Optical coherence tomography (OCT) in idiopathic polypoidal choroidal vasculopathy (IPCV)

Purpose: Idiopathic polypoidal choroidal vasculopathy (IPCV) is a distinct clinical entity characterized by an edematous maculopathy and typical choroidal vascular change. The purpose of this study is to evaluate the use of optical coherence tomography (OCT) for diagnosing of this disease. Methods: 4 patients affected by IPVC (mean age 71–84 years) underwent biomicroscopy with a three mirror conctact lens, fluorescein angiography (FA), indocyanine green angiography (ICGA) and OCT (Humphrey Zeiss) scan. Results: in all 4 cases OCT tomograms acquired at the location of the typical choroidal abnormalities demonstrated by ICGA, revealed a characteristic hyper-reflectivity in the choroidal layers. Conclusion: ICGA is essential to diagnose IPVC, but OCT may be able to identify characteristic reflectivity patterns. This revised version was published online in July 2006 with corrections to the Cover Date.     

亮蓝与吲哚菁绿辅助内界膜染色治疗特发性黄斑裂孔效果对比

目的 比较亮蓝(BBG)与吲哚菁绿(ICG)辅助内界膜(ILM)染色治疗特发性黄斑裂孔(IMH)的效果.方法 回顾性临床病例对照研究.对2009年1月至2010年6月在郑州大学第一附属医院眼科就诊44例(46只眼)IMH,随机分为两组:20只眼使用0.25％BBG染色(BBG组);26只眼使用0.25％ICG染色(ICG组).比较两组术中染色效果、剥膜率,术后两组患者的裂孔闭合率、最佳矫正视力(BCVA)(术后3月时)等改变.结果 两组患者的年龄、患病时间、术前BCVA差异均无统计学意义(P＞0.05).术中BBG或ICG使所有患眼ILM染色,均有效增加了ILM的可见度,染色率为100％.BBG将ILM染成淡蓝色,ICG将ILM染成淡绿色,但后者染色效果更清晰.两组均顺利剥除ILM,剥除率为100％.分析两组间的裂孔闭合率(P=0.926)和BCVA提高程度(t=-0.359,P=0.721)差异均无统计学意义(P＞0.05).两组BCVA与术前相比均显著提高(t=-25.947,-16.595,P值均=0.000),差异具有统计学意义.两组病例均未发生严重手术并发症.结论 在特发性黄斑孔患者,0.25％BBG与0.25％ICG均使所有的ILM染色并剥离,染色率、剥膜率均为100％;两组术后裂孔闭合率、BCVA提高程度差异无统计学意义(P＞0.05).     

Ganglion Cell Complex Analysis as a Potential Indicator of Early Neuronal Loss in Idiopathic Intracranial Hypertension

Reliable visual field testing is the gold standard in identifying future vision loss in patients with Idiopathic Intracranial hypertension (IIH). However, when field performance is unreliable, GCC analysis may be useful. We evaluated IIH patients over three visits: initial visit, follow-up visit and a third visit, almost 1 year later. We evaluated mean deviation (MD), GCC and RNFL at presentation and the second visit and compared it to the mean deviation (MD) on fields at the third visit. As early as the second visit, GCC loss correlated with visual field results seen at the third visit.     

Idiopathic intracranial hypertension in the Middle East: A growing concern

Idiopathic Intracranial Hypertension (IIH) is a disorder of increased intracranial pressure without any identifiable etiology. It is defined by elevated intracranial pressure (ICP) with normal neuroimaging and normal cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) contents. IIH typically affects young obese women and produces symptoms and signs related to high ICP. Headache and blurred vision are the most common symptoms, and papilledema is the major clinical sign. In this review we examine the epidemiology and demographic features of IIH in Middle Eastern countries and compare and contrast them with the published IIH literature from Western countries. The incidence of IIH in several Middle East countries has been estimated at 2.02–2.2/100,000 in the general population, which is higher than the Western rate. Obesity is a major risk factor globally and it is associated with an increased risk of severe vision loss due to IIH. There has been an increase in obesity prevalence in the Middle East countries mainly affecting the Gulf Council Countries (GCC), which parallels increased industrial development. This rise may be contributing to the increasing incidence of IIH in these countries. Other risk factors may also be contributing to IIH in Middle East countries and the differences and similarities to Western IIH merit further study.     

Presentación bilateral atípica en telangiectasia macular idiopática tipo 1

Idiopathic macular telangiectasia type 1 (MacTel 1) almost always occurs unilaterally. In this article, we report the case of a 73-year-old man with no significant history diagnosed with MacTel 1 but with atypical bilateral presentation, something very rare in this disease. The usefulness of multimodal imaging studies, including optical coherence tomography angiography (OCTA), is highlighted to differentiate it from macular telangectasia type 2 (MacTel 2). The patient's condition was characterized by cystoid macular edema (CME) with discreet results with treatment with a dexamethasone implant. However, aflibercept therapy showed favorable results, but with recurrences when extending the doses.     

Intravitreal bevacizumab (Avastin) for subretinal neovascularization secondary to type 2A idiopathic juxtafoveal telangiectasia

Background To evaluate the efficacy and safety of intravitreal bevacizumab (Avastin) in the treatment of subretinal neovascularization (SRNV) secondary to type 2A idiopathic juxtafoveal telangiectasia (IJT). Methods Intravitreal bevacizumab (1.25 mg/0.05 ml) was injected as primary treatment into six eyes of six patients with SRNV due to IJT in this nonrandomized, interventional case series. The best-corrected visual acuity (BCVA) was measured and the optical coherence tomography (OCT) and fundus fluorescein angiography (FFA) findings were examined before and after treatment. The patients were followed up for 3–6 months. Results Pre-injection BCVA measured 20/400 to 20/120 (mean 20/200). After a mean follow-up of 4.2 months, post-injection BCVA measured 20/200 to 20/50 (mean 20/100). At last visit BCVA improved two or more lines in five eyes (83%) and remained the same in one eye (17%). The mean central foveal thickness improved from 263 μm (range, 165 to 393 μm) to 201 μm (range, 126 to 351 μm), representing an average reduction of 62 μm. Only one eye received more than one (2) bevacizumab injections. No significant complications were observed. Conclusions In this small series, intravitreal bevacizumab appears to be a safe and effective treatment for SRNV secondary to type 2A IJT.     

Bevacizumab in the treatment of idiopathic macular telangiectasia

BACKGROUND: To describe functional and morphological long-term follow-up results in patients with idiopathic macular telangiectasia (IMT) treated with intravitreal bevacizumab. METHODS: Retrospective case series of three consecutive male patients with IMT who were treated with intravitreal bevacizumab injections. Best corrected visual acuity (BCVA) as well as fluorescein angiography (FA) and optical coherence tomography (OCT) were monitored over the period of up to 12 months. RESULTS: Single intravitreal bevacizumab injection resulted in a marked increase in BCVA from 20/50 to 20/20 in the patient with type 1 (aneurysmal) IMT during the first 4 weeks. Late-phase leakage on FA and cystoid macular oedema on OCT decreased significantly. This was sustained over the whole follow-up period of 12 months. In contrast, in the two patients with type 2 (perifoveal) IMT, leakage on FA decreased likewise, but this was not accompanied by an increase in BCVA despite triple injections. Small cystic changes seen on OCT remained unchanged. CONCLUSION: Patients with type 1 IMT with pronounced macular oedema on OCT may benefit from intravitreal bevacizumab injections, showing functional as well as morphological improvement, while patients with type 2 IMT with minimal cystic changes on OCT do not show functional improvement despite repeated injections.     

特发性黄斑裂孔发病机制探讨

目的 根据OCT图像,探讨特发性黄斑裂孔的发病机制.方法 观察特发性黄斑裂孔59例65只眼的OCT图像.Ⅰ期裂孔6例6只眼;Ⅱ期裂孔22例24只眼,其中Ⅱ期裂孔的早期10例10只眼,Ⅱ期裂孔的晚期12例14只眼;Ⅲ期裂孔21例25只眼;Ⅳ期裂孔10例10只眼.结果 Ⅰ期裂孔中有4/6可观察到黄斑前双凸型玻璃体后脱离对中心凹的牵拉.Ⅱ期裂孔的早期中有9/10可观察到黄斑前双凸型玻璃体后脱离对中心凹的牵拉;Ⅱ期的晚期中有10/14可观察到裂孔盖膜,这些盖膜中有8/10可观察到含有部分撕脱下来的视网膜神经组织.Ⅲ期裂孔中有16/25及Ⅳ期裂孔中有7/10可观察到内界膜增厚,反光增强,部分患眼还可观察到合并有视网膜前膜的形成.结论 特发性黄斑裂孔Ⅰ期和Ⅱ期的主要发病机制是中心凹玻璃体前后方向的牵拉,而Ⅲ期和Ⅳ期的主要发病机制是内界膜的收缩.     

特发性黄斑裂孔的OCT诊断标准

目的 观察特发性黄斑裂孔的光学相干断层扫描(Optical Coherence Tomography，OCr)图像特征。总结Gass分期的诊断标准。方法 对133例(143只眼)临床诊断为特发性黄斑裂孔的患者进行OCT检查。根据Gass分期的原则进行分期。结果依据Gass分期的原则，将143只患眼分为4期，各期OCT图像特征如下：Ⅰ期：共29只眼，黄斑中心凹轮廓变浅或消失，中心凹下可见低反射区，其中14只眼发现伴有黄斑前膜增生，7只眼伴有玻璃体黄斑牵引；Ⅱ期：共17只眼，神经上皮全层破裂形成孔，孔表面有可以贴附的孔盖；Ⅲ期：共83只眼，神经上皮全层破裂，孔盖游离或未见孔盖，伴不同程度裂孔周围囊样水肿；Ⅳ期：共14只眼，裂孔形态与Ⅲ期相似，但合并玻璃体后脱离。结论 OCT能直观、形象地显示特发性黄斑裂孔的形态特征，比较准确地进行分期，在特发性黄斑裂孔的诊断及术式选择等方面有重要作用。     

Optic Nerve Sheath Fenestration: A Five Year Audit

Idiopathic intracranial hypertension (IIH), also known as benign intracranial hypertension (BIH) and pseudotumor cerebri, is a syndrome characterised by raised intracranial pressure (ICP) in the absence of an intracranial mass or ventricular abnormality and normal cerebrospinal fluid (CSF). Optic nerve sheath fenestration (ONSF) is advocated as a treatment for patients on maximal medical therapy with progressive visual field loss. We present the visual results of 13 patients undergoing ONSF on 27 eyes (primary, secondary and tertiary procedures) over a 5 year period. Overall 4 eyes (14.8%) had improved visual acuity after surgery, whilst 23 eyes (85.2%) were unchanged. Visual fields were improved in 18 eyes (66.7%), 2 (7.4%) were unchanged and 4 (14.8%) deteriorated despite surgery. Colour vision improved in 12 (44.4%), was unchanged in 3 (11.1%) and deteriorated in 7 (25.9%) eyes. 5 (18.5%) eyes had normal colour vision before and after surgery. 10 (77%) subjects were able to stop medical treatment after ONSF.     

全层黄斑裂孔手术的视力预后

目的 报告特发性全层黄斑裂孔（IFMH）施行平坦部玻璃体切除（PPV）手术后的解剖学结果与视力预后。方法 11例手术后至少随访12个月，手术方法为一标准的PPV手术，术中切除后玻璃体皮质，气-液交换，眼内注入15％C3F8气体，术后低头位至少5天。结果 一次手术后11例中有9例（81.9％）获得解剖学的裂孔闭合，最佳矫正视力由术前平均0.13（0．02～0．3）增至术后平均0．24（0．01～0．6）（P〈0.01）．73％病例获得视力增进，有2例在术后1．5～2年又做了白内障摘除和眼内人工晶状体植入术，未见术后视网膜前膜形成及术后黄斑裂孔再裂开。结论 IFMH手术不用辅助剂治疗，大多数病例术后视功能可获良好的远期结果。     

特发性全葡萄膜炎32例临床分析

目的探讨特发性全葡萄膜炎的临床表现、治疗、预后及致盲原因。方法连续收集近两年在我院就诊的特发性全葡萄膜炎患者32例(47只眼),对其发病年龄、眼部表现、治疗、致盲原因及预后进行回顾性分析。结果在32例患者中,男20例,女12例;平均年龄37.8岁。32例患者中,双眼受累15例,单眼受累17例。就诊时以视力下降为主诉者83.0%,以眼前黑影和视物变形就诊者17.0%。经局部及全身给予糖皮质激素、睫状肌麻痹剂和非甾体抗炎药治疗后,患眼视力有不同程度提高。主要致盲原因是严重的玻璃体混浊和并发性白内障。结论特发性全葡萄膜炎多见于青壮年人,男性略多于女性,致盲率高,积极控制眼部炎症是提高视力预后的关键。     

A healthy infant with bloody tears: Case report and mini-review of the literature

A 4-month old healthy infant was brought by her parents to the emergency department with bloody tears of three days duration. There was also intermittent yellowish discharge since birth and a history of flu-like symptoms a week prior to presentation. Extensive investigations revealed no infection or other possible etiologies. The patient was treated with antibiotic eye drops and her condition resolved within a three-four days.In the literature, 15 cases with haemolacria of undermined source were reviewed; the median age of onset (12?years), bilateral involvement and female gender were more commonly encountered, and the most common associated illnesses were headache and epistaxis. The condition is self-limiting and spontaneous resolution is seen in majority of cases. Idiopathic haemolacria is a rare condition that can be presumed in patients presenting with bloody tears when all work-up turns to be negative. The condition is self-limiting with spontaneous resolution.     

眼眶特发性炎性假瘤的手术治疗

目的：眼眶特发性假瘤通常首选全身激素治疗,本文指在探讨其手术治疗效果。方法 回顾分析我中心１９８０年１月至１９９４年１月住院病人中用手术治疗的５２例患者,随访时间６个月至２０年,平均２．９年。结果 ２９例完全治愈,２例部分有效,２１例复发。２１例复发病人中,２例经再次手术,５例经再手术加用全身激素,５例加用激素和环磷酰胺等免疫抑制药,５例加用激素和低剂量放射治疗（２０ＧＹ,分２个疗程）后最终治愈。     

特发性黄斑裂孔玻璃体切除术后白内障超声乳化术

目的：评价特发性黄斑裂孔玻璃体切除术后并发性白内障的超声乳化人工晶体植入术的临床疗效。方法：回顾性分析对32例(32眼)特发性黄斑裂孔玻璃体切除术后并发性白内障患者采用白内障超声乳化人工晶体植入术：21例(21眼)行巩膜隧道切口超声乳化术，11例(11眼)行透明角膜切口超声乳化术，观察术中、术后并发症及患眼视力、黄斑变化情况。结果：术后三月，所有患眼视力均有不同程度的提高，最佳矫正视力0．01～0．1共4眼，0．1～0．3共11眼，0．3～1．0共17眼，术后早期并发症为角膜水肿2眼，术后远期并发症为后发性白内障6眼，需Nd：YAG激光治疗，黄斑裂孔重新裂开1眼。结论：对于特发性黄斑裂孔玻璃体切除术后并发性白内障，超声乳化人工晶体植入术操作安全、临床效果好、术后并发症轻微，是目前最为理想的治疗方法。     

Clinical and Neuro-ophthalmologic Predictors of Visual Outcome in Idiopathic Intracranial Hypertension

Despite the potential of Idiopathic Intracranial Hypertension (IIH) to cause visual morbidity, limited literature is available focussing on predictors of visual outcome in IIH. This study was planned to assess visual morbidity in patients of IIH in terms of clinical and neuro-ophthalmo- logical parameters. In this prospective study of 40 patients of IIH, neuro-ophthalmological parameters were noted in the form of visual acuity, visual field, contrast sensitivity, Retinal Nerve Fibre Layer thickness, and visual evoked potential. Visual outcome was defined in using specific criteria. Final visual outcome of patients was compared with clinical and neuro-ophthalmologic para- meters to determine any correlation. The most common presenting clinical symptoms were headache (85%) and Transient visual obscurations (TVOs) (52.5%). In univariate analysis severity of visual loss, Cerebro Spinal Fluid (CSF) pressures and abnormal Visual evoked potential (VEP) were associated with worse visual outcome or need of aggressive management. When adjusted for severity of visual loss no independent clinical/neuroophthalmic predictor could be established. High CSF opening pressure, worsening vision/papilledema, greater Retinal Nerve Fiber Layer (RNFL) thickness and abnormal VEPs may be some of the alarming signs for physicians, but none of these parameters can be used as an independent predictor for visual outcome in isolation. Visual loss at presentation is probably the most important predictor of the final visual outcome in these patients. This may also suggest that patients presenting in an advanced disease course (with worse visual status) fair badly despite best medical/surgical management. Early diagnosis and prompt management is the cornerstone of management.     

Pseudotumor cerebri: An update on treatment options

Aims:The aim was to identify Pseudotumor cerebri treatment options and assess their efficacy.Results:Treatment options range from observation to surgical intervention. Weight loss and medical treatment may be utilized in cases without vision loss or in combination with surgical treatment. Cerebrospinal fluid shunting procedures and/or optic nerve sheath decompression is indicated for severe vision loss or headache unresponsive to medical management. The recent use of endovascular stenting of transverse sinus stenoses has also demonstrated benefit in patients with pseudotumor cerebri.Conclusion:While each treatment form may be successful individually, a multimodal approach is typically utilized with treatments selected on a case-by-case basis.     

特发性黄斑裂孔合并早期白内障患者手术方式的探讨

目的 评价黄斑裂孔手术联合或不联合白内障手术治疗特发性黄斑裂孔合并早期白内障的疗效,探讨联合白内障手术的意义.方法 对2004年1月至2008年12月接受手术治疗的特发性黄斑裂孔合并早期白内障的90例患者进行回顾性分析,其中41例患者一期手术仅行单纯黄斑裂孔手术(单纯黄斑孔手术组),49例患者一期行黄斑孔手术联合白内障摘除(联合手术组).记录单纯黄斑孔手术组术后白内障进展情况以及两组患者术前、术后最佳矫正视力、裂孔闭合情况以及住院治疗的总费用.结果 单纯黄斑孔手术组41例患者中,38例(92.7％)在术后随访过程中发现白内障核混浊明显加重,其中18例(43.9％)患者行二期白内障手术.两组患者术前最佳矫正视力分布无明显差异,术后两组患者视力均有不同程度提高,但最佳矫正视力分布无明显差异.两组黄斑裂孔闭合率的差异无统计学意义(P＞0.05).单纯黄斑孔手术组已行二期白内障手术患者两次住院治疗的总费用高于联合手术组住院总费用,差异有统计学意义(P＜0.05).结论 特发性黄斑裂孔手术采用联合白内障手术与否均可得到相似的视力预后,但联合手术可使患者避免二次手术的痛苦,减少手术成本.