采用光学相干断层成像评价无再狭窄药物洗脱支架内膜增生

目的应用冠状动脉血管内光学相干断层成像技术(optical coherence tomography,OCT)评价造影随访无再狭窄的药物洗脱支架(drug eluting stent,DES)内皮增生情况。方法从北京安贞医院2007年9月至2008年9月连续入选DES术后无症状而接受冠状动脉造影复查无明显再狭窄的患者18例,所有患者接受OCT检查,比较不同的DES植入时间、不同DES组之间,每组支架小梁血管内膜增生情况。结果共分析4709个支架小梁,其中被内皮完全覆盖的支架小梁个数4173个(88.6%),被内皮部分覆盖的个数是33个(0.7%),暴露的小梁个数382个(8.1%);贴壁不良的小梁个数121个(2.6%),覆盖支架小梁的内膜的平均厚度是0.099mm,内膜厚度100μm的小梁个数2378个(50.5%);不同药物洗脱支架之间内膜增生厚度、支架小梁内膜覆盖及晚期支架贴壁不良差异有统计学意义;与DES植入时间12个月相比,植入时间12个月血管内膜增生厚度有明显增加趋势(0.1183mm比0.0875mm;P=0.001);支架内膜无覆盖比率分别是:1.7%比6.8%(P0.05);贴壁不良比率是:2.1%比0.5%(P0.001)。结论通过OCT分析16个月左右的药物洗脱支架血管内膜厚度,总的来说90.1%的支架小梁有内膜覆盖,但是仍然有高达9.9%的无内膜覆盖,支架类型、支架置入时间之间内膜覆盖、支架贴壁有一定差异;同时支架植入大于12个月的支架贴壁不良比率高于不足12个月的,提示更晚期的支架贴壁不良情况存在,对于药物洗脱支架的随访时间应该更长,双联抗血小板治疗疗程也许应该更长。     

光学相干断层成像评价植入不同药物洗脱支架后的血管愈合情况

目的应用光学相干断层成像（OCT）比较急性心肌梗死（AMI）患者植入不同药物洗脱支架（DES）后的新生内膜覆盖和支架贴壁情况以评估血管愈合。方法 49例AMI患者植入不同DES后9个月时进行OCT检查。其中20个雷帕霉素药物洗脱支架（SES,Cypher）,12个紫杉醇药物洗脱支架（PES,Taxus）和17个雷帕霉素衍生物药物洗脱支架（ZES,Endeavor）。每隔1mm评估OCT横断面影像每个支架柱的新生内膜覆盖和贴壁情况,同时观察每个支架内的血栓发生情况。结果总计对12378个支架柱进行了分析。SES的新生内膜增生最少,新生内膜厚度：SES（77±60）μm、PES（153±82）μm、ZES（265±130）μm,且新生内膜增生面积百分比最低,SES（10±8）%、PES（19±8）%、ZES（28±9）%,但SES和PES有更多未被新生内膜覆盖的支架柱,SES（15.1±16）%、PES（7.1±10）%、ZES（0.6±1.5）%,且贴壁不良支架柱的发生率也高于ZES,SES（3.8±7.2）%、PES（2.1±4.4）%、ZES（0±0）%,而有完全新生内膜覆盖的支架比例以ZES为高,SES5%、PES33.3%、ZES82.4%。血栓的发生率SES和PES高于ZES,SES34%、PES33%、ZES6%。结论 AMI患者植入不同类型DES后,其支架的新生内膜覆盖程度和贴壁不良的发生率是显著不同的,因此DES的类型可能影响了AMI血栓性病变的血管愈合过程。     

急性冠状动脉综合征患者雷帕霉素洗脱支架晚期贴壁不良及其对临床预后的影响

目的 观察急性冠状动脉综合征(ACS)患者雷帕霉素洗脱支架晚期贴壁不良发生率及其对临床预后的影响.方法 观察2005年2月至2007年3月因ACS(ACS组,54例)和稳定性心绞痛(对照组,83例)行雷帕霉素洗脱支架治疗并于1年后行血管内超声检查患者,检测支架晚期贴壁不良发生率,并观察血管内超声检查后1年内主要不良心血管事件及支架内血栓发生率.结果 所有137例患者219处病变中,16例患者25处病变检测到晚期支架贴壁不良.25处晚期支架贴壁不良中ACS组和对照组分别为20处(22.2%)和5处(3.9%)(P＜0.001).两组患者参照血管外弹力膜面积、参照血管和支架段血管管腔面积和新生内膜面积均相似,但ACS组患者支架段血管外弹力膜面积[(15.34±5.44)mm2比(13.83±4.51)mm2,P=0.026]、支架段血管外弹力膜面积与参照血管外弹力膜面积比值(1.13±0.22比1.02±0.18,P＜0.001)、斑块和中膜面积[(8.43±3.93)mm2比(7.01±2.93)mm2,P:0.002]较对照组明显增大.Logistic多元回归分析显示,ACS(OR=6.477,P＜0.001)和支架长度≥23 mm(OR=3.680,P=0.025)为晚期支架贴壁不良的独立危险因素.血管内超声检查后临床随访1年,两组主要不良心血管事件发生率差异无统计学意义.结论 雷帕霉素洗脱支架置入后,ACS患者较稳定性心绞痛患者更多发生晚期支架贴壁不良,然而随访1年的主要不良心血管事件发生率差异无统计学意义.     

光学相干断层成像分析极晚期支架内血栓形成

背景极晚期支架内血栓形成(VLST)是一种有致死风险的介入术后晚期并发症,但其具体发生机制尚不完全明确。目的应用光学相干断层成像(OCT)评价23例药物洗脱支架(DES)或金属裸支架(BMS)相关的VLST靶病变。方法入选VLST患者23例(18例DES,5例BMS),介入治疗前于靶病变处行OCT检查。结果支架植入至发生VLST的持续时间BMS组明显长于DES组[(112.00±51.36)个月vs(41.39±19.64)个月,P0.001]。BMS组新生内膜厚度大于DES组[(0.33±0.24)μm vs(0.26±0.22)μm,P0.001]。23例VLST靶病变中,OCT明确观察到支架内新生内膜含薄纤维帽粥样斑块(TCFA)18例(78.26%),支架内再狭窄15例(65.22%)。新生内膜破裂15例(65.22%),DES组与BMS组间差异无统计学意义(55.56%vs 100%,P=0.07),破裂位于最小管腔面积处13例(56.52%)。存在无内膜覆盖支架丝17例(73.91%),DES组高于BMS组(88.89%vs 20%,P=0.008)。同时存在新生内膜破裂和无内膜覆盖支架丝8例(34.78%)。与无新生内膜破裂相比,有新生内膜破裂病变更易出现TIMI血流3级(60.00%vs 12.50%,P=0.038)。结论本支架内新生内膜动脉粥样硬化进展至内膜破裂在BMS和DES相关的VLST病变中均普遍存在,且DES早于BMS。新生内膜延迟愈合在DES相关的VLST靶病变中较为多见。     

药物洗脱支架置入术后晚期、极晚期支架内血栓形成的光学相干断层成像分析

目的:应用光学相关断层成像(OCT)分析药物洗脱支架置入术后晚期、极晚期支架内血栓形成的可能机制。方法:入选2011-01-2017-12经遵义医学院附属医院行冠状动脉(冠脉)造影明确诊断晚期、极晚期支架内血栓形成患者8例。8例患者在PCI术中均行OCT检查。回顾性分析8例患者的临床资料、PCI过程及OCT图像特征。结果:7例伴有多个心血管危险因素,2例合并轻度左心功能不全。首次支架置入至发生支架血栓的平均时间(818±651) d;双联抗血小板服用平均时间(312.8±76.3) d;低密度脂蛋白胆固醇(LDL-C)平均水平为(3.44±1.35) mmol/L,均未达到目标值;1例在术后停用双联抗血小板3个月、2例在服用双联抗血小板期间、5例在单用阿司匹林期间发生支架内血栓;6例置入依维莫司药物支架,1例行支架内非顺应性高压球囊扩张,1例行紫杉醇药物球囊治疗。OCT图像特征:7例患者支架内异质性新生内膜形成,5例为支架内新生动脉粥样硬化伴斑块破裂,2例为支架内新生动脉粥样硬化伴斑块侵蚀;1例出现严重支架贴壁不良,贴壁不良比例达66.2%;6例患者出现不同程度的支架小梁无内膜覆盖,平均为(10.4±6.2)%;5例支架内见红血栓,3例支架内见白血栓。结论:晚期、极晚期支架内血栓患者首次及再次住院多表现为急性冠脉综合征与高LDL-C水平。支架内新生动脉粥样硬化、支架贴壁不良是导致晚期、极晚期支架内血栓形成的主要原因之一。OCT的应用有助于明确晚期和极晚期支架内血栓形成的机制。     

光学相干断层成像评价不同类型药物洗脱支架置入术后的内膜覆盖

目的 应用光学相干断层成像(OCT)对比不同类型药物洗脱支架(DES)置入后的内膜覆盖情况.方法 入选62例在我院置入DES(15.3±5.7)个月后行OCT检查的患者,依据置入支架类型分为Cypher支架组(病例数=26,支架数=57)、Endeavor支架组(病例数=17,支架数=23)和Firebird支架组(病...     

冠状动脉长病变串联置入雷帕霉素和紫杉醇洗脱支架重叠部分对分支血管影响的比较

目的 回顾性分析对于冠状动脉长病变串联置入雷帕霉素洗脱支架(Cypher)与紫杉醇洗脱支架(TAXUS)时,支架的重叠部分对直径<2.0 mm的分支血管的影响.方法 回顾2004年1月至2007年10月间在北京协和医院行择期经皮冠状动脉介入治疗(PCI)且至少有1支靶血管进行了串联置入药物洗脱支架的141例患者的光盘和临床资料,排除急性心肌梗死和急性冠状动脉综合征的患者.按照置入药物洗脱支架的种类分为Cypher组和TAXUS组,对比分析两种不同的药物洗脱支架串联置入时重叠部分对直径<2.0 mm的分支血管血流的影响.结果 共有141例患者人选,其中男性115例,女性26例.共置入支架297枚,累及分支血管154支.其中Cypher支架组入选83例,TAXUS支架组入选58例.PCI术后支架重叠部位分支血管的闭塞率Cypher支架组为24.6%,TAXUS支架组为31.6%;支架重叠部位分支血管血流减慢Cypher支架组为26.3%,TAXUS支架组为68.4%.两组差异无统计学意义.多种因素回归分析结果表明:分支血管直径、分支血管开口狭窄是分支血管闭塞的独立危险因素.结论 与TAXUS组相比,Cypher组支架重叠部位较少引起分支血管闭塞,但两者差异无统计学意义.分支血管开口狭窄和分支血管直径是影响支架重叠部位分支血管闭塞的主要因素.     

光学相干断层成像评价冠状动脉内支架术后即刻支架周围组织结构改变

目的:应用光学相干断层成像(OCT)评价冠状动脉内支架术后即刻支架周围组织结构改变。方法:对21例临床诊断冠心病准备介入治疗患者,在冠状动脉内置入支架后即刻进行OCT成像检查。21例患者中共有22支冠状动脉置入25个支架,其中前降支11支13个支架,回旋支8支9个支架,右冠状动脉3支3个支架。OCT评价支架贴壁不良、血管夹层及撕裂、组织脱垂等。支架贴壁不良定义为支架支撑杆与血管壁距离大于0.20mm,组织脱垂定义为血管壁组织通过支架网眼突入管腔。结果:21例患者均成功进行OCT检查,22支靶血管25个支架均成功获得清晰OCT图像。通过OCT发现置入的25个支架中有12个支架可以看到部分支架支撑杆未能完全封闭血管壁上的夹层及撕裂;所置入的支架中有50个支架支撑杆贴壁不良,平均支架支撑杆与血管壁的距离为0.39±0.20(0.20~1.16)mm。通过OCT检出置入的25个支架中有20个支架可见到不同程度组织脱垂,共检出85个组织脱垂,平均最大组织脱垂面积为0.55±0.64(0.04~2.81)mm2。结论:OCT成像技术可清晰显示冠心病冠状动脉支架后血管夹层、撕裂组织脱垂及支架贴壁情况,其临床意义有待于进一步研究。     

西罗莫司洗脱支架与紫杉醇洗脱支架抑制血管内膜增生的血管内超声比较

目的:利用血管内超声(IVUS)方法比较西罗莫司洗脱支架(CypherTM)与紫杉醇洗脱支架(TaxusTM)对冠心病患者新生内膜增生的抑制作用.方法:自2003-05至2007-04,167例冠心病患者(227处病变)行药物洗脱支架术,并在术后1年行冠状动脉造影和IVUS检查.其中107例患者(138处病变)置入CypherTM支架(Cypher组),60例患者(89处病变)置入TaxusTM支架(Taxus组).结果:两组患者基础临床情况及病变特征相似.造影结果分析显示,Cypher组支架内晚期管腔丢失、节段内晚期管腔丢失明显小于Taxos组[分别为(0.16±0.27)mm比(0.43±0.51)mm,P<0.01;和(0.20±0.32)mm比(0.38±0.33)mm,P=0.01],而两组近端和远端参考血管晚期管腔丢失差异无统计学意义[分别为(0.13±0.29)mm比(0.15±0.32)mm,P=0.689;和(0.08±0.12)mm比(0.09±0.16)mm,P=00500].IVUS分析显示,两组平均支架面积、平均管腔面积、最小支架面积、平均支架体积、平均管腔体积差异均无统计学意义,而Cypher组与Taxus组比平均内膜增生面积[(0.33±0.45)mm2比(1.29±1.26)mm2]、平均内膜增生面积百分数[(5.42±7.33)%比(17.38±13.75)%]、内膜增生最大面积百分数[(10.13±13.85)%比(31.56±20.99)%]、平均内膜增生容积[(2.23±6.50)mm3比(13.43±18.59)mm3]和平均内膜增生容积百分数[(1.59±4.10)%比(8.62±9.90)%],Cypher组均较Taxus组明显减小(P<0.0001),差异均有统计学意义.结论:CypherTM支架治疗冠心病一年再狭窄发生率较低,与TzxusTM支架相比,抑制内膜增生作用更显著.     

光学相干断层显像评价药物洗脱支架置入后内膜增殖和血栓形成

目的 应用光学干涉断层显像(OCT)技术评价雷帕霉素洗脱支架(SES)置入后3个月和2年后内膜增殖和支架内血栓形成情况.方法 对3个月组进行SES置入后3个月的OCT随访观察,对2年组进行SES置入后2年的随访观察.测量每一个支架支撑杆表面的新生内膜厚度,并评估无内膜覆盖支架支撑杆及支架内血栓形成情况.结果 2年组的内膜厚度显著大于3个月组[(71±93)μm比(29±41)μm,P＜0.01],而2年组中的无内膜覆盖支架支撑杆的比例明显低于3个月组(5%比15%,P＜0.01).2年组与3个月组无内膜覆盖支撑杆患者的比例差异无统计学意义(81%比95%,P＞0.05).两组中均有14%的患者出现无临床症状的支架内血栓形成.结论 SES置入后3个月到2年新生内膜的增生在不断进展,无内膜覆盖支撑杆数明显减少.但是直到支架置入后2年,多数患者体内仍然存在部分无内膜覆盖的支架支撑杆.     

Optical coherence tomography analysis of the stent strut and prediction of resolved strut malapposition at 3 months after 2nd-generation drug-eluting stent implantation

Our objective was to clarify whether thrombogenic problems with stent struts are resolved at 3 months after 2nd-generation drug-eluting stent implantation. Twenty-one patients with stable angina pectoris having 28 (22 zotarolimus-eluting, 6 everolimus-eluting) stents with optical coherence tomography (OCT)-guided percutaneous coronary intervention (PCI) were evaluated. Stent strut coverage and malapposition were evaluated by OCT immediately after PCI and at 3-month follow-up. Acute strut malapposition was observed in 26 out of 28 analyzed stents (92.9 %). At 3-month follow-up, 7 (26.9 %) of those 26 stents with strut malapposition were completely resolved, and the mean percentages of uncovered struts and malapposed struts were 8.3 and 2.0 % when analyzed by each individual stent. When analyzing a total of 30,060 struts, 807 struts (2.7 %) demonstrated acute strut malapposition. Among these, 219 struts (27.1 %) demonstrated persistent strut malapposition. On the basis of receiver-operating characteristic curve analysis, a strut-to-vessel (S-V) distance ≤160 µm on post-stenting OCT images was the corresponding cutoff point for resolved malapposed struts (sensitivity 78.1 %, specificity 62.8 %, area under the curve 0.758). The S-V distance of persistent malapposed struts on post-stenting OCT images was longer than that of resolved malapposed struts (235 ± 112 vs. 176 ± 93 µm, p < 0.01). At 3 months after PCI, the prevalence rates of uncovered and malapposed struts were relatively low in 2nd-generation drug-eluting stent. Our results suggest that OCT-guide PCI with an S-V distance ≤160 µm may be recommended especially in patients with planed short-term DAPT.     

药物洗脱支架术后冠状动脉造影随访无再狭窄患者光学相干断层成像检查结果分析

Objective:To evaluate neointimal coverage after Drug Eluting Stent implantation without no restenosis during angiographic follow up by using optical coherence tomography(OCT).Methods:18 case enrolled into this project who received angiography follow up and OCT checkout.Results:1.Totally,4709 struts were analyzed and 88.6% were completely covered with neointimal,and 0.7% were partly covered and 8.1% were uncovered.The rate of late malapposition of struts was 2.6%.The average neointimal hyperplasia thickness...     

Assessment with optical coherence tomography of a new strategy for bifurcational lesion treatment: The Tryton Side‐Branch Stent

The Tryton‐Side Branch Stent? (Tryton Medical, Inc., Newton, MA, USA) is a dedicated stent designed to provide complete carinal coverage of bifurcational lesions. After implantation of a 18 mm cobalt chromium Tryton stent from the left circumflex into the obtuse marginal branch, recrossing with an everolimus eluting Promus stent and final kissing balloon dilatation, optical coherence tomography (OCT) (LightLab Imaging Inc., Westford, MA, USA) was performed with a non‐occlusive technique with motorized pullback (3 mm/s) during continuous pump injection of iso‐osmolar contrast, in both LCx and OM1. OCT imaging showed good strut apposition at the level of the carina, with full coverage and no stent protrusion at the ostium of the side branch. Few malapposed struts were present in the proximal main vessel in the segment of stent superimposition, with a maximal separation from to the vessel wall of 160 μm. The implantation of the Tryton‐Side Branch Stent? allowed full coverage of the side branch ostium with uniform apposition of the stent struts at the level of the carina assessed by OCT. © 2008 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.     

Immediate results of bifurcational stenting assessed with optical coherence tomography

Background : A tubular stent may adapt with difficulty to coronary bifurcation lesions (CBLs). Methods : Time domain or frequency domain (FD) optical coherence tomography (OCT) was performed to assess strut apposition immediately after stent implantation across four segments inside the bifurcation, in a consecutive series of patients. OCT pullbacks were performed in the main vessel (MV). Results : A total of 13,142 struts in 45 CBL in 41 patients were assessed. Strut malapposition was significantly more frequent in the half bifurcation facing the side‐branch (SB) ostium (42.9%) than in the proximal segment of the bifurcation 11.8%, half bifurcation opposite the SB 6.7%, or the distal segment 5.7% (all P < 0.0001). Lesions (n = 15) treated with stenting of both MV and SB had a total higher rate of malapposition than those (n = 30) treated with stenting of the MV only (17.6% vs. 9.5%; P = 0.0014). In latter group, lesions treated with FD‐OCT‐guided stent implantation (n = 13) presented a lower rate of malapposition than those treated with conventional angiographic‐guided stent implantation (n = 17) (7.1% vs. 17.5%; P = 0.005). Conclusions : In CBL, strut malapposition is particularly high at the SB ostium. However, a strategy of stenting MV only with adjunctive FD‐OCT guidance is associated with lower rates of malapposition. © 2012 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.     

采用光学相干断层成像技术评价国产雷帕霉素洗脱支架术内膜覆盖情况

Objective:Confirming complete neointimal coverage after implantation of drug-eluting stent(DES)is clinically important because incomplete stent coverage is maybe responsible for late thrombosis and sudden cardiac death.Optical coherence tomography(OCT)is a high-resolution(≈10 μm)imaging technique capable of detecting a thin layer of neointimal hyperplasia(NIH)inside DES.Helios stent system(KinheIy Bio-tech Co(Shenzhen).Ltd)is a new generation of sirolimus eluting stents.Methods:Motorized optical coherence t...     

支架释放同时推注造影剂评价支架术后即刻贴壁不良

目的:通过支架释放同时推注造影剂(Simultaneous injection contrast,SIC),判断支架贴壁情况与光学相干断层成像(optical coherence tomography,OCT),测量支架小梁与血管内膜之间距离,对比评价SIC方法,判断术后即刻支架贴壁情况的实用性。方法:入选21例原位病变的冠心病患者,行支架植入术的同时通过释放支架,同时推注造影剂(SIC)方法判断支架大体的贴壁情况,同时记录支架的型号释放压力等,之后用光学相干断层成像(OCT)精确判断支架的贴壁情况,并对OCT图像每隔1 mm的横截面的支架小梁的贴壁情况进行记录和分析,通过两者的结果对比,评价SIC方法在支架贴壁情况中的实用性。结果:21例患者中共植入支架34枚,其中2个支架节段用SIC及OCT判断均存在贴壁不良,11个支架节段SIC判断贴壁良好,而经OCT检查发现存在>1%的支架小梁贴壁不良。SIC和OCT检查均为贴壁良好的支架节段有21个。结论:SIC方法是在临床实践中一种简便实用的判断支架贴壁情况的方法,虽然其准确性难以与OCT相媲美,但作为一种简便经济的方法,值得在临床推广使用。     

Evaluation by optical coherence tomography of neointimal coverage of sirolimus-eluting stent three months after implantation

Confirming complete neointimal coverage after implantation of a drug-eluting stent is clinically important because incomplete stent coverage is responsible for late thrombosis and sudden cardiac death. Optical coherence tomography is a high-resolution (approximately 10 microm) imaging technique capable of detecting a thin layer of neointimal hyperplasia (NIH) inside a sirolimus-eluting stent (SES) and stent malapposition. This investigation evaluated stent exposure and malapposition 3 months after SES implantation using optical coherence tomography in a different clinical presentations, such as acute coronary syndrome (ACS) and non-ACS. Motorized optical coherence tomographic pullback (1 mm/s) was performed at 3-month follow-up to examine consecutive implanted 31 SESs in 21 lesions in 21 patients (9 with ACS and 12 with non-ACS). NIH thickness inside each strut and percent NIH area in each cross section were measured. In total, 4,516 struts in 567-mm single-stented segments were analyzed. Overall, NIH thickness and percent NIH area were 29 +/- 41 microm and 10 +/- 4%, respectively. Rates of exposed struts and exposed struts with malapposition were 15% and 6%, respectively. These were more frequent in patients with ACS than in those with non-ACS (18% vs 13%, p <0.0001; 8% vs 5%, p <0.005, respectively). In conclusion, neointimal coverage over a SES at 3-month follow-up is incomplete in ACS and non-ACS. Our study suggests that dual antiplatelet therapy might be continued >3 months after SES implantation.     

Comparison of neointimal coverage by optical coherence tomography of a sirolimus-eluting stent versus a bare-metal stent three months after implantation

No detailed data regarding neointimal coverage of bare-metal stents (BMSs) at 3 months after implantation was reported to date. This investigation was designed to evaluate the neointimal coverage of BMSs compared with sirolimus-eluting stents (SESs) using optical coherence tomography. A prospective optical coherence tomographic follow-up examination was performed 3 months after stent implantation for patients who underwent BMS (n = 16) or SES implantation (n = 24). Neointimal hyperplasia (NIH) thickness on each stent strut and percentage of NIH area in each cross section were measured. Malapposition of stent struts to the vessel wall and the existence of in-stent thrombi were also evaluated. There were 5,076 struts of SESs and 2,875 struts of BMSs identified. NIH thickness and percentage of NIH area in the BMS group were higher than in the SES group (351 +/- 248 vs 31 +/- 39 mum; p <0.0001; 45.0 +/- 14% vs 10.0 +/- 4%; p <0.0001, respectively). The frequency of uncovered struts was higher in the SES group than the BMS group (15% vs 0.1%; p <0.0001). Malapposed struts were observed more frequently in the SES group than the BMS group (15% vs 1.1%; p <0.0001). In conclusion, there was no difference in incidence of in-stent thrombus between the 2 groups (14% vs 0%; p = 0.23). The present study showed almost all BMS struts to be well covered at a 3-month follow-up, suggesting that patients receiving BMS stents may not require dual-antiplatelet therapy >3 months after implantation.