油区初中生自我效能感与学业求助行为的关系研究

目的探讨油区初中生自我效能感与学业求助行为的关系。方法采用自我效能感综合量表和学业求助量表对296名油区初中生进行测查。结果①油区初中女生比男生表现出更多的工具求助行为(t=-2.421,P<0.05)。不同年级学生在工具求助行为上存在显著差异(F=4.537,P<0.05),在执行求助行为上存在极其显著差异(F=15.269,P<0.001),进一步进行多重比较表明,初一学生工具求助行为显著高于初三学生,初二和初三学生的执行求助行为极其显著高于初一学生;②油区初中生自我效能感对其学业求助行为有着显著的预测作用:自我调节学习效能感对工具求助行为具有极其显著的正向预测作用(β=0.373,P<0.001),对执行求助行为和回避求助行为均有极其显著的负向预测作用(β=-0.320,-0.321,P<0.001);学业自我效能感对执行求助行为和回避求助行为均有极其显著的负向预测作用(β=-0.306,-0.203,P<0.001)。结论油区初中生工具求助行为受性别、年级因素影响,执行求助行为受年级因素影响;研究结果支持"脆弱假说",即自我效能感越高的学生越容易表现出求助行为,而自我效能感越低的学生越容易避免求助。     

留守儿童问题行为与应对方式的关系

目的分析农村留守儿童问题行为状况及其与应对方式的关系。方法采用外化问题行为量表、简易应对方式量表对498名留守儿童进行调查。结果留守儿童男生问题行为得分显著高于女生(t=3.09,P0.01);留守儿童问题行为和积极应对方式存在显著负相关(r=-0.155,P0.001),和消极应对方式存在显著正相关(r=0.148,P0.001);积极应对方式对问题行为有显著的负向预测作用(β=-0.155,P0.001),消极应对方式对问题行为有显著的正向预测作用(β=0.162,P0.001)。结论积极应对方式是留守儿童问题行为的抑制性因素。     

监狱民警工作倦怠与压力源的关系

目的了解监狱民警的工作倦怠状况以及监狱民警工作倦怠与压力源之间的关系,为预防和干预监狱民警工作倦怠提供现实依据。方法采用职业倦怠问卷通用版和自编压力源问卷,采取整群抽样法抽取243名监狱民警进行问卷调查。结果来自工作方面的压力因素对情绪衰竭与冷嘲热讽有显著的正向预测作用(β=0.687,0.758;P<0.001,P<0.001),对职业效能感有显著的负向预测作用(β=-0.424,P<0.001),来自生活方面的压力因素对情绪衰竭有显著的正向预测作用(β=-0.213,P<0.001),对职业效能感有显著的负向预测作用(β=-0.275,P<0.001)。结论工作压力、生活压力是监狱民警工作倦怠产生的主要影响因素。     

父母饮食素养与学龄前儿童情绪行为问题的关系

目的:探究父母饮食素养与儿童情绪行为问题的关系，以及儿童饮食行为和父母陪伴在二者关系中的作用。方法:在青岛、大连、沈阳选取750名3～6岁儿童的父母，采用营养知识问卷、儿童饮食行为问卷、儿童长处和困难问卷(SDQ)(父母版)测量父母饮食素养、儿童饮食行为和儿童情绪行为问题。用SPSS PROCESS程序考察有调节的中介效应。结果:父母饮食素养得分与SDQ儿童情绪问题得分(β=-0.11,P<0.01)、品行问题得分(β=-0.15,P<0.001)、亲社会行为得分(β=-0.11,P<0.001)和同伴交往问题得分(β=-0.09,P<0.05)均负向关联。儿童饮食行为在父母饮食素养与儿童情绪症状、品行问题、亲社会行为、同伴交往问题之间起中介作用(β=-0.04、-0.03、0.02、-0.03,均P<0.05),父母陪伴对儿童饮食行为与儿童情绪问题的关系起调节作用(β=-0.17,P<0.05)。结论:父母饮食素养可能既能与儿童情绪行为问题有直接关联，也可以通过儿童饮食行为与儿童情绪行为问题有间接关联。父母陪伴在儿童饮食行为和儿童情绪问题的关系中起...     

大学生同伴交往与心理健康的关系:人际交往能力的中介作用

目的:探讨同伴交往对大学生正向和负向心理健康的影响,为当前大学生心理健康教育提供依据。方法:以657名大学生为被试,采用问卷法考察了大学生同伴交往频率、人际交往能力与大学生心理健康的关系。结果:①学生干部的同伴交往频率和人际交往能力显著高于普通同学(F=13.970,14.988;P0.01),大二学生的同伴交往频率显著低于大三和大四(F=4.245,P0.01);②同伴交往频率、人际交往能力与大学生的正性情绪(r=0.323,0.380;P0.01)和自尊(r=0.273,0.351;P0.01)呈显著正相关,同伴交往频率和人际交往能力显著正向预测正性情绪(β=0.319,0.377;P0.001)和自尊(β=0.254,0.345;P0.001),同时人际交往能力在同伴交往频率与正性情绪和自尊的关系上起部分中介作用;③同伴交往频率与学业压力成弱显著负相关(r=-0.123,P0.01),与负性情绪的相关不显著(P0.05),人际交往能力与学业压力、负性情绪的相关均不显著(P0.05),同伴交往频率对负性情绪的预测作用不显著(P0.05),人际交往能力对学业压力和负性情绪的预测作用均不显著(P0.05)。结论:大学生的同伴交往频率、人际交往能力与大学生的正向心理健康(如正向情绪、自尊)相关较大,与负向心理健康(如学业压力、负向情绪)的相关较小。     

社会因素对专业承诺与学习倦怠关系的调节

目的:考察社会因素对大学生专业承诺和学习倦怠关系的影响。方法:采用大学生学习倦怠量表、大学生专业承诺量表和大学生学习倦怠影响因素问卷,调查429名大学生专业承诺与学习倦怠情况。采用分层回归分析和简单斜率检验,探讨社会因素对大学生专业承诺与学习倦怠关系的调节作用。结果:1大学生专业承诺与学习倦怠显著负相关(r=-0.409,P0.001),情感承诺对学习倦怠的预测量最大;2专业承诺对学习倦怠具有显著的负向预测作用(β=-3.851,P0.001),而社会因素对学习倦怠具有显著的正向预测作用(β=2.84,P0.001),专业承诺和社会因素的交互作用项对大学生学习倦怠具有显著的正向预测(β=0.971,P0.05);3在低社会因素条件下,大学生专业承诺对学习倦怠的预测作用显著(β=-0.438,t=-4.250,P0.001),即专业承诺越高,学习倦怠的程度就越低。但在高社会因素条件下,大学生专业承诺对学习倦怠的预测作用不显著(β=-0.230,t=-1.622,P=0.111)。结论:社会因素在大学生专业承诺和学习倦怠之间起着显著的调节作用。     

团队认同对教师人格与职业倦怠关系的跨层调节作用

目的:探究团队认同在教师人格与职业倦怠关系中的调节作用。方法:采用大五人格量表、工作倦怠量表和团队认同量表对2300名中小学教师测评。结果:多层线性模型结果表明:1开放性显著负向预测成就感丧失(β=-0.91,P0.001),责任心显著负向预测成就感丧失(β=-1.38,P0.001)和热情枯竭(β=-2.90,P0.001),外向性显著负向预测成就感丧失(β=-0.57,P0.001)、精力枯竭(β=-2.63,P0.001)和热情枯竭(β=-3.51,P0.001),宜人性显著负向预测成就感丧失(β=-0.74,P0.001)、精力枯竭(β=-1.38,P0.01)和热情枯竭(β=-3.65,P0.001),神经质显著预测成就感丧失(β=0.50,P0.001)、精力枯竭(β=4.68,P0.001)和热情枯竭(β=3.71,P0.001);2团队认同显著负向预测成就感丧失(β=-0.39,P0.05)和热情枯竭(β=-2.12,P0.01);3团队认同与外向性(β=0.37,P0.05)和宜人性(β=0.41,P0.05)的交互作用显著预测成就感丧失。结论:教师的人格各维度和团队认同对职业倦怠有不同的预测作用,团队层面的认同可以减缓个体低外向性和低宜人性对成就感丧失的负性影响。     

母亲教养方式与幼儿行为问题、同伴交往的关系

目的:探讨母亲教养方式影响幼儿同伴交往的直接和间接效应。方法:以父母教养行为问卷、儿童行为量表和同伴提名法对260名4-6岁儿童及其母亲进行测查。结果:①专制教养方式与幼儿内、外化行为呈显著正相关,权威教养方式与幼儿内、外化行为呈显著负相关。②幼儿外化行为与同伴拒斥呈显著正相关,与同伴接纳相关不显著。③专制教养方式与幼儿同伴接纳、同伴拒斥分别呈显著的负向、正向相关,权威教养方式与幼儿同伴接纳、同伴拒斥相关不显著。④幼儿外化行为在母亲专制教养方式与幼儿同伴拒斥之间起完全中介作用。结论:专制教养方式不直接影响幼儿同伴拒斥,而是通过幼儿外化行为间接影响同伴拒斥。     

企业员工自我和谐与组织公民行为的关系

目的探讨企业员工自我和谐与组织公民行为的关系。方法采用自我和谐量表(SCCS)、中国组织公民行为量表(COCBS)对225名企业员工施测。结果自我和谐与组织公民行为的相关分析结果显示,①总体自我和谐与组织公民行为各维度显著负相关(r=-0.19～-0.44,P<0.01～P<0.001);②自我与经验的不和谐对组织公民行为的组织认同、尽职行为和人际和谐因素有显著负相关(r=-0.18～-0.27,P<0.01～P<0.001);③自我灵活性对组织公民行为的5个维度均有显著正相关(r=0.30～0.69,P均<0.001);④自我刻板性对组织公民行为的人际和谐(r=-0.26,P<0.001)和保护组织资源因素(r=-0.20,P<0.01)有显著负相关。自我和谐对组织公民行为的回归分析结果显示,①自我和谐对组织公民行为5个维度均有显著的正向预测作用(β=0.28～0.69,P均<0.001);②自我与经验的不和谐对组织公民行为的组织认同、尽职行为和人际和谐因素有显著的负向预测作用(β=-0.15～-0.17,P均<0.05);③自我刻板性对组织公民行为的人际和谐(β=-0.18)和保护组织资源因素(β=-0.19)有显著的负向预测作用(P均<0.05)。结论自我和谐对员工的组织公民行为有显著影响。     

流动和留守儿童生活事件和人际关系与利他亲社会行为的关系

目的:研究小学流动儿童和留守儿童负性生活事件、亲子关系、师生关系与利他亲社会行为的关系。方法:选取流动儿童1198人、留守儿童1631人,采用儿童青少年亲社会行为量表中的利他亲社会行为维度(CAPBQ-A)评估儿童的利他亲社会行为、生活事件量表(LEQ)评估儿童的负性生活事件、社会心理处境分化量表中的父母信任与支持感知维度(SPRQ-P)和教师信任与支持感知维度(SPRQ-T)评估儿童的亲子关系和师生关系。结果:流动儿童CAPBQ-A得分高于留守儿童(P0.001)。对CAPBQA得分具有直接预测作用的是儿童类别(β=-0.07)、LEQ得分(β=-0.04)、SPRQ-P得分(β=0.13)、SPRQ-T得分(β=0.31);SPRQ-P得分对流动儿童的预测程度比对留守儿童预测程度更大(β=-0.06),SPRQ-T得分对留守儿童的预测程度比对流动儿童预测程度更大(β=0.06)(均P0.01)。结论:留守儿童利他亲社会行为更差。人际关系对两类儿童利他亲社会行为的预测作用相比负性生活事件更大;亲子关系对流动儿童利他亲社会行为的预测作用要高于留守儿童,师生关系对留守儿童利他亲社会行为的预测作用要高于流动儿童。     

Opportunities and challenges in the prevention and control of cancer and other chronic diseases: children's diet and nutrition and weight and physical activity

OBJECTIVE: The purpose of this article is to review the role of behavioral research in disease prevention and control, with a particular emphasis on lifestyle- and behavior-related cancer and chronic disease risk factors--specifically, relationships among diet and nutrition and weight and physical activity with adult cancer, and tracking developmental origins of these health-promoting and health-compromising behaviors from childhood into adulthood. METHOD: After reviewing the background of the field of cancer prevention and control and establishing plausibility for the role of child health behavior in adult cancer risk, studies selected from the pediatric published literature are reviewed. Articles were retrieved, selected, and summarized to illustrate that results from separate but related fields of study are combinable to yield insights into the prevention and control of cancer and other chronic diseases in adulthood through the conduct of nonintervention and intervention research with children in clinical, public health, and other contexts. RESULTS: As illustrated by the evidence presented in this review, there are numerous reasons (biological, psychological, and social), opportunities (school and community, health care, and family settings), and approaches (nonintervention and intervention) to understand and impact behavior change in children's diet and nutrition and weight and physical activity. CONCLUSIONS: Further development and evaluation of behavioral science intervention protocols conducted with children are necessary to understand the efficacy of these approaches and their public health impact on proximal and distal cancer, cancer-related, and chronic disease outcomes before diffusion. It is clear that more attention should be paid to early life and early developmental phases in cancer prevention.     

Pain and Effusion and Quadriceps Activation and Strength

Context:

Quadriceps dysfunction is a common consequence of knee joint injury and disease, yet its causes remain elusive.

Objective:

To determine the effects of pain on quadriceps strength and activation and to learn if simultaneous pain and knee joint effusion affect the magnitude of quadriceps dysfunction.

Design:

Crossover study.

Setting:

University research laboratory.

Patients or Other Participants:

Fourteen (8 men, 6 women; age = 23.6 ± 4.8 years, height = 170.3 ± 9.16 cm, mass = 72.9 ± 11.84 kg) healthy volunteers.

Intervention(s):

All participants were tested under 4 randomized conditions: normal knee, effused knee, painful knee, and effused and painful knee.

Main Outcome Measure(s):

Quadriceps strength (Nm/kg) and activation (central activation ratio) were assessed after each condition was induced.

Results:

Quadriceps strength and activation were highest under the normal knee condition and differed from the 3 experimental knee conditions (P < .05). No differences were noted among the 3 experimental knee conditions for either variable (P > .05).

Conclusions:

Both pain and effusion led to quadriceps dysfunction, but the interaction of the 2 stimuli did not increase the magnitude of the strength or activation deficits. Therefore, pain and effusion can be considered equally potent in eliciting quadriceps inhibition. Given that pain and effusion accompany numerous knee conditions, the prevalence of quadriceps dysfunction is likely high.Key Words: arthrogenic muscle inhibition, central activation failure, voluntary activation, muscles

Key Points

• Knee pain and effusion resulted in arthrogenic muscle inhibition and weakness of the quadriceps.
• The simultaneous presence of pain and effusion did not increase the magnitude of quadriceps dysfunction.
• To reduce arthrogenic muscle inhibition and improve muscle strength, clinicians should employ interventions that target removing both pain and effusion.

Quadriceps weakness is a common consequence of traumatic knee joint injury^1,2 and chronic degenerative knee joint conditions.^3,4 Arthrogenic muscle inhibition (AMI), a neurologic decline in muscle activation, results in quadriceps weakness and hinders rehabilitation by preventing gains in strength.⁵ The inability to reverse AMI and restore muscle function can lead to decreased physical abilities,⁶ biomechanical deficits,⁷ and possibly reinjury.⁵ Furthermore, researchers^8,9 have suggested that quadriceps weakness resulting from AMI may place patients at risk for developing osteoarthritis in the knee. In light of the substantial influence of quadriceps AMI on these clinically relevant outcomes, we need to improve our understanding of the factors that contribute to this neurologic decline in muscle activity so efforts to target and reverse it can be implemented and gains in strength can be achieved more easily.Joint injury and disease are accompanied by numerous sequelae (ie, pain, swelling, tissue damage, inflammation), so ascertaining which one ultimately leads to neurologic muscle dysfunction is difficult. Whereas a joint effusion can result in AMI,^10–12 the effects of pain are less understood despite many clinicians attributing AMI to pain. Using techniques that introduce knee pain without accompanying injury may provide insights into the role of pain in eliciting AMI.The degree of knee joint damage may play a role in the quantity of AMI that manifests. Hurley et al^13,14 demonstrated that quadriceps AMI, measured using an interpolated-twitch technique, was greater in patients with extensive traumatic knee injury (eg, fractured tibial plateau, ruptured medial collateral ligament, and medial meniscectomy) than patients with isolated joint trauma (ie, isolated anterior cruciate ligament [ACL] rupture). Similarly, patients with more knee joint symptoms (ie, greater number of symptoms and increased severity of symptoms) may present with greater magnitudes of quadriceps inhibition. Recently, investigators¹⁵ have suggested that patients with more pain display less quadriceps strength, supporting this tenet. Given that effusion and pain often present simultaneously with joint injuries and diseases, such as ACL injury and osteoarthritis, examining both the isolated and cumulative effects of these sequelae appears warranted to determine if they influence the magnitude of muscle inhibition.Experimental joint-effusion and pain models are safe and effective experimental methods that allow for the isolated examination of their effects on muscle function. The effusion model, whereby sterile saline is injected directly into the knee joint capsule,⁷ produces a clinically relevant magnitude of the joint effusion that may be present with traumatic injury. Effusion is thought to activate group II afferents responding to stretch or pressure,^16–18 which in turn may facilitate group Ib interneurons and result in quadriceps AMI.⁵ The pain model involves injecting hypertonic saline into the infrapatellar fat pad to produce anteromedial knee pain similar to that described in patients with patellofemoral pain syndrome.¹⁹ Pain is considered to initiate AMI through activation of group III and IV afferents that act as nocioceptors to signal damage or potential damage to joint structures.^16–18 The firing of these afferents then may lead to facilitation of group Ib interneurons, the flexion reflex, or the gamma loop, ultimately resulting in quadriceps inhibition.²⁰ Thus, these models allow us to create symptoms that are associated with knee injury and have the added benefit of providing a way to examine their effects in isolation.Therefore, the purpose of our study was to determine the effects of pain on quadriceps strength and activation and to learn if simultaneous pain and knee joint effusion would affect the magnitude of quadriceps dysfunction. We hypothesized that pain alone would result in quadriceps inhibition and that the magnitude of inhibition would be greater when effusion and pain were present simultaneously.     

Postinfectious immunodeficiency and autoimmunity: pathogenic and clinical values and implications

Autoimmunity is still a mystery of clinical immunology and medicine as a whole. The etiology and pathogenesis of autoimmune disorders remain unclear and, thus, are assessed as a balance between hereditary predisposition, triggering factors and the appearance of autoantibodies and/or self-reactive T cells. Among the immunological armamentarium, molecular mimicry, based on self-reactive T- and B-cell activation by cross-reactive epitopes of infectious agents, is of special value. Hypotheses regarding the possible involvement of molecular mimicry in the development of postinfectious autoimmunity are currently very intriguing. They provide new approaches for identifying etiological agents that are associated with postinfectious autoimmunity, paired microbial- and tissue-linked epitopes targeted for autoimmune reaction determination, postinfectious autoimmunity pathogenesis recognition and specific prevention, and therapy for autoimmune disorder development.     

Beta-endorphin and drug-induced reward and reinforcement

Although drugs of abuse have different acute mechanisms of action, their brain pathways of reward exhibit common functional effects upon both acute and chronic administration. Long known for its analgesic effect, the opioid beta-endorphin is now shown to induce euphoria, and to have rewarding and reinforcing properties. In this review, we will summarize the present neurobiological and behavioral evidences that support involvement of beta-endorphin in drug-induced reward and reinforcement. Currently, evidence supports a prominent role for beta-endorphin in the reward pathways of cocaine and alcohol. The existing information indicating the importance of beta-endorphin neurotransmission in mediating the reward pathways of nicotine and THC, is thus far circumstantial. The studies described herein employed diverse techniques, such as biochemical measurements of beta-endorphin in various brain sites and plasma, and behavioral measurements, conducted following elimination (via administration of anti-beta-endorphin antibodies or using mutant mice) or augmentation (by intracerebral administration) of beta-endorphin. We suggest that the reward pathways for different addictive drugs converge to a common pathway in which beta-endorphin is a modulating element. beta-Endorphin is involved also with distress. However, reviewing the data collected so far implies a discrete role, beyond that of a stress response, for beta-endorphin in mediating the substance of abuse reward pathway. This may occur via interacting with the mesolimbic dopaminergic system and also by its interesting effects on learning and memory. The functional meaning of beta-endorphin in the process of drug-seeking behavior is discussed.     

PTEN与信号转导及肿瘤

ＴＥＮ[1] (ｐｈｏｓｐｈａｔａｓｅａｎｄｔｅｎｓｉｎｈｏｍｏｌｏｇｙｄｅｌｅｔｅｄｏｎｃｈｒｏｍｏｓｏｍｅｔｅｎ)又名ＭＭＡＣ1 [2 ] (ｍｕｔａｔｅｄｉｎｍｕｔｉｐｌｙａｄａｎｃｅｄｃａｎｃｅｒ 1 )和ＴＥＰ1 [3 ] (ＴＧＦ -βｒｅｇｕｌａｔｅｄａｎｄｅｐｉｔｈｅｌｉａｌｃｅｌｌ -ｒｉｃｈｅｄｐｈｏｓｐｈａｔａｓｅ 1 ) (以下均称为ＰＴＥＮ) ,是 1 997年由 3个研究小组先后发现的一个具有双特异磷酸酶活性的抑癌基因。ＰＴＥＮ基因异常广泛存在于人类多种恶性肿瘤 ,如恶性神经胶质瘤、前列腺癌、子宫内膜癌、黑色素瘤等…     

Tobacco and alcohol and the risk of head and neck cancer

Summary We carried out two case-control studies on the relative risk of head and neck cancer in association with tobacco and alcohol consumption. The first study carried out at the ENT Department of the University hospitals of Heidelberg and Giessen (FRG) comprised 200 male patients with squamous cell cancer of the head and neck and 800 control subjects matched for sex, age, and residential area (1:4 matching design). Of the tumour patients, 4.5% had never smoked, in contrast to 29.5% of the control group. The average tobacco and alcohol consumption of the patients was approximately twice as high as in the control subjects. The highest alcohol and tobacco consumption was observed in patients suffering from oropharyngeal cancer. Tobacco and alcohol increased the risk of head and neck cancer in a dose-dependent fashion and acted as independent risk factors. In heavy smokers (> 60 pack-years) a relative risk of 23.4 (alcohol adjusted) was calculated. Combined alcohol and tobacco consumption showed a synergistic effect. The risk ratio increased more in a multiplicative than in an additive manner. Oral and laryngeal cancer were associated with the highest tobacco-associated risk values. The highest ethanol-associated risk values were associated with oropharyngeal and laryngeal cancer. The second study was carried out at the ENT Department of the University of Heidelberg on 164 males with squamous cell carcinoma of the larynx and 656 control subjects matched for sex, age and residential area (1:4 matching design). Of the cases, 4.2% had never smoked, compared with 28.5% of the control subjects. The risk of laryngeal cancer by tobacco consumption was dose dependent, reaching a maximum value of 9.1 (adjusted for alcohol) for a consumption of more than 50 tobacco-years (TY). The relative risk of laryngeal cancer associated with alcohol intake was also dose dependent, reaching a value of 9.0 (adjusted for tobacco) for a mean daily consumption of more than 75 g alcohol. An analysis of subsite specific risks showed that heavy smokers (> 50 TY) carried a nearly ten times higher risk of supraglottic cancer than of glottic cancer. The risk of supraglottic cancer from alcohol consumption was also higher than that of glottic cancer.     

Muscle strength and serum testosterone,cortisol and SHBG concentrations in middle-aged and elderly men and women

Forty healthy males (M) and females (F) divided into two different age groups i.e. M50 years (range 44–57; n= 9), F50 years (range 43–54; n= 9), M70 years (range 64–73; n= 11) and F70 years (range 63–73; n= 11) volunteered as subjects for examination of muscle cross-sectional area (CSA) and maximal voluntary isometric force production characteristics of the leg extensor muscles and serum androgen and sex hormone binding globulin (SHBG) concentrations. The CSA in the male groups was greatly larger (P < 0.01) than in the female groups and both elderly groups demonstrated slightly (n.s.) smaller values in the CSA than the two middle-aged groups. Maximal force of 2854 ± 452 N in M50 was greater (P < 0.05) than that of 2627 ± 752 N recorded for F50 as well as the force of 2787 ± 843 in M70 was greater (P < 0.001) than that of 1849 ± 295 recorded for F70. The force between F50 and F70 differed significantly (P < 0.05) from each other. The maximal rate of force production in M50 was greater (P < 0.01) than in F50 as well as in M70 greater (P < 0.001) than in F70. Both middle-aged groups demonstrated greater (P < 0.05) values than the respective elderly groups of the same sex. The individual values in the CSA correlated with the values in maximal force both in the middle-aged subjects (r= 0.66; P < 0.01) and in the elderly subjects (r= 0.69; P < 0.01). The mean concentration of serum testosterone in M50 was slightly (n.s.) greater than in M70 and in F50 significantly (P < 0.05) greater than in F70. Serum SHBG levels were lower in the males (P < 0.01) than in the females and serum testosterone/SHBG ratio in M70 and in F70 were lower (P < 0.05) than in M50 and in F50, respectively. In the females significant positive correlations were observed between the individual values in serum testosterone concentration and the values both in the CSA (r= 0.46; P < 0.05) and in maximal force (r= 0.62; P < 0.01) as well as between serum testosterone/SHBG ratio and both the CSA (r= 0.55; P < 0.05) and maximal force (r= 0.68; P < 0.01). The present results imply that the decreasing basal level of blood testosterone over the years in aging people, especially in females, may lead to decreasing anabolic effects on muscles thus having an association with age-related declines in the maximal voluntary neuromuscular performance capacity in aging people.     

海洛因成瘾与学习记忆

海洛因成瘾是我国发病最高,危害最大的一种成瘾性疾病,而其中枢机制则是解决临床预防和治疗的关键,至今仍不清楚。既往工作表明,学习记忆功能在海洛因成瘾的中枢机制中居于重要的中心环节。本文在总结既往海洛因成瘾研究工作基础上联系学习记忆功能,试图从系统整合层次分析相关领域研究工作的不足和今后工作的发展方向。