Choroidal and Retinal Thickness and Axial Eye Elongation in Chinese Junior Students

PurposeTo explore the associations between macular choroidal and retinal thickness and axial elongation in non-myopic and myopic junior students.MethodsIn this school-based longitudinal observational study, axial length was measured by optical low-coherence reflectometry, and choroidal thickness and retinal thickness were measured by spectral-domain optical coherence tomography. Myopia was defined as non-cycloplegic objective spherical equivalent refraction ≤ −0.50 diopters. Structural equation modeling and multiple linear regression models were used to analyze the associations between baseline choroidal and retinal thickness with axial elongation.ResultsOut of 1307 students examined at baseline in 2017, 1197 (91.58%) returned for follow-up examination in 2018, with a median age of 12.00 years (interquartile range [IQR], 1.00) and included 667 boys (55.72%). Within a 1-year period, the median axial elongation of right eyes was 230 µm (IQR, 180) in boys and 200 µm (IQR, 160) in girls (P = 0.032). The thinner temporal choroidal thickness was associated with greater 1-year axial elongation only in myopic students (β, −0.20; 95% confidence interval [CI], −0.37, −0.03), the thinner temporal retinal thickness was associated with greater 1-year axial elongation in both non-myopic (β, −2.67; 95% CI, −4.52, −0.82) and myopic (β, −0.99; 95% CI, −1.68, −0.30) students, after adjustment for sex, age, and height. Subfoveal and nasal choroidal and retinal thickness were not significantly associated with axial elongation in either non-myopic or myopic students.ConclusionsA thinner temporal choroid at age 12 years may predict greater 1-year axial elongation in myopic students, and a thinner temporal retina may predict greater 1-year axial elongation in both non-myopic and myopic students. This finding may help to identify children at risk and control axial elongation with potential preventive strategies.     

Retinal and Choroidal Thickness in Patients with Uveitis

Purpose: To study retinal thickness (RT) and choroidal thickness (CT) in patients with inactive uveitis. We also investigated the correlation between RT and CT and the duration and frequency of inflammation and visual acuity in patients with inactive uveitis.

Methods: One-hundred and forty-eight eyes from 97 patients (mean age 51.0 ± 15.7 years) and 98 eyes from 55 normal subjects (mean age 59.3 ± 14.4 years) were studied. Routine ophthalmic examination included spectral-domain optical coherence tomography with enhanced depth imaging of the retina and choroid. CT was measured from the outer border of the retinal pigment epithelium to the inner scleral border at 500-µm intervals of the horizontal section between 2.5 mm temporal and 2.5 mm nasal to the fovea. RT was measured between the inner limiting membrane and the retinal pigment epithelium.

Results: Mean subfoveal RT did not differ significantly between uveitis patients and controls. Mean CT at multiple locations was significantly lower in patients with uveitis compared to normal subjects; this difference was most significant at the fovea (uveitis group, 229 ± 85 µm vs. control group, 276 ± 74 µm; p < 0.001). Only CT was associated with duration and frequency of inflammation in patients with anterior uveitis (r = –0.298, p = 0.008; r = –0.349, p = 0.002, respectively).

Conclusion: CT is reduced in patients with inactive uveitis and is associated with disease duration and frequency whereas RT does not seem to be affected by disease processes.     

脉络膜脱离型视网膜脱离术后黄斑中心凹下脉络膜厚度的变化

目的观察脉络膜脱离型视网膜脱离（RRDCD）患者接受玻璃体切割（PPV）复位视网膜后硅油填充状态下黄斑中心凹下脉络膜厚度（SCT）的变化。方法回顾性病例对照研究。2016年1月至2017年10月在武汉大学人民医院眼科中心就诊的35例首次接受PPV成功复位视网膜的RRDCD患者纳入研究（作为RRDCD组）。记录患者术后1d、1周、1个月、3个月的最佳矫正视力（BCVA）（LogMAR）、眼压,采用光学相干断层扫描（OCT）测量SCT。36例首次接受PPV成功复位视网膜的单纯孔源性视网膜脱离（RRD）患者作为RRD组及40例医院的体检者作为正常组。数据采用秩和检验（H检验）、重复测量方差分析、独立样本t检验、卡方检验等进行分析。结果术后1d、1周,RRDCD组、RRD组SCT均较正常组厚（术后1d：t=9.220,P<0.001;t=6.826,P<0.001。术后1周：t=4.341,P=0.011;t=2.849,P=0.034）,而这2个时间点RRDCD组和RRD组间的SCT差异无统计学意义。术后3个月,RRD组SCT与正常组比较差异无统计学意义（t=1.597,P=0.646）,而RRDCD组SCT相对正常组及RRD组都要薄,差异有统计学意义（t=-3.144,P=0.028;t=-6.207,P=0.010）。术后RRDCD组和RRD组SCT均呈持续降低趋势。相关性分析显示术后3个月,RRDCD组SCT与BCVA呈正相关（r=0.399,P=0.017）,RRD组SCT与BCVA无相关性（r=0.109,P=0.529）。结论RRDCD术后黄斑SCT变薄,且SCT与BCVA相关。SCT可以作为评估RRDCD术后视力的临床指标。     

Changes in Choroidal Thickness after Cataract Surgery

Objective: The aim of this study is to compare subfoveal choroidal thickness (SFCT) before and after uneventful phacoemulsification using enhanced depth imaging optical coherence tomography (EDI-OCT).Background: Cataract is a major cause of visual impairment in the elderly. Cataract surgery is the most common ophthalmic surgery and is performed simultaneously with glaucoma or vitreous surgery in many cases. However, according to the results in epidemiology studies, cataract surgery is associated with the onset of age-related macular degeneration (AMD) and cataract surgery increases visual acuity in these patients without an increased risk of progression to exudative AMD. Methods: A prospective study was conducted on 53 eyes of 53 patients who had phacoemulsification. Measurements of SFCT were performed preoperatively, 7 days (D7), 1 month (M1), and 3 months (M3) postoperative using the EDI-OCT technique. Central retinal thickness was also measured at the same time. Results: Twenty-seven male (50.9%) and 26 female (49.1%) with a mean age of 56.43 years ± 10.34 (SD) were analyzed. The mean choroidal thickness was 199.9 ± 60.74 µm. It significantly increased to 228.42 ± 59.77 µm at D7, then decreased to 210.78 ± 59.59 µm at M1, and then decreased to 200.63 ± 61 µm at M3. The mean retinal thickness was 260.79 ± 6.12 µm. It significantly increased to 294.09 ± 7.20 µm at D7 and then decreased to 274.70 ± 6.00 µm at M1 and 258.92 ± 5.89 µm at M3. Conclusion: Mean SFCT increased after cataract surgery. The changes in SFCT return to near the baseline after 3 months.     

Correlation of Peripapillary Choroidal Thickness and Retinal Nerve Fiber Layer Thickness in Normal Subjects and in Patients with Glaucoma

Purpose: This study was designed to compare the normal and glaucomatous eyes regarding retinal nerve fiber layer (RNFL) thickness and peripapillary choroidal thickness (PCT), and to investigate the correlation of RNFL thickness and PCT. Subjects and Methods: Subjects were selected as a convenience sample of those from a tertiary referral practice of glaucoma. Thirty-two glaucomatous eyes were accepted as group 1; 30 normal eyes were accepted as group 2. Groups were compared for RNFL thickness and PCT. Correlations of RNFL thickness and PCT were assessed for each peripapillary location. Results: Mean inferior and superior RNFL thickness in group 1 were significantly lower than the control group; mean thicknesses of temporal and nasal quadrants were not different in the two groups. Mean PCT at 500 µm distance in the inferior, at 1500 µm distance in the superior, at 500, 1000, and 1500 µm distance in the temporal, and at 1000 and 1500 µm distance in nasal quadrants were found to be significantly thinner in the glaucoma group compared with the control group. Retinal nerve fiber thickness was strongly correlated with PCT at all points of inferior quadrants at 500 µm distance in the superior. There was no correlation between RNFL thickness and PCT at any point in the control group. Conclusion: Peripapillary choroidal thickness was thinner in glaucomatous eyes compared with normal eyes. Correlation of PCT and RNFL thickness found in patients with glaucoma did not exist in normal subjects.     

Changes in Choroidal Thickness in Myopic Adolescents after Monocular Orthokeratology Treatment

Objective: To observe the changes in choroidal thickness (CT) and axial length (AL) before and after wearing orthokeratology lenses and to investigate the role of the choroid in slowing the progression of myopia. Methods: This was a self-control study. From August 2018 to June 2019, in which 26 monocular myopic adolescents (52 eyes) who were treated with orthokeratology lenses in Shenyang Aier Eye Hospital were recruited. The eyes fitted with orthokeratology lenses served as the experimental group, while the fellow eyes without treatment served as the control group. AL and CT were measured in both groups at baseline and the 6-month visit. A paired t-test was used to analyze AL and CT before and after wearing orthokeratology lenses and the changes were compared between the 2 groups. Results: After 6 months of wearing orthokeratology lenses, the CT of the experimental group increased in all positions (all P<0.05), and the CT of the control group decreased in all positions (all P<0.05). There was a statistically significant difference in the changes in CT between the 2 groups before and after wearing orthokeratology lenses (all P<0.05). The AL in both groups increased significantly (both P<0.05). AL elongation was 0.09±0.15 mm in the experimental group and 0.26±0.16 mm in the control group, and there was a statistically significant difference between the 2 groups (t=-4.024, P<0.001). Conclusions: For myopic adolescents, wearing orthokeratology lenses can thicken the choroid and slow axial growth, which may be one of the reasons for using orthokeratology lenses to control the progression of myopia.     

近视青少年单眼角膜塑形术后脉络膜厚度变化

目的：观察配戴角膜塑形镜前后脉络膜厚度及眼轴长度的变化并探讨脉络膜在延缓近视发展中的作用。方法：自身对照研究。收集2018年8月至2019年6月于沈阳爱尔眼视光医院就诊并验配角膜塑形镜的单眼近视青少年患者26例（52眼）,将配戴角膜塑形镜眼作为观察组,另一眼未作处理作为对照组,测量戴镜前及戴镜后6个月的眼轴长度和脉络膜厚度。采用配对t检验分析戴镜前后眼轴长度、脉络膜厚度的改变以及组间眼轴长度、脉络膜厚度的变化值。结果：配戴角膜塑形镜6个月,观察组各位点脉络膜厚度均较前增厚（P<0.05）,对照组各位点脉络膜厚度均较前变薄（P<0.05）。2组之间戴镜前后各位点脉络膜变化值差异均有统计学意义（P<0.05）。2组眼轴长度均较前增长（P<0.05）,观察组眼轴长度增长量为（0.09±0.15）mm,对照组为（0.26±0.16）mm,2组之间差异有统计学意义（t=-4.024,P<0.001）。结论：对于近视青少年,配戴角膜塑形镜可以使脉络膜增厚,眼轴长度增长减缓,这可能是角膜塑形镜控制近视发展的原因之一。     

Independent Factors of Choroidal Thickness

We read with interest the article by Agarwal et al. reporting that mean choroidal thickness was significantly higher in HIV patients, especially those with HIV microangiopathy, compared to healthy controls matched for age, ethnicity, and gender. We would like to highlight two important factors which may affect choroidal thickness assessment, namely diurnal variation and myopia, which should be taken into consideration. It is important to know that mean choroidal thickness is likely to be higher among HIV patients, especially those with HIV microangiopathy, compared to healthy subjects. However, it is also important to note and account for other factors, such as timing of image acquisition and refractive errors of subjects, as these could potentially affect the study results.     

Effects of Atropine Treatment on Choroidal Thickness in Myopic Children

PurposeTo examine the changes in choroidal thickness (ChT) after 6 months of 1% or 0.01% atropine treatment and the independent factors associated with eye elongation.MethodsA total of 207 myopic children aged 6 to 12 years were recruited and randomly assigned to groups A and B in a ratio of 1:1. Participants in group A received 1% atropine once a day for 1 week, and then once a week for 23 weeks. Participants in group B received 0.01% atropine once a day for 6 months. ChT and internal axial length (IAL) were measured at baseline, 1 week, 3 months, and 6 months.ResultsIn group A, the ChT significantly increased after a 1-week loading dose of 1% atropine (26 ± 14 µm; P < 0.001) and the magnitude of increase stabilized throughout the following weekly treatment. The internal axial length did not significantly change at the 6-month visit (−0.01 ± 0.11 mm; P = 0.74). In contrast, a decreased ChT (−5 ± 17 µm; P < 0.001) and pronounced eye elongation (0.19 ± 0.12 mm; P < 0.001) were observed in group B after 6 months. Multivariable regression analysis showed that less increase in ChT at the 1-week visit (P = 0.03), younger age (P < 0.001), and presence of peripapillary atrophy (P = 0.001) were significantly associated with greater internal axial length increase over 6 months in group A.ConclusionsOne percent atropine could increase the ChT, whereas 0.01% atropine caused a decrease in ChT after 6 months of treatment. For participants receiving 1% atropine, the short-term increase in ChT was negatively associated with long-term eye elongation. Younger age and the presence of peripapillary atrophy were found to be risk factors for greater eye elongation.     

Choroidal Thickness in Strabismus and Amblyopia Cases

Purpose: The aim of our study was to examine the effect of hypermetropia and anisometropic, exotropic, and esotropic amblyopia on choroidal thickness. Methods: A prospective, cross-sectional, comparative study of 120 children under the age of 16 years was conducted. Choroidal thickness was measured in patients with hypermetropia, anisometropia, esotropia, exotropia, and controls. Results: The mean subfoveal choroidal thickness in the control and hypermetropia groups was 323.9±69.0?µm and 348.9±64.5?µm, respectively. Mean choroidal thickness in amblyopic and fellow eyes was 387.4 and 351.9 µm in anisometropic, 353.8 and 338.7 µm in exotropic, 347.5 and 336.5 µm in esotropic, and 389.3 and 359.3 µm in esotropic+anisometropic groups, respectively. Choroid was significantly thicker in amblyopic eyes of anisometropic group compared to fellow (P=0.004) and control (P=0.03) eyes. The difference of choroidal thickness was not significant between both eyes and when compared to control eyes in the other groups. Conclusions: Anisometropic amblyopic eyes had thicker choroids compared to controls and fellow eyes. However the choroidal thickness was not significantly different between amblyopic and fellow eyes of esotropic or exotropic patients.     

脉络膜厚度与体温日间变化的研究

目的:通过深度增强成像光断层扫描(EDI-OCT)技术以探究体温如何影响脉络膜厚度.方法:前瞻性研究.通过EDI-OCT检测9∶00~17∶00中心凹(SF-CT),中心凹鼻侧500μm(N-CT)和中心凹颞侧500μm(T-CT)正常人(41例)的脉络膜厚度(CT).使用非接触式红外测温仪逐时检测体温(BT),以评估CT和BT日间变化的相关性.结果:SF-CT值在9∶00和13∶00(P=0.021),9∶00和14∶00(P=0.012), 9∶00和16∶00(P=0.048),及9∶00和17∶00(P=0.002)之间存在显著性差异.N-CT值在8h内(均P>0.05)无显著性变化,9∶00和13∶00(P=0.004)则存在明显差异.结论: CT与BT从9∶00~17∶00之间逐时变化无显著性差异.     

视网膜脱离伴脉络膜脱离的临床分析

伴脉络膜脱离的视网膜脱离发病占同期视网膜脱离的４．１５％。分析住院手术１３５眼，总痊愈率为６５．９３％与同期不含脉络脱离的视网膜脱离成功率相比，复位率低且明显差异（Ｐ〈０．０１），将１３５例脉络膜脱离分为花边，半月，球形三型，花边型组手术成功率较高，放视网膜下液有很高的意外率，封闭了裂孔，可以完成环扎术，不放水更有利。对注气要慎重，术前术后要早用、用足激素，同足激素，同时尽早手术以提高成功率。     

Focal Choroidal Excavation in Retinal Dystrophies

Aim: To investigate the presence of focal choroidal excavation (FCE) in patients with retinitis pigmentosa (RP), Stargardt’s disease (STGD), and Best disease in the Indian population. Methods: This retrospective consecutive case series included 309 eyes of 157 patients with RP (183 eyes), STGD (93 eyes), and Best disease (33 eyes) with good-quality, enhanced-depth spectral domain optical coherence tomography scans. Comprehensive ophthalmic examination data were collected. Characteristics of FCE, including location of FCE, type (conforming and non-conforming), maximal width, and depth, were noted. Results: FCE was found in 2 out of 33 (6%) eyes with Best disease and no FCE was found in eyes with RP or STGD. The location of the FCE was extrafoveal in both cases. The first case had non-conforming FCE while the second case had the conforming type and the FCE occurred in association with choroidal neovascularization in the second case. The first case maintained good visual acuity of 20/20 over the entire period of follow-up (14 months), while the second case had a visual acuity of 20/200 at the last follow-up (three years) due to scarred choroidal neovascular membranes. The FCE showed no change in both eyes over the entire duration of follow-up. Conclusion: Focal choroidal excavation was found in 6% of eyes with Best disease, which remained stable throughout follow up. Eyes with RP and STGD did not have any FCE. Further studies are required to determine the role of vitelliform material in FCE development in Best disease.     

Choroidal thickness profile in inherited retinal diseases in Indian subjects

Purpose:

To evaluate changes in choroidal thickness (CT) in inherited retinal diseases and its relationship with age, spherical equivalent, visual acuity, and macular thickness.

Methods:

Retrospective analysis of 51 eyes with features of retinal dystrophy of 26 subjects, who underwent enhanced depth imaging using spectral domain (SD) optical coherence tomography (OCT), were included. The CT measurements were made at the fovea and at 5 points with an interval of 500 microns in both directions, nasal and temporal from the fovea and were compared with age-matched healthy subjects. Step-wise regression was used to find the relationship between age, spherical equivalent, best-corrected visual acuity (BCVA), central macular thickness (CMT), and subfoveal CT.

Results:

Disease distribution was as follows: Stargardt''s disease 18 eyes (9 subjects); Best disease 5 eyes (3 subjects); cone-rod dystrophy 26 eyes (13 subjects); and Bietti''s crystalline dystrophy 2 eyes (1 subject). Mean subfoveal CT was 266.33 ± 76 microns. On regression analysis, no significant correlation was found between subfoveal CT and any other variable such as age (P = 0.9), gender (P = 0.5), CMT (P = 0.1), spherical equivalent (P = 0.3) and BCVA (P = 0.6). While comparing with age-matched healthy subjects, no significant statistical difference was noted (P < 0.05) among all age groups.

Conclusion:

Our study reports quantitative changes in CT in various common inherited retinal diseases seen in Indian populations. To validate changes in choroid, a longitudinal study with larger sample size is warranted.     

Percentage Choroidal Thickness: Another View on Analysis of Choroidal Thickness Using Spectral-domain Optical Coherence Tomography

Purpose: To present an analysis of the percentage choroidal thickness (PCT) and evaluate PCT profile in eyes with different axial length (AL).

Methods: Axial length (AL) measurements and spectral domain optical coherence tomography examinations, including radial 9-mm scan and 4 circle scans with diameter of 3.0, 5.0, 7.0, and 9.0 mm, centered on the fovea, were performed in 35 eyes of 35 individuals (13 male, 22 female, mean age 32.2 ± 7.1 years). Average choroidal thickness (CT) and PCT (the ratio of the average CT to the subfoveal CT) were calculated for each distance from the center of the macula and compared between three groups (AL<23.0 mm, AL 23.0–24.0 mm, and AL>24.0 mm). PCT change curves were constructed by plotting PCT values against the distance from the fovea.

Results: There was no statistically significant difference in CT between eyes with different AL, except for eyes with AL>24.0 mm and AL<23.0 mm at distances of 1.5 mm (p = .01) and subfoveally (p = .003). In contrast to the linear metric, PCT showed statistically significant differences between all three AL groups at all the distances (p = .048 to p < .001) except for 3.5 mm (p = 1.0) and 4.5 mm (p = .31) between eyes with AL 23.0–24.0 mm and AL>24.0 mm and 4.5 mm between eyes with AL<23.0 mm and AL>24.0 mm (p = .31).

Conclusion: PCT change curves are significantly different between eyes with short, medium, and long axial length and may provide more representative information about the change of CT and choroidal profile in pathological conditions.     

Massive Exudative Retinal and Choroidal Detachments Following Scleral Buckling Surgery

Three aphakic male patients underwent successful scleral buckling surgery for unilateral rhegmatogenous retinal detachment. Within a two-week postoperative period, each developed severe ocular pain with massive exudative retinal and choroidal detachments resembling recurrent rhegmatogenous or traction retinal detachment or implant infection. Systemic prednisone therapy resulted in prompt resolution of ocular pain and reabsorption of subretinal and suprachoroidal fluid. It is important to recognize this uncommon postoperative syndrome so that proper medical therapy may be initiated and unnecessary additional retinal or vitreous surgery can be avoided.     

Variations in Choroidal and Macular Thickness Maps after Uneventful Phacoemulsification

Objective: To investigate changes in retinal and choroidal thickness maps following uncomplicated phacoemulsification using enhanced depth imaging optical coherence tomography (EDI-OCT). Methods: A prospective study was done on 66 eyes. EDI-OCT was performed preoperative, 1 week, 1 month, and 3 months postoperative measuring retinal and choroidal thickness at the fovea and the 9 ETDRS subfields. Results: Subfoveal choroidal thickness (SFCT) showed statistically insignificant increase after 1 week (??P = 0.473), but the increase was statistically significant after 1 month (P = 0.014). However, after 3 months, there was non-significant difference from baseline (P = 0.073). Foveal retinal thickness (FT) demonstrated statistically insignificant increase after 1 week (P = 0.094), but statistically significant increase was noted after 1 and 3 months (P = 0.000). Conclusion: Uneventful phaco induced statistically significant increases in FT and SFCT from the first postoperative month; however, 3 months postoperative the increase in retinal thickness was maintained but the increase in choroidal thickness became statistically insignificant.     

Choroidal Thickness in Turkish Children with Anisometric Amblyopia

Purpose: To assess macular choroidal thickness (CT) and axial length measurements in children with anisometropic amblyopia and to compare the measurements with that of fellow non-amblyopic eyes and age-sex matched controls. Methods: Forty patients with anisometropic amblyopia and 40 age-/sex-matched controls were evaluated in this study. Eyes were classified into three groups as follows: amblyopic eyes (n?=?40), fellow non-amblyopic eyes, and healthy eyes (n?=?40). All subjects underwent complete ophthalmic examination and macular choroidal thickness measurements by enhanced depth imaging method of the Spectralis optical coherence tomography system. CT was measured at the fovea and at 1000-μm intervals from the foveal center in both temporal and nasal directions. The statistical assessment was performed with the assistance of one-way analysis of variance (ANOVA) and Pearson’s correlation test. Results: The mean subfoveal CT was 389.35, 349.07, and 315.8?μm in the amblyopic, fellow non-amblyopic and healthy eyes, respectively. Choroid was thickest in subfoveal and thinnest in nasal regions among all groups. Both amblyopic and fellow non-amblopic eyes were more hyperopic than healthy eyes. While the subfoveal and nasal CT in amblyopic eyes and fellow eyes were significantly higher than healthy eyes, the temporal CT in amblyopic eyes was significantly higher than in healthy eyes. There was a significant positive correlation between the CT of the subfoveal, nasal, and temporal regions and the refractive state (r?=?0.432 p?=?0.001; r?=?0.324 p?=?0.001; r?=?0.215 p?=?0.01, respectively). Conclusion: The macular choroidal thickness—not only in amblyopic eyes but also in non-amblyopic fellow eyes—was significantly thicker than in the healthy subjects. The thick choroid in amblyopic and non-amblyopic fellow eyes may indicate bilateral delay of emmetropization, which probably means amblyopia affecting the visual feedback of both eyes.     

Choroidal Thickening During Young Adulthood and Baseline Choroidal Thickness Predicts Refractive Error Change

PurposeThe purpose of this study was to explore the age-related change in choroidal thickness (ChT) and test the hypothesis that baseline ChT is predictive of refractive error change in healthy young adults.MethodsParticipants underwent spectral-domain optical coherence tomography (SD-OCT) imaging and autorefraction at 20 (baseline) and 28 years old. The enhanced depth imaging mode on the SD-OCT was used to obtain images of the choroid. Scans were exported from the SD-OCT and analyzed with a custom software that automatically measures the central ChT. The longitudinal change in subfoveal ChT and association between baseline subfoveal ChT and 8-year change in refractive error (spherical equivalent) were determined using linear mixed models.ResultsIn total, 395 eyes of 198 participants (44% men; 18–22 years at baseline) were included. Over 8 years, mean spherical equivalent decreased by 0.25 diopters (D) and axial length increased by 0.09 mm. Subfoveal choroid thickened by 1.3 µm/year (95% confidence interval [CI] = 0.6–2.0), but this was reduced by 0.9 µm/year (95% CI = 1.6–0.2) for every 1 mm increase in axial length. For every 10 µm increase in baseline ChT, average annual change in spherical equivalent and axial length reduced by 0.006 D/year and 0.003 mm/year, respectively.ConclusionsIn a community-based cohort of young adults, the choroid continued to change during early adulthood. Choroidal thickening was less in eyes that were longer at baseline, and the choroid thinned in eyes that showed myopia progression. The association between baseline ChT and longitudinal changes in spherical equivalent and axial length supports the hypothesis that ChT may be predictive of refractive error development and/or myopia progression.