萘普生肠溶胶囊人体药物动力不和相对生物利用度

测血药浓度，３Ｐ８７约动学程序进行药物动力学参数模拟，以单侧检验法作主物等效性判别。方法：８名健康男性示愿者交叉服用萘普生肠溶和胃溶胶囊各５００ｍｇ，以ＨＰＬＣ法测定。结果：药－时曲线符合一级吸收二室模型，萘普生肠溶胶囊的主要药动学参数分别为Ｋａ０．７５０．２８ｈ＾－１，ＡＵＣ１５３３．０±２１７．６μｇ．ｍｌ＾－１，Ｔｍａｘ３．６±１．６ｈ，Ｃｍｑｘ７８．１±１４．１μｍｌ＾－１。     

反相高效液相色谱法测定人血浆中萘普生含量

目的：建立ＲＰ－ＨＰＬＣ测定人血浆中萘普生含量的方法，研究该药在人体内药物动力学。方法：血浆在酸性介质中以氯仿提取，Ｃ１８色谱柱，２３０ｎｍ波长紫外检测，以甲基炔诺酮为内标，流动相为甲醇∶水（６５∶３５，预先用磷酸调至ｐＨ３．０～３．１）；所得药时数据采用ｍｉｎｉｍ３．０８程序拟合计算药动学参数。结果：萘普生血药浓度在０．１～２００μｇ·ｍｌ－１范围内与色谱峰高比呈线性关系，ｒ＝０．９９９９（ｎ＝８）。４名健康受试者单剂量口服５００ｍｇ萘普生片后，药时曲线呈一室模型。Ｃｍａｘ＝７３．６±８．３μｇ·ｍｌ－１，Ｔｍａｘ＝２．３±０．５ｈ，Ｔ１／２Ｋｅ＝９．７±３．５ｈ，Ｋｅ＝０．０８±０．０４ｈ－１，ＡＵＣ０→２４＝８２０．０±８５．７μｇ·ｈ·ｍｌ－１。结论：本法简单、快捷、灵敏，能满足药动学研究的需要     

盐酸特拉唑嗪胶囊人体生物利用度及药物动力学研究

目的：对盐酸特拉唑嗪胶囊的人体内生物利用度进行研究。方法：单剂量口服盐酸特拉唑嗪胶囊和片剂２ｍｇ。血药浓度采用ＨＰＬＣ测定，数据用３Ｐ８７计算药动学参数。结果：盐酸特拉唑嗪胶囊剂的药动学参数：Ｋａ为８．２±４．０ｈ－１，Ｔ１／２为８．２±２．５ｈ，Ｔｍａｘ为０．６１±０．１１ｈ，Ｃｍａｘ为４３．５±８．５ｎｇ·ｍｌ－１，ＡＵＣ为３６７．４±３４．６ｎｇ·ｈ·ｍｌ－１；盐酸特拉唑嗪片剂的药动学参数：Ｋａ为６．４±７．４ｈ－１，Ｔ１／２为７．４±２．１ｈ，Ｔｍａｘ为０．９±０．４ｈ，Ｃｍａｘ为４３．１±４．８ｎｇ·ｍｌ－１，ＡＵＣ为３７１．３±４４．４ｎｇ·ｈ·ｍｌ－１。结论：两种剂型的药物动力学参数之间差异均无显著性（Ｐ＞０．０５），胶囊剂的相对生物利用度为９９．８８％。     

布洛芬混悬液人体生物利用度和药物动力学研究

用反相高效液相色谱法，血样甲醇沉淀蛋白后直接进样测定。１０名受试者随机分组自身交叉对照试验，单剂量口服布洛芬片或混悬液３００ｍｇ，布洛芬药时数据经３Ｐ８７程序拟合为一房室模型，其主要药动学参数，片剂和混悬液分别为：Ｋａ０．７２±０．１８ｈ－１，２．５０±０．８ｈ－１；Ｔ１／２ｋｅ２．０４±０．３２ｈ，２．２±０．５ｈ；ＡＵＣ０－∞１１１±２５ｍｇ·ｌ·ｈ－１，１１９±２８ｍｇ·ｌ·ｈ；Ｔｍａｘ２．８±０．６ｈ，０．９８±０．２３ｈ；Ｃｍａｘ１９．９±３．４μｇ·ｍｌ－１，２７．３±３．３μｇ·ｍｌ；相对生物利用度１０７．１６±８．１２％。     

进口和国产索他洛尔片剂的相对生物利用度研究

目的：本文对进口和国产索他洛尔片剂在１２名男性健康志愿者中的药物动力学和相对生物利用度进行了研究。方法：建立了一个检测血清中索他洛尔浓度的反相高效液相色谱－荧光检测法。结果：单剂量口服索他洛尔１６０ｍｇ后的血药浓度数据用３Ｐ８７药物动力学程序进行模型拟合，国产片剂ＡＵＣ、Ｃｍａｘ、Ｔｍａｘ、Ｔ１／２分别为１６．２±３．６ｈ·μｇ·ｍｌ－１，１．２±０．２μｇ·ｍｌ－１，２．１±０．７ｈ，１７．０±７．２ｈ；进口片剂ＡＵＣ、Ｃｍａｘ、Ｔｍａｘ、Ｔ１／２分别为１５．９±３．５ｈ·μｇ·ｍｌ－１，１．２±０．４μｇ·ｍｌ－１，２．１±０．６ｈ，１８．６±９．４ｈ。国产片剂的相对生物利用度为１０３．５％。结论：两种片剂的所有药动学参数经统计学（ＳＰＳＳ软件）处理差异均无显著性（Ｐ＞０．０５）。     

替硝唑胶囊剂的相对生物利用度

目的：研究替硝唑胶囊剂的相对生物利用度。方法：８名健康男性志愿者交叉口服２ｇ替硝唑胶囊和片剂，用高效液相色谱法测定其血药浓度经时过程。结果：替硝唑胶囊与片剂的药时曲线符合一房室模型，胶囊与片剂的Ｔ１／２（Ｋｅ）分别为１３．７±１．５ｈ、１４．２±２．０ｈ、Ｔｍａｘ分别为１．４±０．４ｈ、１．９±０．８ｈ；Ｃｍａｘ分别为５２．１±９．１μｇ·ｍｌ－１、５１．１±１０．３μｇ·ｍｌ－１；ＡＵＣ分别为１０９３．０±１１１．８、１１２３．０±１２８．２（μｇ·ｍｌ－１）·ｈ，胶囊剂的相对生物利用度为９７．６％，经统计学分析处理，差异无显著性（Ｐ＞０．０５）。结论：替硝唑胶囊与片剂具有生物等效性     

两种布洛芬缓释制剂在健康人体内的药物动力学

目的：本文对布洛芬缓释片和胶囊在健康志愿者中的药物动力学进行研究。方法：建立了一个测定人血中布洛芬的高效液相色谱法。结果：口服单剂量６００ｍｇ片剂和胶囊的ＡＵＣ分别为１５０．２±３４．８和１５１．８±３４．５μｇ·ｈ·ｍｌ－１；Ｃｍａｘ分别为２２．７±５．３和２２．２±３．９μｇ·ｍｌ－１；Ｔｍａｘ分别为３．５±０．７和３．８±０．８ｈ。口服多剂量６００ｍｇ达稳态后片剂和胶囊的ＡＵＣ分别为１５６．０±３８．７和１６３．２±４４．７μｇ·ｈ·ｍｌ－１；Ｃｍａｘ分别为２４．６±５．５和２３．８±４．４μｇ·ｍｌ－１；Ｔｍａｘ分别为３．０２±０．２９和３．２±０．５ｈ。达稳态后片剂和胶囊的波动系数分别为１．４±０．３和１．４２±０．２３。经统计学处理，上述各参数间差异均无显著性（Ｐ＞０．０５）。结论：双单侧ｔ检验（ＮＤＳＴ程序）的结果表明，布洛芬两种缓释制剂具有生物等效性。     

环丙沙星3种剂型在62名健康志愿者的药物动力学研究

用微生物测定法对环丙沙星３种剂型在６２名男性健康志愿者身上进行药物动力学研究。在１６名受试者静滴环丙沙星注射液（２００ｍｇ／１００ｍｌ）后，０、１、４、１２ｈ的血药浓度分别为３．６８±０．６３、≤１、０．３３～０．４３及０．１μｇ／ｍｌ，药动学参数Ｔ１／２为３．２４ｈ，总清除率３９３．５ｍｌ／ｍｉｎ，ＡＵＣ０～２４６．２１ｈ·μｇ／ｍｌ，Ｖｓｓ１５５．０±３４．２Ｌ。单次口服环丙沙星１００及５００ｍｇ，体内平均药动学参数Ｃｍａｘ分别为２．３１±０．２８及２．４９±０．２４μｇ／ｍｌ，Ｔｍａｘ分别为１．２６±０．１８及１．４７±０．２１ｈ，Ｔ１／２为２．６９±０．４８及３．８７±０．５３ｈ，ＡＵＣ０～２４为１２．８１±０．８５及１５．０２±２．１１ｈ·μｇ／ｍｌ，结果与文献报道相同。此外，对静滴及口服两种给药途径的血药浓度与临床疗效关系以及统计矩法与房室模型在药物动力学研究中的选用进行了讨论。     

双氯灭痛在正常人体内的药物动力学研究

采用反相高效液相色谱法测定了１０例健康人单剂量口服７５ｍｇ双氯灭痛片剂后血浆药浓度，研究了该药物在中国人体内药物动力学。经用ＰＫＢＰ－Ｎ＿１程序包在计算机上拟合计算表明，双氯灭痛口服给药多数人表现为二房室模型。其主要药动学参数分别为：Ｔ＿（α１／２）＝０．４０±０．１１ｈ，Ｔ＿（β１／２）＝１．７７±０．５ｈ，Ｔ＿（ｍａｘ）＝１．７８±０．３２ｈ，Ｃ＿（ｍａｘ）＝１．８７±０．９μｇ／ｍｌ，ＡＵＣ＝３．８１±１．７μｇ／（ｍｌ·ｈ）。结果表明，中国人体内的药动学参数与所报道的外国人体内相似。     

预胶化淀粉制备阿昔洛韦胶囊的体外溶出和生物利用度

以预胶化淀粉为赋型剂，制备阿昔洛韦胶囊，其体外溶出（Ｔ８０＝１０．８８ｍｉｎ）明显快于市售片剂（Ｔ８０＝１５．５２ｍｉｎ）；其人体相对生物利用度的药－时曲线下面积ＡＵＣ＝３．７９７８±０．２６４０μｇ·ｈ／ｍｌ及峰浓度Ｃｍａｘ＝０．５８９±０．０２９μｇ／ｍｌ，显著高于市售片剂，其ＡＵＣ＝１．７７０８±０．１４１９μｇ·ｈ／ｍｌ；Ｃｍａｘ＝０．４８０±０．０２３μｇ／ｍ     

Efficacy of gut lavage,hemodialysis, and hemoperfusion in the therapy of paraquat or diquat intoxication

Clinical and in vitro investigations were carried out to test the efficacy of gut lavage, hemodialysis, and hemoperfusion in the treatment of poisoning with paraquat or diquat. In a patient suffering from diquat intoxication 130 times more diquat was removed by gut lavage 30 h after ingestion than was removed by complete aspiration of the gastric contents.Determination of in vitro clearances for paraquat and diquat by hemodialysis showed that, at serum concentrations of 1–2 ppm, such as are frequently encountered in poisoning in man, toxicologically relevant quantities of herbicide cannot be removed from the body. At a concentration of 20 ppm, on the other hand, hemodialysis proved to be effective, the clearance being 70 ml/min at a blood flow rate of 100 ml/min. The efficacy of hemoperfusion with coated activated charcoal was on the whole better. Especially at concentrations around 1–2 ppm, the clearance values for hemoperfusion were some 5–7 times higher than those for hemodialysis.In a patient suffering from paraquat poisoning, both hemodialysis as well as hemoperfusion were carried out. The in vitro results could be confirmed: At serum concentrations of paraquat less than 1 ppm no clearance could be obtained by hemodialysis while by hemoperfusion with activated charcoal quite high clearance values were measured and the serum level dropped down to zero.

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Zusammenfassung Klinische Untersuchungen und Laboratoriumsversuche wurden durchgeführt, um die Wirksamkeit von Darmspülung, Hämodialyse und Hämoperfusion bei Paraquat- und Deiquat-Vergiftungen zu prüfen.Bei einem Patienten wurde 30 Std nach Deiquat-Aufnahme durch Darmspülung 130mal mehr Deiquat entfernt als durch vollständige Aspiration des Mageninhaltes. In vitro-Versuche ergaben, daß bei Blutserumkonzentrationen von 1–2 ppm, die bei Vergiftungen oft gemessen werden, durch Hämodialyse keine toxikologisch relevanten Paraquat- oder Deiquat-Mengen entfernt werden können. Dagegen erwies sich die Hämodialyse bei 20 ppm und einer Blutumlaufgeschwindigkeit von 100 ml/min mit einer Clearance von 70 ml/min als wirksam. Die Hämoperfusion mit beschicheter Aktivkohle war in diesen Versuchen aber eindeutig überlegen, denn insbesondere bei Konzentrationen um 1–2 ppm waren die Clearance-Werte 5–7mal höher als bei der Hämodialyse.Die in vitro-Ergebnisse wurden bei einem Patienten mit einer Paraquat-Vergiftung bestätigt: Bei Konzentrationen unter 1 ppm war die Hämodialyse wirkungslos, während durch Hämoperfusion relativ hohe Clearance-Werte erreicht wurden, so daß der Serumspiegel rasch unter die Nachweisgrenze abfiel.

     

In vitro studies on sterically stabilized liposomes (SL) as enzyme carriers in organophosphorus (OP) antagonism

This study describes a new approach for organophosphorous (OP) antidotal treatment by encapsulating an OP hydrolyzing enzyme, OPA anhydrolase (OPAA), within sterically stabilized liposomes. The recombinant OPAA enzyme was derived from Alteromonas strain JD6. It has broad substrate specificity to a wide range of OP compounds: DFP and the nerve agents, soman and sarin. Liposomes encapsulating OPAA (SL)* were made by mechanical dispersion method. Hydrolysis of DFP by (SL)* was measured by following an increase of fluoride ion concentration using a fluoride ion selective electrode. OPAA entrapped in the carrier liposomes rapidly hydrolyze DFP, with the rate of DFP hydrolysis directly proportional to the amount of (SL)* added to the solution. Liposomal carriers containing no enzyme did not hydrolyze DFP. The reaction was linear and the rate of hydrolysis was first order in the substrate. This enzyme carrier system serves as a biodegradable protective environment for the recombinant OP-metabolizing enzyme, OPAA, resulting in prolongation of enzymatic concentration in the body. These studies suggest that the protection of OP intoxication can be strikingly enhanced by adding OPAA encapsulated within (SL)* to pralidoxime and atropine.     

Aquatic Insects and Trace Metals: Bioavailability,Bioaccumulation, and Toxicity

Abstract

The uptake of metals from food and water sources by insects is thought to be additive. For a given metal, the proportions taken up from water and food will depend both on the bioavailable concentration of the metal associated with each source and the mechanism and rate by which the metal enters the insect. Attempts to correlate insect trace metal concentrations with the trophic level of insects should be made with a knowledge of the feeding relationships of the individual taxa concerned. Pathways for the uptake of essential metals, such as copper and zinc, exist at the cellular level, and other nonessential metals, such as cadmium, also appear to enter via these routes. Within cells, trace metals can be bound to proteins or stored in granules. The internal distribution of metals among body tissues is very heterogeneous, and distribution patterns tend to be both metal and taxon specific. Trace metals associated with insects can be both bound on the surface of their chitinous exoskeleton and incorporated into body tissues. The quantities of trace meals accumulated by an individual reflect the net balance between the rate of metal influx from both dissolved and particulate sources and the rate of metal efflux from the organism. The toxicity of metals has been demonstrated at all levels of biological organization: cell, tissue, individual, population, and community. Much of the literature pertaining to the toxic effects of metals on aquatic insects is based on laboratory observations and, as such, it is difficult to extrapolate the data to insects in nature. The few experimental studies in nature suggest that trace metal contaminants can affect both the distribution and the abundance of aquatic insects. Insects have a largely unexploited potential as biomonitors of metal contamination in nature. A better understanding of the physico-chemical and biological mechanisms mediating trace metal bioavailability and exchange will facilitate the development of general predictive models relating trace metal concentrations in insects to those in their environment. Such models will facilitate the use of insects as contaminant biomonitors.     

Pharmacological treatment of COVID-19: an opinion paper

The precocity and efficacy of the vaccines developed so far against COVID-19 has been the most significant and saving advance against the pandemic. The development of vaccines has not prevented, during the whole period of the pandemic, the constant search for therapeutic medicines, both among existing drugs with different indications and in the development of new drugs. The Scientific Committee of the COVID-19 of the Illustrious College of Physicians of Madrid wanted to offer an early, simplified and critical approach to these new drugs, to new developments in immunotherapy and to what has been learned from the immune response modulators already known and which have proven effective against the virus, in order to help understand the current situation.     

Alzheimer’s disease – current trends in basic and clinical research. Highlights from the 16th ECNP

Advances in the molecular biological knowledge of neuronal nicotinic acetylcholine receptors (nAChRs) have led to a growing interest by the pharmaceutical industry in the development of novel compounds that selectively modulate nAChR function. The ability of (-)-nicotine, an activator of nAChRs, to enhance attentional aspects of cognition in animals and humans, to exert neuroprotective and anxiolytic-like effects, and presumably to mediate the negative correlation between smoking and Alzheimer's (and Parkinson's) Disease, has focused interest on the potential therapeutic utility of modulators of nAChR function for treatment of some of the deficits associated with these progressive, neurodegenerative conditions. Numerous compounds are known which activate nAChRs and which might serve as lead compounds toward the development of such agents. The pharmacologic diversity of neuronal nAChR subtypes suggests the possibility of developing selective compounds which would have more favourable side-effect profiles than existing agents. This broader class of agents, collectively called cholinergic channel modulators (ChCMs), is anticipated to encompass compounds which would have more favourable side-effect profiles than existing agents, which generally exhibit low selectivity. This selectivity may be achieved by preferentially activating some subtypes of nAChRs (i.e., Cholinergic Channel Activators, ChCAs) or inhibiting the function of other subtypes (Cholinergic Channel Inhibitors, ChCIs). An overview of the biology of nAChRs and the rationale for the use of ChCMs for the treatment of dementia related to neurodegenerative diseases are presented, followed by a discussion of lead compounds and compounds under consideration for clinical evaluation.     

Steroidal sapogenin contents in some domestic plants

In order to find out the values of the steroid resources for the future use. the compositions and contents of steroidal sapogenins from 13 domestic plants have been investigated. As a result,Dioscorea nipponica, D. quinqueloba andSmilax china were found to have large amount of diosgenin. And pennogenin inTrillium kamtschaticum andParis verticillata, yuccagenin inAllium fistulosum, hecogenin inAgave americana and neochlorogenin inSolanum nigum were appeared to be major steroidal sapogenins.