乙型肝炎病毒X蛋白反式激活SV40病毒早期启动子的研究

聚合酶链反应（PCR）扩增HBV X基因,克隆至真核表达载体pVR1012中,构建HBV X基因重组表达载体pVR102-X;以该质粒转染HepG2细胞,酶联免疫吸附法（ELISA）检测细胞X蛋白的瞬时表达,与报告质粒pSV-lacZ共转染H G2爱细胞,用试剂盒法检测β-半乳糖苷酶表达活性。结果质粒pVR102-X在HepG2细胞瞬时表达X蛋白,共转染实验中pVR102-X组β-半乳糖苷酶的表达是空质粒对照的3．2倍。表明构建的表达载体能在哺乳动物细胞中表,并能够反式激活SV40病毒早期启动子。     

乙型肝炎病毒核心启动子区基因异质性及对其转录活性的影响

从慢性乙型肝炎病毒（HBV）感染患者外周血中扩增核心启动子（CP) 基因序列，克隆入pGEM-Teasy质粒，随机挑选克隆进行DNA测序以确定病毒的变异程度。结果提示，HBV长期携带者体内有准种共存，CP区内存在热点缺失突变及散在点突变。为了进一步探讨CP区基因异质性对其转录活性的影响，将野生株及不同缺失突变的CP基因片段克隆入pcDNA3.1(-)载体的EcoRI位点，筛选反向克隆，经KpnI和XhoI双酶切后克隆入氯霉素乙酰转移酶（CAT）报告基因表达载体pCAT3-basic上，构建重组报告质粒。以Lipo-fectamine PLUS转染试剂转染肝母细胞瘤细胞系HepG2，用ELISA方法检测CAT表达量，反映了CAT基因上游启动子的转录活性。结果显示，成功构建了重组报告质粒，与野生株比较，HBV CP区准种群的存在不同程度地降低了CP基因的转录活性。     

丙型肝炎病毒非结构蛋白NS3与乙型肝炎病毒 X蛋白协同反式激活作用的研究

构建丙型肝炎病毒（HCV）非结构蛋白3（NS3）的重组表达质粒pcDNA3.1(－）-NS3和表达乙型肝炎病毒（HBV）X蛋白的重组质粒pcDNA3.1(－）-X，分别瞬时转染肝母细胞瘤细胞系HepG2细胞，用免疫印记（Western blotting)方法鉴定病毒基因的表达。两个表达质粒分别及同时与报告质粒pCAT 3-promoter共转染HepG2细胞，检测报告基因氯霉素乙酰转移酶（CAT）的表达水平，酶的活性反映了表达的肝炎病毒蛋白对SV40病毒早期启动子功能的影响。结果显示，两个重组表达载体pcDNA3.1(－）-NS3及pcDNA3.1（－）-X在HepG2细胞均以瞬时表达相应的肝炎病毒蛋白；单独共转染实验中pcDNA3.1(－）-NS3.1(－）-X组的CAT的表达分别是对照的3．6倍和4．4倍，两种质粒共同转染时酶的表达是对照的8．5倍；表达质粒对CAT酶表达的激活作用呈剂量依赖性。研究表明，HepG2细胞中表达的HCV NS3蛋白和HBV X蛋白均具有反式激活SV40早期启动子的功能，并且两种蛋白的反式激活功能具有协同特性。本实验有助于解释HCV、HBV感染，尤其是共同感染的致病（癌）机制。     

丙型肝炎病毒非结构蛋白NS3反式激活SV40病毒早期启动子的研究

聚合酶链反应（PCR）扩增丙型肝炎病毒（HCV）非结构蛋白NS3基因，克隆至真核表达载体pcDNA3.1(－）中，构建HCV NS3基因真核表达载体pcDNA3.1(－）-NS3;以该质粒转染肝母细胞瘤细胞系epG2细胞，免疫印迹方法（Western blotting)检测转染细胞中HCV NS3蛋白的瞬时表达；与报告质粒pCAT3-promoter共转染HepG2细胞，用酶联免疫吸附方法（ELISA）检测细胞中氯霉素乙酰转移酶（CAT）的表达活性。结果显示，质粒pcDNA3.1(－）-NS3在HepG2细胞瞬时表达HCV NS3蛋白，共转染实验中pcDNA3.1(－）-NS3组的CAT表达活性是空质粒对照组的4．6倍。表明构建的表达载体能在哺乳动物细胞中表达出相应蛋白，并能够反式激活SV40病毒早期启动子。本研究为进一步克隆HCV NS3蛋白反式激活的靶基因，为深入阐明HCV NS3蛋白致肝细胞癌发生的分子生物学机制提供了理论基础。     

乙型肝炎病毒DNA多聚酶RNase H对细胞凋亡易感基因表达的上调作用

目的探讨乙型肝炎病毒DNA多聚酶(HBV DNA P)结构域蛋白RNase H对细胞凋亡易感基因(CAS)的转录激活作用。方法以HBV DNA P结构域蛋白RNase H的反式调节因子的基因表达谱芯片结果为基础,利用生物信息学技术确定CAS的启动子区域(CASp),扩增CASp并克隆至真核报告载体pCAT3-Basic中,构建pCAT3-CASp报告载体。分别以该质粒单独或与pcDNA3.1(-)-RH共转染肝癌细胞系HepG2细胞,ELISA法检测氯霉素乙酰转移酶(CAT)的表达活性,并以pCAT3-Basic空载体、pCAT3-TXNRD1p分别转染HepG2细胞作为阴性和阳性对照。结果pCAT3-CASp和pcDNA3.1(-)-RH瞬时共转染的HepG2细胞的CAT表达活性是pCAT3-CASp的1.5倍,是pCAT3-Basic空载体的2.7倍。结论本实验进一步验证了我室利用基因表达谱技术研究RNase H蛋白反式激活作用的结果。我室克隆的CAS启动子具有顺式激活下游基因的活性;HBV的RNase H蛋白具有对CAS的反式激活作用。     

乙型肝炎病毒X蛋白上调S100钙结合蛋白A11基因启动子表达活性研究

目的 探讨乙型肝炎病毒(HBV)X蛋白(HBV-X蛋白)对S100钙结合蛋白A11(calgizzarin S100A11)启动子转录的激活作用。方法 以解放军第302医院基因治疗研究中心自行构建的HBV-X蛋白反式调节基因的cDNA文库抑制性消减杂交(SSH)技术的筛选结果及基因表达谱芯片结果为基础,利用生物信息学技术确定S100A11的启动子区域(S100A11-p),聚合酶链反应(PCR)扩增S100A11-P,克隆至真核报告载体pCAT3中,构建pCAT3-S100-p报告载体;以该质粒转染肝癌细胞系HepG2细胞系,用酶联免疫吸附法(ELISA)检测氯霉素乙酰转移酶(CAT)的表达活性;并与pcDNA3．1(-)-X共转染HepG2细胞系,用ELISA法检测CAT的表达活性。结果 pCAT3-S100-p在HepG2细胞中能够指导CAT的表达;共转染实验中pCAT3-S100-p pcDNA3．1(-)-X组CAT的表达活性是pCAT3-S100-p的2．1倍。结论 所克隆的S100A11启动子有顺式激活下游基因的活性作用;HBV的X蛋白具有对S100A11的反式激活作用。本实验进一步验证了解放军第302医院基因治疗研究中心利用SSH技术及基因表达谱技术研究HBV-X蛋白反式激活作用的结果。     

G1764A/C1766T/T1768A三联突变对HBV核心启动子活性的上调作用研究

目的 构建乙型肝炎病毒(HBV)核心启动子(CP)荧光素酶表达载体,探讨HBV CP变异对下游基因转录活性的影响.方法 2005年5月至2008年3月于解放军302医院就诊的慢性乙型肝炎(CHB)及慢加急性肝衰竭(ACLF)患者各40例,采集血清提取HBV DNA,采用巢式PCR法扩增HBV CP片段,克隆至pGEM-T Easy载体.挑选含有CP相关变异位点的质粒,经Kpn Ⅰ/Bgl Ⅱ双酶切后,构建pGL3-CP荧光素酶真核报告质粒,并采用定点突变方法获得野生型质粒,将两者同时转染肝癌细胞系HepG2,48h后进行荧光素酶检测.结果 患者临床资料经统计分析后显示,CHB患者HBeAg阳性率和HBV DNA载量均高于ACLF患者(P<0.01),而TBIL含量则低于ACLF患者(P<0.01);对CP区热点突变频率分析后发现:G1764A/C1766T/T1768A三联突变在CHB患者中为0.0%(0/40),在ACLF患者中为12.5%(5/40,P<0.05).细胞转染结果显示:典型CP双联突变A1762T/G1764A病毒株的启动子活性为相应野生株的1.67倍,而G1764A/C1766T/T1768A三联突变病毒株的启动子活性为相应野生株的1.43～1.80倍.结论 HBeAg阳性率、TBIL水平、HBV DNA载量与乙型肝炎重症化相关,HBV CP中存在的A1762T/G1764A、G1764A/C1766T/T1768A突变有顺式激活下游基因转录活性的作用.     

p53与HBV相互作用对7721细胞凋亡及p21启动子的影响

为了观察HBV与p53是否存在相互作用的关系，以进一步揭示与原发性肝细胞肝癌发生发展的相关机制，选用7721肝癌细胞系（表达野生型p53，HBV阴性）为靶细胞，应用磷酸钙转染法，将pCMVp53单独或者与野生型HBV质粒（pCMVHBVa）、突变型HBV质粒（pCMVHBVb）共转染细胞，用annexin-V-FITC标记及流式细胞仪检测细胞凋亡的变化。各组另与含有p21基因启动子的荧光素酶报告基因质粒p21-luc共转染细胞，通过检测荧光毒酶的表达，了解p21启动子的活化情况。结果表明，单独的pCMVp53质粒转染7721细胞系能够促进p21报告基因的表达，细胞凋亡率升高；pCMVp53与pCMVHBV。共同转染时，对p21基因启动子的激活作用增强、细胞凋亡率明显增加，而与pCMVHBVb共转染时则否。提示HBV在该细胞内的复制能够诱导增强p53的作用并对其下游基因p21的转录有促进作用，导致细胞凋亡的增强。     

HBV全基因核心蛋白变异株稳定表达载体的构建及其抗原表达

通过定点突变技术将HBV质粒p3．8Ⅱ构建成核心蛋白变异株V60和L97。经序列测定和生物学活性检测后，亚克隆入EB病毒稳定表达载体。重组载体分别作内切酶酶切鉴定和序列测定证实，用脂质体介导转染HepG2细胞稳定传代，定量测定各株培养上清HBV抗原表达。结果发现，3株HBsAg含量S／N值接近，变异株HBeAg含量S／CO值低于野生株。上述3种重组载体的构建可为体外研究HBV核心蛋白热点变异与致病的关系提供基础。     

乙型肝炎病毒前-S2蛋白对硫氧还蛋白还原酶1基因表达的上调作用研究

目的 探讨乙型肝炎病毒(HBV)前-S2蛋白对硫氧还蛋白还原酶1(TXNRDl)启动子转录的激活作用。方法 以302院传染病研究所基因治疗研究中心自行构建的乙型肝炎病毒前-S2蛋白反式调节的基因表达谱芯片结果为基础,利用生物信息学技术确定TXNRD1的启动子区域(TXNRD1p),PCR扩增TXNRD1p,克隆至真核报告载体pCAT3-Basic中,构建pCAT3-TXNRD1p报告载体;以该质粒转染肝癌细胞系HepG2细胞系,用ELISA法检测氯霉素乙酰转移酶(CAT)的表达活性;并与pcDNA3．1(-)-preS2共转染HepG2细胞系,用ELISA法检测CAT的表达活性。结果pCAT3-TXNRDlp和pcDNA3．1（-）-preS2瞬时转染的HepG2细胞的CAT表达活性是pCAT3-Basic空载体的5．7倍、pCAT3-TXNRDlp的2．2倍。结论 该TXNRD1启动子有顺式激活下游基因的活性;HBV的前-S2蛋白具有反式激活TXNRD1的作用。     

Knee injury and Osteoarthritis Outcome Score (KOOS) - validation of a Swedish version

The Knee injury and Osteoarthritis Outcome Score (KOOS) is a self-administered instrument measuring outcome after knee injury at impairment, disability, and handicap level in five subscales. Reliability, validity, and responsiveness of a Swedish version was assessed in 142 patients who underwent arthroscopy because of injury to the menisci, anterior cruciate ligament, or cartilage of the knee. The clinimetric properties were found to be good and comparable to the American version of the KOOS. Comparison to the Short Form-36 and the Lysholm knee scoring scale revealed expected correlations and construct validity. Item by item, symptoms and functional limitations were compared between diagnostic groups. High responsiveness was found three months after arthroscopic partial meniscectomy for all subscales but Activities of Daily Living.     

The acutely limping child

Acute limping may be the result of multiple pathologies in children. The differential diagnosis varies based on the age of the child. Irrespective of age, the initial imaging work-up includes AP and frog leg radiographs of the pelvis and ultrasound; MRI may sometimes be helpful. In children less than 3 years, infections and trauma are most frequent. MRI is the imaging modality of choice when osteomyelitis is clinically suspected. Between the ages of 3 and 10 years, transient synovitis of the hip and Legg-Calvé-Perthes disease are main considerations but infection, inflammation and focal bony lesions are also considered. In children over 10 years, slipped capital femoral epiphysis also is considered.     

Do Balance Board Training Programs Reduce the Risk of Ankle Sprains in Athletes?

Introduction Ankle sprains are the most common musculo-skeletal injury that occurs in athletes,particularly in sports that require jumping and landing on one foot such as soccer,and basketball(1-4).These injuries often result in significant time loss from participation,long-term disability,and have a major impact on health care costs and resources(5-8).     

High Intensity Interval Training:New Insights

KEY POINTS ·High-intensity interval training(HIT)is characterized by repeated sessions of relatively brief，intermittent exercise.often performed with an“a11 out”effort or at an intensity close to that which elicits peak oxygen uptake(i.e.，≥90%of VO2 peak).     

Endovascular management of carotid-cavernous fistulas

Objective To investigate endovascular treatment of traumatic direct carotid-cavernous fistulas （CCF） and their complications such as pseudoaneurysms. Methods： Over a five-year period, 22 patients with traumatic direct CCFs were treated endovascularly in our institution. Thirteen patients were treated once with the result of CCF occluded, 8 twice and 1 three times. Treatment modalities included balloon occlusion of the CCF, sacrifice of the ipsilateral internal carotid artery with detachable balloon, coll embolization of the cavernous sinus and secondary pseudoaneurysms, and covered-stem management of the pseudoaneurysms. Results All the direct CCFs were successfully managed endovascularly. Four patients developed a pseudoaneurysm after the occlusion of the CCF with an incidence of pseudoaneurysm formation of 18.2% （4/22）. A total number of 8 patients experienced permanent occlusion of the ICA with a rate of ICA occlusion reaching 36.4% （8/22）. Followed up through telephone consultation from 6 months to 5 years, all did well with no recurrence of CCF symptoms and signs. Conclusion Traumatic direct CCFs can be successfully managed with endovascular means. The pseudoaneurysms secondary to the occlusion of the CCFs can be occluded with stent-assisted coiling and implantation of covered stents.     

Developmental validation of the PowerPlex(®) ESI 16 and PowerPlex(®) ESI 17 Systems: STR multiplexes for the new European standard

In response to the ENFSI and EDNAP groups’ call for new STR multiplexes for Europe, Promega^® developed a suite of four new DNA profiling kits. This paper describes the developmental validation study performed on the PowerPlex^® ESI 16 (European Standard Investigator 16) and the PowerPlex^® ESI 17 Systems. The PowerPlex^® ESI 16 System combines the 11 loci compatible with the UK National DNA Database^®, contained within the AmpFlSTR^® SGM Plus^® PCR Amplification Kit, with five additional loci: D2S441, D10S1248, D22S1045, D1S1656 and D12S391. The multiplex was designed to reduce the amplicon size of the loci found in the AmpFlSTR^® SGM Plus^® kit. This design facilitates increased robustness and amplification success for the loci used in the national DNA databases created in many countries, when analyzing degraded DNA samples. The PowerPlex^® ESI 17 System amplifies the same loci as the PowerPlex^® ESI 16 System, but with the addition of a primer pair for the SE33 locus. Tests were designed to address the developmental validation guidelines issued by the Scientific Working Group on DNA Analysis Methods (SWGDAM), and those of the DNA Advisory Board (DAB). Samples processed include DNA mixtures, PCR reactions spiked with inhibitors, a sensitivity series, and 306 United Kingdom donor samples to determine concordance with data generated with the AmpFlSTR^® SGM Plus^® kit. Allele frequencies from 242 white Caucasian samples collected in the United Kingdom are also presented. The PowerPlex^® ESI 16 and ESI 17 Systems are robust and sensitive tools, suitable for the analysis of forensic DNA samples. Full profiles were routinely observed with 62.5 pg of a fully heterozygous single source DNA template. This high level of sensitivity was found to impact on mixture analyses, where 54–86% of unique minor contributor alleles were routinely observed in a 1:19 mixture ratio. Improved sensitivity combined with the robustness afforded by smaller amplicons has substantially improved the quantity of data obtained from degraded samples, and the improved chemistry confers exceptional tolerance to high levels of laboratory prepared inhibitors.     

Bronchial stump fistula :treatment with covered retrievable hinged metallic stents-preliminary clinical experience

Objective To evaluate the preliminaily clinical efficacy and retrievability of a retrievable hinged covered metallic stent in the treatment of the bronchial stump fistula （BSF）. Methods Between April 2003 and March 2005, 8 patients with bronchial stump fistula after pneumonectomy or lobectomy were treated with two types （A and B） of retrievable hinged covered metallic stents. Type A stent was placed in 6 patients and type B in 2 under fluoroscopic guidance. The stent was removed with a retrieval set when BSF was healed or complications occurred. Results Stent placement in the bronchial tree was technically successful in all patients, without procedure-related complications. Immediate closure of the BSF was achieved in all patients after the procedure. Stents were removed from all patients but one. Removal of the stents was difficult in two patients due to tissue hyperplasia. Patients were followed up for 6 - 21 months. Placement of the stents remained stable in all patients except one due to severe cough. Permanent closure of BSF was achieved in 7 （87.5%） of 8 patients. Conclusion Use of a retrievable hinged covered expandable metallic stent is a simple, safe, and effective procedure for closure of the BSF. Retrieval of the stent seems to be feasible. （J Intervent Radiol, 2007, 16： 253-257）     

Prevalence and severity of hip and groin pain in sub‐elite male football: a cross‐sectional cohort study of 695 players

The purpose of this study was twofold: (a) to investigate the prevalence of hip and groin pain in sub‐elite male adult football in Denmark and (b) to explore the association between prevalence and duration of hip and groin pain in the previous season with the Copenhagen Hip and Groin Outcome Score (HAGOS) in the beginning of the new season. In total 695 respondents from 40 teams (Division 1–4) were included. Players completed in the beginning of the new season (July–Sept 2011) a self‐reported paper questionnaire on hip and/or groin pain during the previous season and HAGOS. In total 49% (95% CI: 45–52%) reported hip and/or groin pain during the previous season. Of these, 31% (95% CI: 26–36%) reported pain for >6 weeks. Players with the longest duration of pain during the previous season had the lowest HAGOS scores, when assessed at the beginning of the new season, P < 0.001. This study documents that half of sub‐elite male adult football players report pain in the hip and/or groin during a football season. The football players with the longest duration of pain in previous season displayed the lowest HAGOS scores in the beginning of the new season.