘组(P<0.05)。结论在NGF介导的哮喘发病机制中,Akt能上调哮喘小鼠肺组织内VEGF的表达。     

VEGF和HIF-1在糖尿病大鼠坐骨神经的表达及NGF的调节作用

目的探讨血管内皮细胞生长因子(VEGF)及缺氧诱导因子-1(H IF-1)在糖尿病周围神经病变中的表达及神经生长因子的调节作用。方法大鼠糖尿病造模后分成糖尿病(DM)组及神经生长因子(NGF)治疗组,治疗2周后采用蛋白印迹及免疫组化法观察坐骨神经VEGF及H IF-1动态变化。结果蛋白印迹显示正常组坐骨神经纤维无VEGF和H IF-1表达,DM组VEGF及H IF-1表达呈阳性,NGF治疗组无表达。免疫组织化学结果显示,坐骨神经VEGF阳性产物位于轴突及雪旺氏细胞中,DM组积分光密度明显高于正常组及NGF组(P<0.01)。结论局部应用外源性NGF减少糖尿病大鼠坐骨神经VEGF和H IF-1的表达。     

氧环境对血管内皮生长因子、色素上皮衍生因子的影响及其与血管发育的关系

目的：研究视网膜发育过程中血管内皮生长因子(VEGF)和色素上皮衍生因子(PEDF)所起的调节作用及其机制。方法：C57BL/6J 小鼠从出生后7～12 d 饲养于75%氧环境,分别用抗 VEGF、抗 PEDF 和抗 CD31抗体作免疫组织化学标记视网膜切片。结果：持续处于高氧环境时,VEGF 表达处于低水平而 PEDF 快速上升,血管生长减缓。高氧处理5 d 后回到普通环境,VEGF 的表达迅速上升而 PEDF 却逐渐减少,出现了一过性的血管快速增长现象。结论：氧含量变化可调节 VEGF 和 PEDF 表达,参与视网膜血管发育。     

Brain leptin and nerve growth factor are differently affected by stress in male and female mice: Possible neuroendocrine and cardio-metabolic implications

The aim of the present study was to investigate the variations in leptin and nerve growth factor (NGF) expression induced by immobilization stress in the brain of male and female adult CD1 mice. We found that 10 days of repeated immobilization stress induced an increase of hypothalamus and thalamus NGF that was more pronounced in female than in male mice. We also found that this type of stress induced an increase of leptin expression in the hypothalamus of female mice, and a decrease in the thalamus of both male and female mice, associated with enhanced expression of leptin receptors in the hypothalamus and thalamus, both in male and female mice. The observation that the brain leptin and NGF receptors were altered by stress suggests a functional role for these molecules in neuroendocrine and cardiovascular response to stress events.     

Nerve growth factor and autophagy: effect of nasal anti-NGF-antibodies administration on Ambra1 and Beclin-1 expression in rat brain

Abstract

Nerve growth factor (NGF) exerts protective actions in the healthy and diseased nervous system. Intranasal administration is a suitable and safe strategy to deliver NGF to CNS neurons. We investigated whether nasal anti-NGF-antibody (ANA) administration affects neuronal autophagy, in view of its putative regulatory role in this process. We focused on olfactory bulbs (OB), neocortex (Cx), hippocampus (HF) and septal complex (SC), known to be NGF-responsive and autophagically active. Our combined molecular/morphological results demonstrate that intranasally administered ANA reaches brain NGF-target neurons and lowers the levels of endogenous NGF and its receptors. Treatment also affects – in a brain region-dependent manner – the expression of the autophagic proteins Beclin-1 and Ambra1, as well as that of proteins belonging to the Bcl2 family, namely Bax and Bcl-2, reflecting apoptotic dysregulation. This study provides a nongenetically modified, NGF-defective animal model, representing a suitable tool to investigate novel properties of the neurotrophin, especially in relation to autophagy.     

外源性拟载脂蛋白E肽对脑血管痉挛后血管内皮生长因子介导的脑动脉内皮细胞凋亡的影响

目的:探讨外源性拟载脂蛋白E(apoE)肽对脑动脉痉挛后内皮细胞凋亡的调节作用及对血管内皮生长因子(VEGF)表达的影响.方法:采用非开颅血管内穿线法制备小鼠蛛网膜下腔出血模型并给予apoE-1410肽,术后行神经功能评分并检测大脑中动脉直径变化,应用原位杂交法、免疫印迹法检测各组右侧大脑动脉VEGF表达,TUNEL法检测大脑中动脉内皮细胞凋亡.结果:出血组小鼠神经功能评分均降低,大脑中动脉直径减小,VEGF mRNA及VEGF蛋白显著升高,TUNEL显色阳性.治疗组小鼠神经功能评分及大脑中动脉管径增加,VEGF表达降低,内皮细胞凋亡数目减少.VEGF mRNA表达与TUNEL呈正相关.结论:蛛网膜下腔出血后痉挛脑动脉内皮细胞凋亡与VEGF高表达有关;拟apoE-1410肽对脑血管痉挛具有一定的治疗作用,其机制之一可能是通过抑制VEGF活化,减少大脑中动脉内皮细胞凋亡.     

局部注射神经生长因子及碱性成纤维生长因子对大鼠胫骨骨折愈合的影响

目的 探讨局部注射神经生长因子(NGF)及碱性成纤维生长因子(BFGF)对大鼠胫骨骨折愈合的影响及其机制。方法 选取12周龄清洁级成熟雄性SD大鼠 48 只,用数字表法随机分为NGF 组、BFGF组、NGF+BFGF组、对照组4组,各12只;每组大鼠按观察时间点不同随机分为术后2 周及术后4 周2个亚组,每亚组6只。 48 只大鼠均建立左胫骨骨折模型,并行1 mm克氏针髓内内固定。术后第3 天于骨折断端周围局部经皮注射给药:NGF组注射NGF 0.8 μg+0.3 mL生理盐水,BFGF组注射BFGF 1.2 μg+0.3 mL生理盐水,NGF+BFGF组注射NGF 0.8 μg+BFGF 1.2 μg+0.3 mL生理盐水,对照组注射0.3 mL生理盐水;每天注射1次,连续注射7 d。术后2 周、4 周分别行X 线摄片,并采集各组大鼠股动脉血液标本后,采用颈椎离断法处死大鼠。取各组大鼠左胫骨骨痂标本,采用酶联免疫吸附试验(ELISA)检测碱性磷酸酶(ALP)含量;将骨痂组织制成病理切片,行HE染色,观察组织学特点;应用多功能真彩色细胞图象分析管理系统计算切片中骨组织的骨小梁表面成骨细胞指数(IOB)、骨小梁宽度(TW)、骨小梁面积百分比(TV);采用蛋白芯片技术检测大鼠血清中骨形成蛋白-2(BMP-2)、血管内皮生长因子(VEGF)、胰岛素样生长因子-1(IGF-1)的含量。结果 (1)术后2周、4周X线摄片:NGF、BFGF、NGF+BFGF三组大鼠骨折愈合均较对照组快,以NGF+BFGF组愈合最快。(2)ELISA检测:对照组、NGF组、BFGF组、NGF+BFGF组术后2周骨痂组织中ALP的含量分别为(110.02±1.92)、(140.87±2.22)、(136.12±1.23)、(187.44±0.90)ng/mL,术后4周骨痂组织中ALP的含量分别为(91.23±1.47)、(106.62±1.64)、(104.83±1.05)、(130.59±1.18)ng/mL;各观察时点4组间比较,NGF+BFGF组含量最高,组间两两比较差异均有统计学意义(P值均＜0.05)。(3)组织学观察:不同时间点上NGF、BFGF、NGF+BFGF三组大鼠在骨痂的生长、骨小梁形成均较对照组明显,且NGF+BFGF组优于其他组。骨小梁形态学指标测量显示,不同时间点4组间比较,对照组、NGF组、BFGF组、NGF+BFGF组大鼠骨痂内骨小梁IOB、TW、TV均呈上升趋势,NGF+BFGF组最高;组间两两比较,除NGF组与BFGF组各指标差异均无统计学意义(P值均＞0.05),其他指标组间差异均有统计学意义(P值均＜0.05)。(4)蛋白芯片检测:不同时间点4组间比较,除VEGF含量在术后4周时差异无统计学意义(P＞0.05),VEGF术后2周及BMP-2、IGF-1术后2周、4周时,NGF组、BFGF组、NGF+BFGF组均高于对照组,NGF+BFGF组含量最高,组间两两比较,差异均有统计学意义(F=198.285、368.060、2006.017、33.332、292.643,P值均＜0.05)。结论NGF及BFGF均能促进大鼠胫骨骨折愈合,且两者联合应用有协同作用。其机制可能与能够促进骨折愈合过程中VEGF、BMP-2、IGF-1的表达有关。     

APP17肽对D-半乳糖性脑老化模型小鼠学习、记忆功能和海马神经元NT-3、NGF表达的影响

目的与方法:用D-半乳糖(D-gal)复制脑老化模型,给模型小鼠皮下注射β-淀粉样肽前体蛋白319-335肽段(APP17p),8周后应用水迷宫实验、神经免疫组化法,观察APP17肽对D-gal脑老化模型小鼠学习、记忆功能及海马神经元中神经营养因子3(NT-3)、神经生长因子(NGF)表达的影响。结果:(1)水迷宫实验D-gal组小鼠游完全程时间及错误反应次数明显高于对照组;APP17肽组小鼠游完全程时间及错误反应次数明显低于对照组和D-gal组。(2)APP17肽组海马神经元NT-3、NGF表达高于C组和D-gal组(P＜0.01)。结论:D-半乳糖性脑老化模型小鼠存在学习、记忆功能障碍,其海马神经元NT-3、NGF表达降低;APP17肽有保护模型小鼠学习、记忆功能的作用,并能促进其海马神经元NT-3、NGF表达的增加。     

施万样细胞对大鼠脊神经节NGF和BDNF表达的影响

目的观察施万样细胞对坐骨神经损伤(sciatic nerve injury,SNI)大鼠脊神经节NGF和BDNF表达的影响,初步探讨施万样细胞对脊神经节的保护作用。方法先将脂肪源性干细胞(adipose-derived stem cells,ADSCs)诱导分化为施万样细胞并对后者进行鉴定,后将二者分别植入脱细胞神经移植物(ANA)中,构建组织工程神经。大鼠随机分为正常对照组、ADSC组和施万样细胞组。后两组建立SNI模型并用相应的组织工程神经桥接损伤的神经。术后4周采用Western Blot和Real-time PCR检测各组大鼠脊神经节神经生长因子(nerve growth factor,NGF)和脑源性神经营养因子(brainderived neurotrophic factor,BDNF)蛋白和m RNA的表达。结果 ADSCs能够诱导分化为施万样细胞并表达施万细胞标记物S100β和GFAP蛋白。施万样细胞组大鼠脊神经节内NGF和BDNF蛋白及m RNA表达量均高于ADSC组(P0.05)。结论施万样细胞可上调脊神经节NGF和BDNF的表达,对SNI所致的脊神经节内神经元损伤有保护作用。     

核运输因子2在糖尿病大鼠视网膜的时空表达及其意义

目的:探讨糖尿病大鼠视网膜中核运输因子2(NTF2)的时空表达变化及意义。方法:伊凡思蓝(EB)灌注铺片观察糖尿病大鼠视网膜血管分布和形态。逆转录-聚合酶链式反应(RT-PCR)检测与糖尿病大鼠不同时点鼠龄匹配的对照组(N2w,N1m,N3m,N6m)和糖尿病成模后2周、1月、3月、6月(D2w,D1m,D3m,D6m)大鼠视网膜中NTF2、血管内皮生长因子(VEGF)mRNA的表达。免疫组化法检测NTF2蛋白在视网膜中的表达和分布位置。结果:正常组大鼠可见在低背景荧光下视网膜血管对EB有很好的屏障作用,成模1月后糖尿病大鼠视网膜血管仅见背景荧光增强,成模3月后血管出现异常节段性扩张,局部血管周围EB渗漏。与糖尿病大鼠年龄匹配的正常大鼠视网膜NTF2和VEGF并未随时间延长而变化,mRNA表达稳定。糖尿病成模2周后开始,NTF2mRNA有轻度增高,并随病程的延长保持较高水平,病程达6个月时,NTF2表达开始回落,与正常大鼠基本一致。NTF2蛋白在正常大鼠及糖尿病大鼠视网膜中免疫组化均可以检出,主要分布在视网膜内层,以节细胞层、内核层为主。结论:NTF2mRNA水平在糖尿病大鼠视网膜中升高,主要分布在视网膜内层。NTF2很可能在糖尿病视网膜病变中起着一定的调控作用,其作用途径及机制可能与VEGF的作用通路有一定的联系。     

NGF、BDNF和NT-3在正常成年大鼠主要脑区表达的免疫组织化学研究

目的研究神经生长因子(NGF)﹑脑源性神经营养因子(BDNF)﹑神经营养素-3(NT-3)在正常成年大鼠主要脑区的表达。方法将正常成年大鼠用4%多聚甲醛灌注固定后取脑制成20μm厚的冰冻切片,应用上述3种因子的抗体进行免疫组织化学染色。结果3种因子的表达既有共同点也有不同点:共同点是在主要脑区都能表达,不同点是在单个细胞中,BDNF主要表达于胞浆边缘;NGF在大部分神经元的整个细胞都表达,但少量神经元则在胞核无表达;NT-3则与BDNF相似。结论3种因子在正常成年大鼠主要脑区都能表达。     

脑外伤小鼠海马血管内皮生长因子表达的变化

目的探讨脑外伤小鼠海马血管内皮生长因子(vascular endothelial growth factor,VEGF)表达的变化。方法 40只Balb/c小鼠随机分为2组,假手术组(10只)和脑外伤组(30只)。脑外伤组依据脑外伤的不同时间点再分6h、1d、3d三个小组,每组10只。免疫组化和Western blot检测各组小鼠海马VEGF蛋白的表达。RT-PCR方法检测各组小鼠海马VEGF mRNA的表达变化。结果免疫组化和Western blot结果发现,脑外伤组小鼠海马VEGF蛋白表达量明显高于假手术组(<0.05);RT-PCR结果也发现,脑外伤组小鼠海马VEGF mRNA表达量明显高于假手术组(<0.05)。结论脑外伤小鼠海马VEGF表达明显升高。     

Early exposure to ethanol or red wine and long-lasting effects in aged mice. A study on nerve growth factor, brain-derived neurotrophic factor, hepatocyte growth factor, and vascular endothelial growth factor

Prenatal ethanol exposure produces severe changes in brain, liver, and kidney through mechanisms involving growth factors. These molecules regulate survival, differentiation, maintenance, and connectivity of brain, liver, and kidney cells. Despite the abundant available data on the short and mid-lasting effects of ethanol intoxication, only few data show the long-lasting damage induced by early ethanol administration. The aim of this study was to investigate changes in nerve growth factor (NGF), brain derived neurotrophic factor (BDNF), hepatocyte growth factor (HGF), and vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF) in brain areas, liver, and kidney of 18-mo-old male mice exposed perinatally to ethanol at 11% vol or to red wine at the same ethanol concentration. The authors found that ethanol per se elevated NGF, BDNF, HGF, and VEGF measured by ELISA in brain limbic system areas. In the liver, early exposure to ethanol solution and red wine depleted BDNF and VEGF concentrations. In the kidney, red wine exposure only decreased VEGF. In conclusion, the present study shows that, in aged mice, early administration of ethanol solution induced long-lasting damage at growth factor levels in frontal cortex, hippocampus, and liver but not in kidney. Otherwise, in mice exposed to red wine, significant changes were observed in the liver and kidney but not in the hippocampus and frontal cortex. The brain differences in ethanol-induced toxicity when ethanol is administered alone or in red wine may be related to compounds with antioxidant properties present in the red wine.     

Norrin在氧诱导的视网膜病变中的时空表达及其意义

目的：探讨视网膜新生血管疾病动物模型-氧诱导的视网膜病变（OIR）小鼠视网膜中Norrin的时空表达变化及意义。方法：荧光素灌注铺片观察OIR小鼠视网膜血管分布和形态。RT－PCR检测对照组P7、P10、P12、P17小鼠和OIR P7、P8、P12、P12.5、P13、P14、P15、P17、P19小鼠视网膜中Norrin、VEGF mRNA的表达。免疫组化法检测Norrin蛋白在视网膜中的表达和分布位置。结果：OIR小鼠P12时在视网膜后极部形成无灌注区，P17时有大量新生血管形成。Norrin mRNA在正常小鼠视网膜中表达水平低且稳定。缺氧12 h后，Norrin mRNA有显著升高，缺氧1 d到达高峰，然后缓慢下降，其变化趋势与VEGF mRNA一致。Norrin蛋白在正常小鼠各时点免疫组化均未能检出，在OIR模型中P15见弱表达，P17-P19表达明显增强。主要分布在视网膜外层，以内外节层、外丛状层为主。结论：Norrin在mRNA和蛋白水平都在缺氧视网膜中明显升高，主要分布在视网膜外层。Norrin很可能参与新生血管的形成，并起着重要的调控作用。     

Nerve growth factor induces increased airway inflammation via a neuropeptide-dependent mechanism in a transgenic animal model of allergic airway inflammation

BACKGROUND: Nerve growth factor (NGF) exerts an important functional impact on the pathogenesis of allergic diseases. Data obtained in animal models of allergic bronchial asthma indicate that NGF alters sensory nerve function and promotes allergic inflammation, bronchial hyper-reactivity, and airway obstruction. OBJECTIVE: To further delineate the effects of NGF on airway inflammation, we employed a transgenic (tg) animal model of allergic inflammation and asthma. METHODS: NGF-tg mice, which overexpress NGF in Clara cells of the airways, were compared with wild-type (wt) littermates regarding their ability to mount IgE-related airway inflammatory responses. Mice were sensitized intraperitoneally to ovalbumin (OVA) and locally challenged via the airways according to established protocols. RESULTS: NGF-tg mice displayed enhanced levels of OVA-specific IgE antibody titres after repeated OVA aerosol exposure. In the airways, increased numbers of eosinophils were detected. These results were confirmed to be NGF specific, because similar results were obtained following local application of NGF into the airways of wt mice. The effect of NGF was partly mediated via neuropeptides, as treatment of OVA-sensitized NGF-tg mice with the dual neurokinin (NK) receptor NK-1/NK-2 antagonist partly prevented enhanced airway inflammation. CONCLUSION: The present data indicate an important functional role of NGF in allergic airway inflammation and point to an involvement of tachykinins as mediators of NGF effects.     

Nerve growth factor and its receptors TrkA and p75 are upregulated in the brain of mdx dystrophic mouse

Increased angiogenesis and an altered blood–brain barrier have been reported in the brain of dystrophin-deficient mdx mouse, an experimental model of Duchenne muscular dystrophy. To further elucidate the mechanisms underlying angiogenesis in Duchenne muscular dystrophy, in this study we evaluated whether nerve growth factor (NGF) and nerve growth factor receptors (NGFRs) are involved, then correlated NGF-NGFRs expression with vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF) and its receptor-2 (VEGFR-2) content and matrix metalloproteinases-2 and -9 (MMP-2 and -9) activity, by confocal laser microscopy and immunohistochemistry. Results showed that neurons, astrocytes and ependymal cells were strongly labeled by NGF in mdx brain, expressing NGFRs on glial and endothelial cells. In controls, NGF faintly labeled neurons and astrocytes, whereas endothelial cells were negative for NGFRs. Immunogold electron microscopy demonstrated NGFR gold particles on endothelial cells in mdx brain, while in controls few particles were recognizable only on glial end feet. Western blotting and real time polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR) demonstrated a higher expression of NGF and NGFR mRNA and protein in mdx brain as compared to controls, and increase of VEGF-VEGFR-2 and active MMP-2 and -9 content. Overall, these data suggest that in the brain of mdx mice, an upregulation of the NGF-NGFRs system might be involved directly, or indirectly through the activation of VEGF-VEGFR-2 and MMP-2 and -9, in the angiogenic response taking place in this pathological condition.     

NGF在成年猴脑的分布

为了解NGF在成年猴脑的分布,采用免疫组化SP法对成年猴脑多个冠状位切片进行免疫组化反应。结果证明,NGF阳性反应神经元主要分布于大脑皮质Ⅲ、V层,小脑Purkinje细胞,海马,齿状回,纹状体,脑干网状结构等处。此外,在黑质、舌下神经核、迷走神经背核、前庭神经核、三叉神经核、疑核、下橄榄核也出现NGF阳性反应。在大脑和脑干还观察到NGF阳性胶质细胞。本实验结果表明,在成年猴脑的多个脑区有NGF表达,提示NGF可能涉及猴脑某些神经元及胶质细胞的生理过程。     

Improvement of cognitive function and physical activity of aging mice by human neural stem cells over-expressing choline acetyltransferase

Aging is characterized by progressive loss of cognitive and memory functions as well as decrease in physical activities. In the present study, a human neural stem cell line (F3 NSC) over-expressing choline acetyltransferase (F3.ChAT), an enzyme responsible for acetylcholine synthesis, was generated and transplanted in the brain of 18-month-old male ICR mice. Four weeks post-transplantation, neurobehavioral functions, expression of ChAT enzyme, production of acetylcholine and neurotrophic factors, and expression of cholinergic nervous system markers in transplanted animals were investigated. F3.ChAT NSCs markedly improved both the cognitive function and physical activity of aging animals, in parallel with the elevation of brain acetylcholine level. Transplanted F3 and F3.ChAT cells were found to differentiate into neurons and astrocytes, and to produce ChAT proteins. Transplantation of the stem cells increased brain-derived neurotrophic factor (BDNF) and nerve growth factor (NGF), enhanced expression of Trk B, and restored host microtubule-associated protein 2 and cholinergic nervous system. The results demonstrate that human NSCs over-expressing ChAT improve cognitive function and physical activity of aging mice, not only by producing ACh directly but also by restoring cholinergic neuronal integrity, which might be mediated by neurotrophins BDNF and NGF.     

菩人丹超微粉对糖尿病大鼠视网膜血管内皮生长因子和色素上皮衍生因子表达的影响

目的 探讨菩人丹超微粉(PRD)对糖尿病大鼠视网膜血管内皮生长因子(VEGF)及色素上皮衍生因子(PEDF)表达的影响.方法 48只Wistar大鼠随机分为4组:正常对照组、糖尿病模型组、PRD组和导升明组,每组12只.糖尿病模型组、PRD组和导升明组大鼠均采用链脲佐菌素连续腹腔注射建立2型糖尿病大鼠模型.模型成功建立...