失血性休克和内毒素二次打击肺损伤时转化生长因子-β1/smad2信号通路的变化

目的 观察失血性休克(HS)+内毒素二次打击致肺损伤时肺转化生长因子-β1(TGF-β1)/smad2信号通路的变化.方法 24只SD大鼠被随机分为假手术(Sham)组和HS组,每组12只.HS组建立未控制HS+内毒素二次打击模型,并按失血前期90 min、复苏期60 min、观察期210 min进行实验.监测各时间点平均动脉压(MAP)、心率、呼吸频率,实验结束后取血测定动脉血气,活杀大鼠取肺组织测定肺毛细血管通透性及肺湿/干重(W/D)比值,采用苏木素-伊红(HE)染色在光镜下观察肺组织病理学改变,用免疫组化法和逆转录-聚合酶链反应(RT-PCR)测定肺组织TGF-61的蛋白及mRNA表达,用蛋白质免疫印迹法(West-ern blotting)测定肺组织smad2蛋白表达.结果 与Sham组比较,HS组MAP自院前期60 min后明显降低,血乳酸(Lac)明显升高,pH值、动脉血氧分压(PaO2)、HCO-3、动脉血氧饱和度(SaO2)均明显降低,剩余碱(BE)负值增大,肺毛细血管通透性及W/D比值明显升高(P均＜0.01);HS组肺组织TGF-β1呈强阳性表达,主要分布于肺泡上皮、间质炎性细胞、肺泡腔内巨噬细胞和小支气管黏膜上皮细胞;TGF-β1 mRNA和smad2蛋白表达均较Sham组明显上调(P均＜0.01).结论 二次打击大鼠TGF-β1/smad2信号通路被激活,并与肺毛细血管通透性和肺损伤的严重程度密切相关,可能是HS后肺损伤的重要机制之一.     

不同液体复苏对未控制失血性休克大鼠肺损伤及肺水通道蛋白表达的影响

目的 观察不同液体复苏对未控制失血性休克大鼠肺损伤和肺水通道蛋白l(AQP1)和AQP5表达的影响.方法 SD大鼠被随机分为假手术组(C组)、无液体复苏组(NF组)、乳酸林格液组(LRS组)、高渗盐水组(HS组)和羟乙基淀粉组(HES)5组,每组12只.建立未控制失血性休克大鼠模型,模拟临床分为4期;动态观察各期的平均动脉压(MAP)变化.①失血性休克期(时间为60 min):在15 min内将MAP降至40 mm Hg(1mm Hg=0.133 kPa)并维持60 min;然后向气管内注射内毒素2 mg/kg,并用断尾法造成大鼠未控制失血性休克.②液体复苏期(时间为30 min):LRS、HS、HES组分别用3倍放血量的LRs、4 ml/kg的7.5%NaCl和1倍放血量的6%HES 130/0.4进行复苏,C组和NF组不处理.③综合复苏期(时间为1 h):在1 h内回输全部失血及1:1失血量的生理盐水.④复苏后观察期:输血、输液结束后继续观察3.5 h. 实验结束后测定肺组织湿/干重(W/D)比值;用免疫组化测定肺组织AQPl和AQP5表达,用苏木素一伊红(HE)染色,光镜下观察肺损伤程度.结果 在C组和HES组,肺血管内皮细胞AQP1和肺泡上皮AQP5均呈阳性表达;HS组仅AQP1呈阳性表达,AQP5则呈微弱表达;NF组和LRS组AQP1、AQP5均呈微弱表达.各组MAP、肺W/D比值和肺组织损伤程度比较显示,HS组和HES组显著优于NF组和LRS组(P<0.05或P<0.01).结论 遭受"二次打击"失血性休克大鼠并发肺损伤时,肺AQP1和AQP5表达下调;采用6%HES 130/0.4进行休克复苏可有效抑制AQP1和AQP5下调,并使肺损伤明显减轻;采用7.5%NaCI复苏仅能抑制AQPl表达下调和在一定程度上减轻肺水肿;而采用LRS复苏既不能保持AQP1、AQP5的表达,也不能有效防止肺损伤的发生.     

促甲状腺素释放激素对失血致低血容量性休克大鼠心肺功能的影响

目的：探讨促甲状腺素释放激素（ＴＲＨ）抗失血致低血容量性休克的作用和对呼吸频率（ＲＲ）、平均动脉压（ＭＡＰ）、血气参数及酸碱平衡紊乱的影响。方法：复制失血致低血容量性休克大鼠模型,观察ＴＲＨ治疗前、后及各组各时间点大鼠ＲＲ、ＭＡＰ、血气和酸碱平衡等各参数的变化。结果：ＴＲＨ组给药后ＭＡＰ即刻升高,５分钟ＭＡＰ达（１４．０±１．３）ｋＰａ（１ｋＰａ＝７．５ｍｍＨｇ）,较低血容量性休克（ＨＳ）组增高３２％（ｔ＝２．５３１,Ｐ＜０．０５）;休克组大鼠在伤后３６０分钟ＭＡＰ仍较低,ＴＲＨ治疗组ＭＡＰ还比休克组高４２％（ｔ＝３．０１４,Ｐ＜０．０５）。休克组和ＴＲＨ治疗组失血后ＲＲ明显减慢,ＴＲＨ给药后５分钟ＲＲ升为（８０±９）次／ｍｉｎ,较休克组升高７８％（ｔ＝３．８９２,Ｐ＜０．０１）;伤后３６０分钟,ＴＲＨ组ＲＲ达（９９±９）次／ｍｉｎ,比休克组高７１％（ｔ＝３．４５６,Ｐ＜０．０１）。ＴＲＨ降低了肺体指数和肺含水率;升高ｐＨ、ＨＣＯ－３,改善酸中毒和酸碱失衡。结论：ＴＲＨ在失血致低血容量性休克治疗过程中有重要作用,能有效减轻休克的严重程度。     

高渗氯化钠溶液复苏抑制失血性休克大鼠肺细胞凋亡的初步研究

目的 探讨高渗氯化钠溶液(HS)复苏对失血性休克大鼠肺细胞凋亡的影响及其意义. 方法 将23只SD大鼠制作成重度失血性休克模型,随机分为假手术组(Sham组,8只)、高渗氯化钠溶液复苏组(HS组,9只)和等渗盐水复苏组(NS组,6只),采用流式细胞仪FITC-AnnexinV/PI荧光染色法定量测定休克/复苏后各组大鼠肺组织细胞的凋亡情况,并加以比较和分析. 结果 在失血性休克/复苏后的早期阶段,HS组和NS组大鼠的肺组织细胞即有大量凋亡发生,其肺细胞凋亡率均明显高于Sham组,差异有统计学意义(P＜0.01).同时,NS组大鼠的肺细胞凋亡率则显著高于HS组,差异有统计学意义(P＜0.01). 结论 在重度失血性休克大鼠模型中,与等渗盐水复苏相比较,高渗氯化钠溶液复苏能显著抑制失血/复苏后肺细胞的凋亡,有助于减轻休克后急性肺损伤,这可能也是高渗氯化钠溶液复苏肺保护作用的重要机制之一.     

高渗盐己酮可可碱复苏对失血性休克大鼠肺部炎症反应的影响

目的 探讨HSPTX(7.5%氯化钠+己酮可可碱)对失血性休克大鼠肺损伤的影响.方法 24只雄性SD大鼠随机(随机数字法)分为3组:假失血性休克(Sham)组,仅接受动静脉插管操作,不放血及复苏;大容量乳酸钠林格氏液(RL)复苏组,接受32 mL/kg RL;小容量高张液(7.5%氯化钠)+PTX复苏组,接受4 mL/kg 7.5%NaCL+25 mg/kg PTX,每组8只.测定各组动脉血氧分压(PaO2),pH值,二氧化碳分压(PaCO2),肺湿/干质量比值,测定血清丙二醛(MDA)含量以及超氧化物歧化酶(SOD)活性;检测支气管肺泡灌洗液(BALF)中性粒细胞比例及肺通透性指数,采用ELISA法测定灌洗液上清中肿瘤坏死因子-α(TNF-α)、白细胞介素1-β(IL-1β)含量.结果 与RL组相比,HSPTX组PaO2和pH值升高、PaCO2降低(P＜0.01),HSPTX组大鼠肺湿/干质量(W/D)及支气管肺泡灌洗液中上清中TNF-α、IL-1β含量均低于RL组(P＜0.01).结论 HSPTX复苏可减少失血性休克大鼠炎性细胞因子的表达,减轻由失血性休克诱发的急性肺损伤.     

Magnolol alters cytokine response after hemorrhagic shock and increases survival in subsequent intraabdominal sepsis in rats

Magnolol is a Chinese herb that has potent antioxidant effects. This study evaluated the effect of magnolol in the treatment of severe injury using a two-hit model in Sprague-Dawley rats. Hemorrhagic shock followed by resuscitation was performed. Intra-abdominal sepsis was induced by cecal ligation puncture. The rats were randomly segregated into the following three groups: group 1 (sham group) rats were sham-operated; group 2 (untreated group) rats received hemorrhagic shock and resuscitation and cecal ligation puncture 24 h later; and group 3 (treated group) rats were treated with magnolol and subjected to the same procedures as group 2. Plasma cytokine levels and tissue cytokine contents of lung, including tumor necrosis factor alpha (TNFalpha) and interleukin (IL)-10 were assayed after hemorrhagic shock and sepsis. Pulmonary injury study was performed using Evans blue dye and survival analysis was performed after development of sepsis. Plasma and tissue TNFalpha levels increased after hemorrhagic shock. Magnolol treatment blunted the TNFalpha levels in plasma and tissue. The plasma IL-10 level increased after hemorrhagic shock, whereas the tissue level of IL-10 did not change. Magnolol treatment did not alter the plasma level of IL-10 but did increase tissue level. After sepsis, TNFalpha levels in both plasma and tissue of magnolol-treated animals were significantly lower than those in untreated animals, whereas plasma and tissue IL-10 levels were not significantly different between treated and untreated groups. Pulmonary injury study showed that magnolol-treated rats had decreased pulmonary permeability after the onset of sepsis. Survival analysis showed that survival rate was significantly higher in the treated group. In conclusion, magnolol modifies the cytokine response after hemorrhagic shock and resuscitation; the proinflammatory cytokine response is suppressed. The modified cytokines response induced by magnolol may result in decreased tissue injury and increased survival in subsequent intra-abdominal sepsis.     

Hypertonic saline resuscitation reduces apoptosis and tissue damage of the small intestine in a mouse model of hemorrhagic shock

The effect of hypertonic saline resuscitation on intestinal damage and the incidence of apoptosis after hemorrhagic shock were investigated. After anesthesia, male BALB/c mice weighing 24-34 g were hemorrhaged to the mean arterial pressure of 40 +/- 5 mmHg for 90 min. Animals were randomly assigned to four groups: 1) resuscitation with 4 mL/kg of 7.5% NaCl (hypertonic saline; HS) + shed blood (SB); 2) resuscitation with two times the volume of shed blood of lactated Ringer's solution (2LR) + SB; 3) sham (catheter only); or 4) control (no treatment). Intestinal damage was graded based on the extent of the vacuolation at the basal area of the intestinal villi. Apoptosis of the small intestines was examined with the terminal deoxynucleotidyl transferase-mediated deoxyuridine 5-triphosphate nick-end labeling method and with DNA laddering. Caspase-3 activation, heat shock protein (HSP) 70, and HSP40 were assessed by western blotting. Apoptosis of the small intestine and intestinal damage were significantly lower (P < 0.01) in the HS+SB group compared with the 2LR+SB group 2 h and 6 h after hemorrhagic shock and resuscitation, respectively. This corresponded with more DNA fragmentation in the small intestine of the 2LR+SB group compared with the HS+SB group 2 h after hemorrhage and resuscitation. In addition, we observed less caspase-3 activation in the small intestine of the HS+SB group compared with the 2LR+SB group at 2 h after resuscitation. The content of HSP40 and HSP70 in the HS+SB group was similar to that in controls, but slightly decreased in the 2LR+SB group. HS resuscitation reduced intestinal damage and apoptosis after hemorrhagic shock, suggesting that HS resuscitation may improve the outcome after hemorrhagic shock by reducing apoptosis and damage to the small intestine.     

失血性休克小鼠心肌Toll样受体2/4 mRNA的表达

目的 探讨无复苏对失血性休克小鼠心肌Toll样受体（TLR）表达变化的影响及其意义。方法 将45只C57BL／6小鼠随机分为失血性休克模型组、假手术组、脂多糖（LPS）组（由尾静脉注射LPS5mg／kg），每组15只；采用心脏穿刺法建立小鼠失血性休克模型。心肌TLR2mRNA和TLR4mRNA表达采用逆转录-聚合酶链反应（RT—PCR）方法进行分析；测定左室收缩末压（LVESP）以反映左室收缩功能。结果 ①与假手术组比较，失血性休克及LPS刺激后小鼠的动脉血压出现下降，均可导致左室收缩功能障碍；②失血性休克及LPS刺激后TLR2和TLR4的mRNA表达水平均出现不同程度上调，而假手术组在各时间点未见明显改变。结论 ①失血性休克及LPS刺激后心肌TLR2及TLR4的mRNA表达上调与心功能障碍存在密切联系，但这两种病理状态下的信号转导通路可能存在差异；②失血性休克和LPS刺激后TLR2、TLR4的mRNA升高增强了机体的天然免疫功能，提高了机体对急性炎症的应激能力，对机体具有保护作用，但其过度表达也可能对组织、器官功能产生损害。     

Effects of environmental hypothermia on hemodynamics and oxygen dynamics in a conscious swine model of hemorrhagic shock

BACKGROUND:

Hypothermia is associated with poor outcome in trauma patients; however, hemorrhagic shock (HS) model with anesthetized swine was different from that of clinical reality. To identify the effects of environmental hypothermia on HS, we investigated hemodynamics and oxygen dynamics in an unanesthetized swine model of HS under simulating hypothermia environment.

METHODS:

Totally 16 Bama pigs were randomly divided into ambient temperature group (group A) and low temperature group (group B), 8 pigs in each group. Venous blood (30 mL/kg) was continuously withdrawn for more than 15 minutes in conscious swine to establish a hemorrhagic shock model. Pulmonary arterial temperature (Tp), heart rate (HR), mean arterial pressure (MAP), pulmonary arterial pressure (PAP), pulmonary arterial wedge pressure (PAWP), central venous pressure (CVP), cardiac output (CO), hemoglobin (Hb), saturation of mixed venous blood (SvO₂) and blood gas analysis were recorded at the baseline and different hemorrhagic shock time (HST). The whole body oxygen delivery indices, DO₂I and VO₂I, and the O₂ extraction ratio (O₂ER) were calculated.

RESULTS:

Core body temperature in group A decreased slightly after the hemorrhagic shock model was established, and environmental hypothermia decreased in core body temperature. The mortality rate was significantly higher in group B (50%) than in group A (0%). DO₂I and VO₂I decreased significantly after hemorrhage. No difference was found in hemodynamics, DO₂I and VO₂I between group A and group B, but the difference in pH, lactic acid and O₂ER was significant between the two groups.

CONCLUSION:

Environmental hypothermia aggravated the disorder of oxygen metabolism after hemorrhagic shock, which was associated with poor prognosis.KEY WORDS: Hemorrhagic shock, Environmental hypothermia, Hemodynamics, Oxygen dynamics     

The effects of stimulation at acupoint ST36 points against hemorrhagic shock in dogs

The aim of this study is to investigate the effects of electroacupuncturing (EA) zusanli points on levels of basic hemodynamics, lactate, and cytokines in dogs with hemorrhagic shock. Thirty healthy dogs were randomly divided into 5 groups: sham hemorrhagic shocked group, hemorrhagic shocked group, EA group, nonacupuncturing group, and EA after vagotomy group. Zusanli points were electroacupunctured with constant voltage (10-15 V, 30 Hz) for 30 minutes immediately after the shock models were established. Before the stimulation, a blood pressure transducer was implanted into the right femoral artery for continuous recording of mean arterial pressure (MAP), and a 5F Swan-Ganz pediatric catheter was implanted into the pulmonary artery. The levels of serum tumor necrosis factor α (TNF-α) in the femoral artery were detected at 0, 120, and 180 minutes after hemorrhage. The levels of serum lactate in the femoral artery were detected before hemorrhage (−45 minutes), at 0 minute, and at 180 minutes. In the hemorrhagic shocked group, the levels of MAP, cardiac output, cardiac index, central venous pressure, and pulmonary arterial wedge pressure decreased significantly; at the same time, the levels of serum TNF-α and serum lactate increased significantly. There were no differences between these groups and the hemorrhagic group, but they were different from the sham hemorrhagic shocked group. In the EA group, the levels of MAP, cardiac output, cardiac index, central venous pressure, and pulmonary arterial wedge pressure gradually increased, but the content of serum TNF-α and lactate obviously decreased. The results suggested that EA zusanli points produce a protective effect on hemorrhagic shock in dogs.     

Mesenteric lymph from rats subjected to trauma-hemorrhagic shock are injurious to rat pulmonary microvascular endothelial cells as well as human umbilical vein endothelial cells

Previously, we have documented that gut-derived lymph from rats subjected to trauma/hemorrhagic shock (T/HS) is injurious to human umbilical vein endothelial cells (HUVEC). To verify these findings in an all rat systems, the ability of T/HS lymph to increase rat pulmonary microvascular endothelial cell (RPMVEC) monolayer permeability and kill RPMVEC was compared with that observed with HUVECs. RPMVEcs isolated from male rats or HUVECs were grown in 24-well plates for the cytotoxicity assays or on permeable filters in a two-chamber system for permeability assays. Mesenteric lymph was collected from male rats subjected to trauma (laparotomy) plus hemorrhagic shock (T/HS group) or to a laparotomy plus sham-shock (T/SS group). The T/HS group had their mean arterial pressure decreased to 30 mmHg and kept there for 90 min. Lymph samples centrifuged to remove the cellular component were incubated with the RPMVECs or HUVECs at a 10% concentration. Neither T/SS lymph nor post-T/HS portal vein plasma was toxic to or increased the permeability of the RPMVECs or HUVECs. The pattern of cytotoxicity observed in the HUVECs incubated with T/HS mesenteric lymph was similar to that observed in the RPMVECs, as reflected by trypan blue dye exclusion, with more than 95% of the HUVECs and RPMVECs being killed after a 16-h incubation with T/HS mesenteric lymph. However, at earlier time points the amount of LDH released from the HUVEC cells incubated with T/HS lymph was greater than that observed with the PRMVEC, although trypan blue dye exclusion was similar. Similarly, incubation with 10% T/HS lymph increased the permeability of both HUVEC and RPMVEC monolayers more than 2-fold, even with an incubation period as short as 1 h. In conclusion, these results provide further evidence that T/HS lymph, but not T/SS lymph or post-T/HS portal vein plasma, is injurious to endothelial cells and that RPMVECs are as susceptible to injury as HUVECs. Additionally, these studies support the emerging concept that gut-induced distant organ injury is mediated by factors contained in mesenteric lymph.     

正丁酸钠对失血性休克大鼠肺部HMGB1 mRNA的调节

目的 研究正丁酸钠(sodium butyrate)对失血性休克大鼠肺部HMGB1 mRNA的影响.方法 由股动脉抽血建立失血性休克模型.30只动物随机分为假手术组、休克复苏组及正丁酸钠治疗组,于复苏后12 h处死动物.检测肺湿/干质量(W/D)比值、支气管肺泡灌洗液(BALF)中中性粒细胞(PMN)百分比和总蛋白浓度;测定肺组织髓过氧化物酶(MPO)活性、丙二醛(MDA)含量; RT-PCR法检测肺组织HMGB1 mRNA表达.结果 正丁酸钠组与休克复苏组相比,肺W/D、BALF中总蛋白含量及PMN百分比显著减少(P<0.05),肺组织MPO和MDA含量、肺组织HMGB1 mRNA表达明显降低(P<0.05).结论 正丁酸钠对失血性休克诱发的肺损伤有保护作用,可能与下调HMGB1 mRNA表达有关.     

大黄对大鼠肠缺血再灌注所致肺损伤的作用

背景:肠道因素尤其是肠缺血再灌注可导致远隔器官损伤是创伤。中药大黄能通过清除氧自由基,促进肠粘膜内杯状细胞增生,抑制肠道内细菌过度繁殖和肠道内毒素吸收及活血化瘀、改善微循环等途径发挥良好的肠黏膜屏障保护作用,进而可能发挥防治肺损伤的作用。目的:观察大黄对肠缺血-再灌注所致肺损伤的防治效应,以及对肿瘤坏死因子和磷脂酶A2的影响。设计:随机对照观察。单位:解放军兰州军区乌鲁木齐总医院急诊科。材料:实验于2003-02/07在解放军第二军医大学完成。选取SD大鼠80只,随机分为肠缺血再灌注组24只,假手术组16只,治疗组24只,生理盐水组16只四组。方法:肠缺血-再灌注组,术前禁食,麻醉,然后经腹正中切口,分离肠系膜上动脉,无创血管夹夹闭之,缝合切口;45min后取出动物夹,恢复血供。治疗组造模同肠缺血再灌注组,恢复血供前30min经胃管灌入精黄片600mg/kg混悬液,。生理盐水组造模同肠缺血再灌注组,于恢复血供前30min经胃管灌入等量的生理盐水。假手术组除不夹闭肠系膜上动脉外,其余手术过程均同肠缺血-再灌注组。以病理学改变及125Ⅰ标记牛血清白蛋白肺摄取指数作为评价肺损伤的指标,分别测定各组动物不同时间肺组织TNF含量及血清、肺及小肠组织PLA2活性。主要观察指标:观察125Ⅰ标记牛血清白蛋白肺摄取指数,血浆、肺组织肿瘤坏死因子含量,血清、肺及小肠组织磷脂酶A2活性。结果:①肺组织病理形态学变化:假手术组未见明显异常;肠缺血再灌注组6h后肺间质出现水肿,并有中性粒细胞浸润,可见肺泡水肿,有少量出血及纤维蛋白渗出。治疗组仅见轻度肺间质水肿及少量中性粒细胞。②肺组织超微病理变化:假手术组未见明显变化。肠缺血再灌注组6h后,可见肺毛细血管内皮细胞肿胀,中性粒细胞向肺间质及肺泡腔渗出。治疗组无上述变化。③肺组织肿瘤坏死因子变化:假手术组和治疗组(再灌注组30min)明显低于肠缺血再灌注组(再灌注30min)(0.235±0.114,1.374±0.550,16.315±4.587,P<0.01)。④125Ⅰ-BSA肺摄取指数:治疗组明显低于肠缺血-再灌注组和生理盐水组(P<0.01),与假手术组差异无显著性(P>0.05)。结论:早期应用大黄有助于防治肠源性肺损伤的发生。进而发挥组织病程向多器官功能不全综合征发展的重要作用,这种作用可能是通过抑制TNF和PLA2等介质的释放实现的。     

粘附分子和白介素8在早期急性呼吸窘迫综合征中的作用研究

目的 :探讨急性失血致低血容量性休克后低剂量内毒素动物模型中血浆白介素 8(IL 8)、细胞间粘附分子 1(ICAM 1)、血管内皮粘附分子 1(VCAM 1)水平的改变及其与血浆 IL 1β水平的关系。方法 :2 2只新西兰白兔随机分成 4组 :1低血容量性休克组 (休克组 ,6只 ) :急性失血持续 1小时 ,以心排血量低于基础值 40 %为准 ,休克恢复 6 0分钟后再观察 4小时 ;2内毒素 (L PS)组 (6只 ) :以 1.0 0～ 1.2 5μg/ kg L PS静注 ;3休克 L PS组 (6只 ) :低血容量性休克恢复 6 0分钟后再静注低剂量 L PS;4正常对照组 (4只 )。分别在休克前、休克 6 0分钟、休克恢复 6 0分钟、静注 L PS2和 4小时 5个点抽血测 IL 8、IL 1β、ICAM 1和 VCAM 1水平。结果 :休克 L PS组血浆 VCAM 1水平于注射 L PS4小时后显著高于正常对照组 (P<0 .0 5 ) ;血浆ICAM 1水平于注射内毒素第 2和 4小时后亦均高于正常对照组 (P均 <0 .0 5 ) ;休克组、休克 L PS组血浆IL 8浓度在注射 L PS后 2小时均显著高于正常对照组 (P均 <0 .0 5 ) ;休克组和休克 L PS组兔在休克期血浆 IL 1β浓度显著升高 ,而休克 L PS组于静注 1μg/ kg L PS后 2和 4小时 ,血浆 IL 1β浓度再次显著升高。结论 :低血容量性休克后再注射低剂量内毒素可导致血浆 ICAM 1和     

不同组方的高渗氯化钠-醋酸钠溶液对创伤失血性休克大鼠心肌收缩功能和动脉血气的影响

目的比较不同组方的高渗氯化钠-醋酸钠溶液对失血性休克大鼠心肌收缩功能和动脉血气的影响。方法Wistar大鼠随机分成0.9%NaCl组（NS）、3.75%NaCl+5.25%NaAc组（HSA1）、5%NaCl+3.5%NaAc组（HSA）和7.5%NaCl组（HS）。放血于10分钟内使平均动脉压（MAP）降至5.3kPa(1kPa=7.5mmHg),维持90分钟,随后分别按4ml/kg静脉注入NS、HSA1、HSA、HS,5分钟内输完。测定休克前后及给药后心肌收缩功能和动脉血气变化。结果HSA1不能显著改善失血性休克大鼠的MAP、心率（HR）、左室收缩压（LVSP）、左室内压最大变化速率（±dp/dtmax）和代谢性酸中毒,HSA和HS均能显著改善MAP、HR、LVSP和±dp/dtmax,HSA纠正代谢性酸中毒的作用优于HS。结论HSA是一种合适的高渗氯化钠-醋酸钠组方溶液。     

难逆性失血性休克早期血液流变学变化的研究

目的 观察难逆性失血性休克大鼠早期血液流变学的变化特点.方法 建立失血性休克大鼠模型后,将模型大鼠随机分为4组:第1组动物观察模型制备结束后180 min内的存活情况,记录平均动脉压(MAP)和存活时间(S组).第2～4组动物均在模型制备前取血,为基础值;第2组动物在休克后0 min活杀(SO组);第3组动物在休克后60 min活杀(S1组);第4组动物在休克后120 min活杀(S2组).检测指标包括血乳酸值、全血和血浆黏度、红细胞的变形性和聚集特性.结果 S组的平均放血量为(22.9±3.8)ml/kg,约占总血量的(38.1±6.3)%.在失血性休克后60、120和180 min存活率分别为100%、72%和64%.与基础值比较,失血性休克后0、60和120 min血乳酸值明显升高(P均＜0.01),120 min较0 min降低明显(P＜0.05);休克后0 min和60 min,在剪切速率为10 s-1、60 s-1和150 s-1时全血黏度均明显降低(P均＜0.01),120 min时在剪切速率为10 s-1和60 s-1时,全血黏度明显降低(P均＜0.01);失血性休克后0、60和120 min血浆黏度及剪切速率为600 s-1、800 s-1和1 000 s-1时的红细胞变形性、红细胞聚集指数均明显降低(P均＜0.01).结论 在难逆性失血性休克早期,血乳酸值明显升高,其后有所下降,提示机体对代谢紊乱有一定的代偿和修复功能.在难逆性失血性休克后早期的不同时间点,全血黏度、血浆黏度、红细胞变形性和聚集指数均持续降低,并且在观察期内没有明显的改善.其中黏度和红细胞聚集性的变化与休克末微循环淤滞期有所不同,提示失血性休克早期救治应该纠正当时的血液流变学异常.     

Effects of different resuscitation fluids on the rheologic behavior of red blood cells,blood viscosity and plasma viscosity in experimental hemorrhagic shock

Background

Hemorrhagic shock is associated with severe rheological abnormalities. We hypothesized that in the setting of hemorrhagic shock, resuscitation can alter hemorheological characteristics dramatically, and different fluids cause different effects. The aim of this study was to investigate whether the type of fluid administered has an impact on hemorheological characteristics at the early stage of resuscitation in a rodent model of hemorrhagic shock.

Methods

Animals were randomized into five groups: (1) sham hemorrhage (SHAM); (2) shock and sham resuscitation (SHOCK); (3) shock and resuscitation with normal saline 32 ml/kg (NS); (4) shock and resuscitation with 7.5% hypertonic saline 4 ml/kg (HS); (5) shock and resuscitation with 7.5% hypertonic saline/6% Dextran 70 4 ml/kg (HSD). Hemorheological characteristics were measured at 60 min after resuscitation.

Results

Results showed that NS resuscitation deteriorated red blood cell (RBC) deformability compared with the SHOCK group. The HS group showed improved RBC deformability compared with the NS group, although the differences were not statistically significant. There were significant improvements of RBC deformability at all shear rates in the HSD group compared with the NS group. Whole blood and plasma viscosities decreased significantly in the SHOCK group compared with the SHAM group. At shear rates of 60 and 150 s⁻¹, the NS group decreased whole blood viscosity compared with the SHOCK group. The HSD group showed elevated plasma viscosity compared with the SHOCK, NS and HS groups.

Conclusion

These results suggested that at the early stage of hemorrhagic shock resuscitation, hypertonic–hyperoncotic resuscitation could improve RBC deformability compared with isotonic crystalloid resuscitation. Dextran 70 could elevate plasma viscosity to nearly baseline level. These effects of hypertonic–hyperoncotic resuscitation could be beneficial to maintain microcirculation.     

参附注射液对失血性休克大鼠凝血酶调节蛋白表达的影响

目的探讨失血性休克大鼠TM、TM mRNA的变化机制及参附的干预作用的研究。方法SD大鼠分成：假休克组，休克组，林格液复苏组，参附复苏组。休克及复苏2h后，处死大鼠取出肝脏，Westem blotting法测TM变化，用RT—PCR法测TM mRNA的变化。结果假休克组有TM、TM mRNA表达。休克组、林格液复苏组TM表达下降，TM mRNA表达上调，与假休克组比较有显著统计学意义。参附复苏组TM表达上调，TM mRNA表达显著下调恢复，与假休克组比较无统计学意义，与休克组、林格液复苏组比较有显著统计学意义。结论失血性休克TM蛋白表达下降，TM mRNA表达上调，与休克损伤有关。林格液对蛋白C激活系统表达无明显调节作用。参附通过对内皮细胞的保护作用，具有抗休克作用。     

Effect of alpha-melanocyte stimulating hormone on the apoptosis of the vascular endothelial cell of the lung in two-hit acute respiratory distress syndrome in rat]

OBJECTIVE: To investigate the effect of alpha-melanocyte stimulating hormone (alpha-MSH) on the apoptosis of the vascular endothelial cells of the lung in acute respiratory distress syndrome (ARDS) reproduced with acute hemorrhagic shock followed by intratracheal lipopolysaccharide (LPS, two-hit model) in rat. METHODS: Ten male Sprague Dawley rats, weighing (33.7+/-2.5) g, were randomly divided into two groups (A and B) with 5 in each group. All rats were anesthesized and ventilated mechanically with fractional concentration of inspired oxygen(FiO(2)) of 0.5, breath rate 100 times/min, tidal volume(V(T)) 12 ml/kg and inspiratory/expiratory ratio (I/E) 1:15. The blood was withdrawn to induce hemorrhagic shock via the carotid artery until blood pressure reached (45+/-5) mm Hg (1 mm Hg=0.133 kPa), which was maintained for 1 hour, and the shed blood and Ringer's lactate in volume equal to the shed blood were reinfused in 2 hours for resuscitation. Afterwards, LPS was given via the tracheal (200 microg/kg, in 500 microl normal saline) to establish the ARDS model. Group A was ARDS control group, group B was alpha-MSH administration group. alpha-MSH was intravenously administrated simultaneously, 3 hours and 6 hours after LPS given, the dosage was 17 mg/kg at each time point. The rats were sacrificed at 9 hours after LPS challenge, and the lung tissue was examined with microscope and electron microscope to observe the pathological changes and apoptosis of the vascular endothelial cells. RESULTS: In ARDS control group, remarkable infiltration of inflammatory cells was found in the alveoli, and the apoptosis of the vascular endothelial cells had developed to late stage. In alpha-MSH treatment group, few inflammatory cells were found in the alveoli, and the apoptosis of the endothelial cells was still in an early stage. CONCLUSION: alpha-MSH could inhibit the apoptosis of the vascular endothelial cells of the lung in the two-hit ARDS in rats. Therefore, it might have a protective effect on the lung after hemorrhagic shock and endotoxin challenge.     

高渗盐水对创伤失血性休克患者T细胞免疫的影响

目的 观察7.5%高渗盐水对创伤失血性休克患者的早期疗效和对T淋巴细胞亚群的影响.方法 将北京同仁医院急诊科2006年12月至2008年7月收治的早期急性创伤失血性休克患者共82例,随机分为高渗盐水治疗组(高渗盐水组)43例和复方氯化钠溶液治疗组(常规组)39例.纳人标准:来院即刻收缩压＜90mmHg(1 mmHg=0.133 kPa),并且有明确的失血证据.排除标准:既往有免疫系统疾病的患者、来诊24 h内死亡的患者.高渗盐水组立即给予7.5%氯化钠溶液200 mL静脉点滴,于15～20 min内输完,常规组给予复方氯化钠溶液常规复苏治疗.记录复苏开始后10,20,60min点血压及心率的数值并于来诊即刻和复苏24 h后测定血CD3+,CD4+,CD8+水平,使用直接荧光免疫法检测,比较应用高渗盐水和复方氯化钠溶液复苏早期的疗效和对患者T淋巴细胞亚群的影响.两组患者血压、心率、T细胞亚群数值以均数±标准差(x±s)表示,组间比较使用两独立样本t检验,组内比较使用配对t检验;手术例数、并发症例数和死亡例数比较使用X2检验.采用SPSS 11.0统计软件处理数据,以P＜0.05为差异具有统计学意义.结果 高渗盐水组24 h液体输入量为(3820±623)mL,常规组为(5430±1254)mL,两组比较,差异具有统计学意义(P＜0.05).高渗盐水组在输液10 min,20 min后血压明显高于常规组(P＜0.01).伤后24 h高渗盐水组CD3+,CD4+高于常规组(P＜0.01).本研究共治愈63例(76.8%),死亡19例(23.2%),共发生ARDS 10例,MODS 14例.两组患者的死亡率、ARDS发生率、NODS发生率比较,高渗盐水组低于常规组,差异具有统计学意义(P＜0.05).结论 在创伤失血件休克的早期,使用高渗盐水复苏可明显增加有效循环血量,改善组织器官灌注,并可改善患者的T细胞免疫功能,降低ARDS,MODS发生率和死亡率,治疗效果优于常规液体复苏法.