经自然腔道内镜手术的研究进展

近年来,经自然腔道内镜手术已在全球取得了长足的发展.目前,已有大量经自然腔道内镜手术应用于实验动物及人体,如经阴道胆囊切除术、经阴道阑尾切除术、经胃阑尾切除术、经膀胱腹腔镜检术等.本文就目前经自然腔道内镜手术的研究进展及面临的挑战作一综述.     

经自然腔道内镜手术的进展

经自然腔道内镜手术是一种新兴的微创外科技术,它通过在自然腔道（如胃、阴道、直肠、膀胱）人为造口,然后置入软式内镜经造口进入腹腔完成手术.因其可以避免腹部切口从而实现了体表无瘢痕的目的 .尽管经自然腔道内镜手术目前还处于早期阶段,但随着技术的发展,必将开创微创外科的新纪元.     

经自然腔道内镜手术研究进展及其在泌尿外科领域的应用

经自然腔道内镜手术（Nature orifice translumenal endoscopic surgery, NOTES）是指经由人体与外界自然相通之开口与管腔（胃、结肠、阴道、膀胱），将内镜器械置入体腔进行操作的手术类型，包括混合经自然腔道内镜手术（hybrid NOTES）和完全经自然腔道内镜手术（pure NOTES）两大类。混合经自然腔道内镜手术指经皮途径设立辅助工作通道，主要操作则在自然腔道工作通道中完成。     

经自然腔道腔镜手术

经自然腔道腔镜手术是一个新兴的微创技术,即经身体的自然孔道置入软性内镜,通过其切口经内镜潜道置入操作器材进行消化道壁外的手术。这项技术的发展开启了微创治疗的新时代。     

经自然腔道内镜手术现状

经自然腔道内镜手术是通过自然腔道（胃、直肠或阴道等）的合适位置,应用内镜切开进入腹腔完成腹腔内外科操作,避免腹壁的切口。其临床应用涉及胆囊切除、阑尾切除、结肠切除等,但技术尚不成熟,仍然面临许多实际问题。     

机器人在经自然腔道手术中的应用

经自然腔道内镜手术(natural orifice transluminal endoscopic surgery,NOTES)是经人体口腔、肛门、阴道、尿道等自然腔道施术,在解决患者疾患的过程中,未在人体表面留有切口,减轻了手术创伤,增加了美容效果。但NOTES是二维成像,手术器械欠缺灵活度,其软式纤维镜缺乏牢固稳定的操作平台,不适合进行复杂手术。将达芬奇机器人系统应用于NOTES中,可实现三维成像;机械臂稳定,可提供牢固的操作平台;器械臂有7个关节,活动范围大而灵活。但庞大的达芬奇机器人手术系统会与患者的身体发生碰撞;狭小的自然腔道导致狭小的操作三角,手术操作非常困难;人体解剖结构的差异,引起手术操作困难。将微型内镜机器人应用于NOTES中,能提供较宽的操作平台,操作三角良好;内镜机器人体积小,在腹腔内不会与腹腔器官发生碰撞;腹腔宽大,操作空间也宽大,人体解剖结构的差异对手术不会造成影响。相信内镜机器人的NOTES手术将成为外科重要的发展方向。     

经自然腔道内镜手术的现状和发展

随着微创手术设备和技术的不断发展,极可能成为第3次外科革命的经自然腔道内镜手术（ natural orifice transluminal endoscopic surgery,NOTES）已悄然而至。NOTES是指不经皮肤切口而经人体自然的腔道造口进行的腹部内镜外科手术,主要的手术径路包括经胃、结肠、阴道和膀胱等。     

经脐入路腹腔镜手术的进展与争议

<正>2004年美国约翰.霍普金斯大学Kalloo发表了经口、经胃置入内镜行腹腔探查和肝活检手术的动物实验报告,术后腹壁无手术瘢痕,从而提出了经自然腔道内镜手术(natural orifice transluminal endoscopic surgery,NOTES)的概念。然而,NOTES比较困难。尽管经过不懈努力,但NOTES仍未被广泛接受。     

微创手术新概念—经自然腔道内镜手术的现状与发展

微创外科成为21世纪发展的重要趋势,层出不穷的微创治疗手段昭示着一个微创外科时代的到来,随着腹腔镜技术和理念的普及、内镜治疗器械和技术的进步等,腹壁无瘢痕手术(scarless surgery)成为人们追求的新的目标,现将经自然腔道内镜手术的现状与发展作一综述。     

腹壁无瘢痕手术的现状及展望

随着微创外科的进一步发展,腹壁无瘢痕手术（scarless surgery）成为新的研究热点,主要在2个方面：经自然腔道内镜手术（natural orifice transluminal endoscopic surgery,NOTES）和经脐途径内镜手术（transumbilical endoscopic surgery,TUES）,后者也有人称为胚胎性自然腔道内镜手术（embryonic natural orifice transumbilical endoscopic surgery,E-NOTES）、单套管腹腔镜手术（single port laparoscopic surgery,SPL）或单切口腹腔镜手术（single incision laparoscopic surgery,SILS）。本文对腹壁无瘢痕手术的现状及未来进行概述。     

Abdominal surgery and vascular surgery

Vascular surgery itself developed for the surgical treatment for the vascular lesions such as occlusion and/or aneurysm. But recently the fine vascular surgical technique has been applied also to the treatment of malignancy affected the abdominal visceral organs. For instance, it is for the curative operation, when the malignant lesion such as bile duct carcinoma involves the main portal system because the resection with reconstruction of the portal vein is nowadays feasible. In this paper I would like to describe the technique of vascular reconstruction for the general surgeons and to report the current status of introduction of vascular surgery into the abdominal surgery in Japan.     

Clinical outcomes in cardiac surgery: conventional surgery versus bloodless surgery

Bleeding during and after cardiac operations and the effects of cardiopulmonary bypass hemodilution commonly result in blood transfusions. Excessive microvascular bleeding can result in re-exploration and prolonged hospitalization. Nearly 20% of all blood transfusions in the United States are associated with cardiac surgery. The risks associated with the use of allogeneic blood product transfusion include mistransfusion, immunologic complications, and transmission of infectious diseases. The large demand for blood products places significant pressure on the national blood supply, resulting in frequent shortages. The variability in transfusion practice of cardiac surgery patients suggests that sound blood management and a conservative approach to this population can result in reduced transfusions without increasing morbidity or mortality and avoiding complications associated with allogeneic blood transfusion.     

Digestive surgery and varicose vein surgery

The thromboembolic risk related to surgery may be considered as low for varicose vein surgery and non major digestive surgery. It could be defined as moderate in case of large dissection, long duration of procedures and emergency cases. The risk may be considered as high for major abdominal surgery involving cancer surgery or not and bariatric surgery. The absence of prophylaxis can be proposed for low risk surgery (grade B). However, elastic compression stocking are effective for all cases of digestive surgery and suggested to be used (grade A). There are no data concerning the moderate risk situation. Therefore, experts recommend the use of elastic compression stockings or low doses of LMWH (grade D). High-risk surgery requires the use of high doses of LMWH recommended for reasons of efficacy, tolerance, and easiness to use (grade A). Associated elastic stockings is efficious (grade B). The duration of prophylaxis lasts generally 7-10 days. Extension to 1 month is recommended for major abdominal cancer surgery (grade A).