老年2型糖尿病肾病病人血脂与肾功能指标的变化

目的 探讨老年2型糖尿病肾病病人血脂与肾功能指标变化的关系.方法 选取2018年1月至2019年12月在我科门诊及住院接受治疗的≥60岁的老年糖尿病病人100例.按照尿蛋白排泄率(UAER)不同,将其划分为正常蛋白尿组、微量蛋白尿组以及大量蛋白尿组,同时选取40例老年健康体检者作为对照组.检测各组的TC、TG、HDL-...     

2型糖尿病肾病患者心脏病变与肾脏损害的相关分析

目的:了解2型糖尿病肾病(type 2 diabetic nephropathy,T2DN)患者心脏结构改变的影响因素及其与肾损害的相天性. 方法:分析254例T2DN的患者(肾活检181例)彩色多谱勒超声心动图图像及同期血生化、尿液检测等资料,分析心脏超声改变的相关影响因素及其与肾损害的关系. 结果:(1)左房舒张末内径增大的发生率为70.86%,左室舒张末内径增大占20.86%,左室重量指数平均为(121.3±36.9)g/m~2,左室肥厚发生率42.51%,收缩功能不全占23.6%,舒张功能不全占86.6%;(2)左房内径(LAD)、左室重量指数、室间隔厚度、左室后壁厚度均与血压密切相父,LAD还与体重指数、性别、年龄、尿蛋白定量显著相关,左室重量指数也与性别、尿蛋白定量显著相关;(3)LAD、左室重量指数、室间隔、左室后壁与血肌酐呈正相关,与eGFR、血红蛋白呈负相关;伴离心性左室肥厚的患者血肌酐、尿蛋白定量及RBP、NAG显著增加,尿渗量显著降低. 结论:多种因素影响糖尿病肾病患者心脏超声结果,并与肾损害临床表现密切相关,随着肾损害的加重危房扩大更明显,左室呈现离心性左室肥厚趋势,表现为收缩与舒张功能障碍同时存在,伴离心性左室肥厚的患者肾损害更严重.     

Utility of urinary biomarkers as a diagnostic tool for early diabetic nephropathy in patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus

Introduction

Renal tubulo-interstitial damage has an important role in the pathogenesis of early diabetic nephropathy. Urinary biomarkers can help in the detection of early nephropathy in type 2 diabetic patients. The aim of this study was to estimate the levels of urinary neutrophil gelatinase associated lipocalin (NGAL) and cystatin-C in type 2 diabetic patients with early diabetic nephropathy & to compare them with diabetic patients without nephropathy and to correlate urinary NGAL and cystatin-C levels with microalbuminuria in them.

不同尿白蛋白水平的2型糖尿病患者肾小管相关标志物测定的临床意义

目的 评价不同尿白蛋白水平的2型糖尿病(T2DM)患者的肾小管功能及其与尿白蛋白的相关性.方法 438例T2DM患者按Mongensen分期分为正常白蛋白尿组(112例)、微量白蛋白尿组(106例)、大量白蛋白尿组(114例)、肾功能不全组(106例),另设正常对照组(87例),比较各组尿视黄醇结合蛋白(RBP)、β2-微球蛋白(β2-MG)、N-乙酰-D-氨基葡萄糖苷酶(NAG)/尿肌酐(Ucr)比值和24h尿Tamm-Horsrall蛋白(T-HP)水平.结果 正常白蛋白尿组、微量白蛋白尿组、大量白蛋白尿组、肾功能不全组尿NAG/Ucr(分别为9.48,9.68,9.99,10.12 μ/gcr)、RBP(中位数分别为0.09,0.62,3.02,2.96 mg/L)均高于正常对照组(NAG 9.01 μ/gcr,RBP 0.00 mg/L,P均＜0.01);微量白蛋白尿组、大量白蛋白尿组和肾功能不全组尿β2-MG(中位数分别为0.11,0.12,1.4 mg/L)高于正常对照组(0.09 mg/L,P均＜0.01)及正常白蛋白尿组(0.10 mg/L,P＜0.01或0.05);各组间24 h尿T-HP无显著差异.分别联合检测尿RBP+NAG、RBP+β2-MG、NAG+β2-MG以预测正常白蛋白尿组肾小管损伤,敏感性分别为14.3％,16.1％,26.8％.多元Logistic回归分析显示正常白蛋白尿组近端肾小管功能异常与糖化血红蛋白( Hb)A1c、舒张压、收缩压、糖尿病病程[优势比(OR)分别为2.38,1.25,1.10,1.20]显著相关(P均＜0.05).结论 近端肾小管功能受损可能出现于微量白蛋白尿之前,联合测定尿NAG和β2-MG可敏感反映早期近端肾小管功能损伤,血糖控制差、血压升高、糖尿病病程长是正常白蛋白尿期肾小管损伤的独立危险因素.     

2型糖尿病肾病患者血清1,25-二羟维生素D3与肾功能指标的相关性研究

目的检测不同严重程度2型糖尿病肾病患者的血清1,25-二羟维生素D3水平,并分析其与肾功能指标的相关性。方法根据尿清蛋白肌酐比值及血肌酐值将48例2型糖尿病肾病患者分为微量蛋白尿组、大量蛋白尿组及肾功能不全组。采用ELISA法测定血清1,25-二羟维生素D3水平,同时常规测定血糖、糖化血红蛋白、肌酐、血钙、血磷等指标,计算肌酐清除率。结果微量蛋白尿组、大量蛋白尿组及肾功能不全组的血清1,25-二羟维生素D3水平逐渐降低,组间比较差异均有统计学意义(P均<0.05)。血清1,25-二羟维生素D3与血肌酐值呈负相关(P<0.05),与肌酐清除率呈正相关(P<0.05)。结论血清1,25-二羟维生素D3水平可能与2型糖尿病肾病相关,并且能够在一定程度上反映其严重程度。     

Effect of rosuvastatin or atorvastatin on urinary albumin excretion and renal function in type 2 diabetic patients

The effect of rosuvastatin or atorvastatin on urinary albumin excretion (UAE) was determined in type 2 diabetic patients. A randomized, double-blind, parallel-group, response-based design compared rosuvastatin 10mg (titrated to 40 mg) with atorvastatin 10mg (titrated to 80 mg) in type 2 diabetic patients with dyslipidemia, with dose titration to an LDL-C target of <3.0 mmol/L. Overnight timed urine collections were obtained at baseline, 8 and 16 weeks to UAE. Glomerular filtration rate (GFR) was determined using the Modification of Diet in Renal Disease formula. Patients with paired, UAE collections of at least 8h duration were analyzed (n=344). No significant change from baseline in UAE was observed for either treatment group or between-treatment groups at 16 weeks, and median UAE for both treatment groups remained within normal limits (rosuvastatin 4.5 microg/min, atorvastatin 5.0 microg/min). A similar absence of change from baseline was observed for 51 patients with UAE above the normal range at study entry (>20 microg/min). No significant change in GFR from baseline after 16 weeks was observed for either treatment group. These data provide reassurance that type 2 diabetic patients can be treated with higher efficacy statins without clinically meaningful effects on urinary albumin excretion.     

尿TGF-β1、层粘连蛋白、Ⅳ型胶原与2型糖尿病肾病的关系

在182例2型糖尿病患者测定尿液转化生长因子β1(TGF-β1)、层粘连蛋白(LN)和Ⅳ型型胶原排泄量，糖尿病患者的尿液TGF-β1、LN和Ⅳ型胶原排泄量增加，并与糖尿病肾病(DN)的严重程度有较好的相关性。尿TGF-β1可能为早期DN的指标、尿LN、Ⅳ型胶原可能为DN严重程度的指标。     

胱抑素C测定在糖尿病肾病肾功能评价中的应用

目的探讨血清胱抑素C(cystatin C,Cys-C)检测在糖尿病肾病(DN)患者肾功能评价中的诊断价值.方法经临床及肾活检确诊的2型糖尿病、DN患者83例.免疫比浊法测定血清Cys-C浓度.同时测定血肌酐水平(SCr)、BMI数值、肾小管功能指标(NAG酶,RBP、尿渗量)、尿蛋白水平、血清白蛋白、尿酸水平、同位素99mTc-DTPA测定肾小球滤过率(GFR).分析不同肾功能状态下Cys-C,SCr、MDRD公式与ECT-GFR的相关性.进一步根据肾小管功能指标、蛋白尿程度、血清白蛋白水平、代谢指标(血清尿酸、BMI)分组,分析Cys-C、SCr与GFR的相关性差别.以ECT-GFR为标准,作Cys-C、SCr的受试者工作特性曲线(receiver operator characteristic curve,ROC),并求其曲线下面积(area underthe curve,AUC).结果(1)Cys-C、SCr与ECT-GFR的Pearson相关系数r分别为-0.740和-0.663(P＜0.01),Cys-C与GFR的相关性较SCr更好.GFR≤60 ml/min时,Cys-C、MDRD-GFR、SCr与GFR的相关系数r分别为-0.798,0.760,-0.716(P＜0.01),Cys-C与GFR的相关性优于SCr和MDRD公式;GFR＞90ml/min时,Cys-C、SCr与GFR的相关系数r分别为-0.561 vs-0.465(P＜0.05).Cys-C与GFR的相关性优于SCr.(2)患者肾小管功能受损状态下NAG酶＞20 u/g·cr时,Cys-C、SCr与GFR的相关系数r分别为-0.660 vs-0.595(P＜0.01);RBP＞2 mg/L时,r值分别为-0.672 vs-0.635(P＜0.01);尿渗量≤600 mOsm/kg·H2O时,r值分别为-0.696 vs-0.663(P＜0.01).Cys-C与GFR的相关性均较SCr更好.(3)尿蛋白＞1g/24h时,Cys-C、SCr与GFR的相关系数r分别为-0.704 vs-0.649(P＜0.01).血清白蛋白≤35g/L时,r值分别为-0.635 vs-0.581(P＜0.01).Cys-C与GFR的相关性均较SCr更好.(4)不同血清尿酸、BMI状态下,Cys-C与GFR的相关系数r值不受影响.ROC中曲线下面积(AUC),Cys-C、SCr分别为0.915 vs0.902(P＜0.01),仍以Cys-C更灵敏和特异.结论DN患者各期(包括早期高灌注期、肾功能损害期),Cys-C与GFR之间的相关性优于SCr、MDRD公式.DN患者出现肾小管功能损害时,Cys-C与GFR仍有较好的相关性.DN患者出现蛋白尿、血清白蛋白下降时,Cys-C仍可较好地反映肾功能.而代谢性指标不影响Cys-C与GFR的之间的相关性.Cys-C可作为一个更好的反映DN患者肾功能变化的内源性指标.     

Effects of diet-therapy on urinary protein excretion albuminuria and renal haemodynamic function in obese diabetic patients with overt nephropathy

Twenty-four type 1 and type 2 diabetic patients with obesity and overt nephropathy were studied for 12 months after hypocaloric diet change from 1870 to 1410 kcal/day (without changes of protein:carbohydrate ratio). Several parameters were evaluated: arterial blood pressure, blood glucose, fructosamine, HbA1c, proteinuria, albuminuria, glomerular filtration rate (GFR), creatinine clearance, triglycerides, HDL and total cholesterol. A significant reduction of body weight (body mass index from 33 +/- 1.6 to 26 +/- 1.8 kg/m2, P less than 0.001), concomitantly with a decrease of blood pressure levels (P less than 0.002) was demonstrated at the end of the study. Triglyceride (P less than 0.002), HDL (P less than 0.002), HDL (P less than 0.05) and total cholesterol (P less than 0.01) levels were reduced after diet-therapy, while a mild improvement of glycometabolic profile was observed in the same period. A marked decrease of proteinuria (from 1280 +/- 511 to 623 +/- 307 mg/24 h, P less than 0.01) and albuminuria (from 723 +/- 388 to 492 +/- 170 micrograms/min, P less than 0.01), and an improvement of GFR (from 66 +/- 13 to 81 +/- 11 ml/min/1.73 m2, P less than 0.01) and creatinine clearance (from 79 +/- 14 to 91 +/- 13 ml/min, P less than 0.01) was demonstrated after 12 months of diet-treatment. Our data suggest that body weight reduction by hypocaloric diet may delay the progression of clinical nephropathy in obese diabetic patients.     

2型糖尿病患者尿液mindin水平与糖尿病肾病的相关性

目的探讨2型糖尿病（T2DM）患者尿液mindin的表达,分析其与糖尿病肾损伤的关系。方法选取2010年10月至2011年6月于广西医科大学第一附属医院代谢糖尿病中心及内分泌科住院的T2DM患者124例为病例组,选取同期年龄、性别匹配的健康体检者30名作为对照组。根据24h尿白蛋白定量（24h-UAE）将T2DM患者分为3组,即24h—UAE〈30mg的正常蛋白尿组60例,30mg≤24h-UAE〈300mg的微量蛋白尿组32例,24h-UAE≥300mg的大量蛋白尿组32例。应用ELISA法测定尿液mindin的水平,常规方法测定血、尿肌酐、血尿素氮、胱抑素C、空腹及餐后血糖、糖化血红蛋白（HbA1c）、C-肽等临床指标,并估算肾小球滤过率（eGFR）。组间比较采用单因素方差分析及q检验,指标间的相关分析采用Spearman相关分析及偏相关分析。结果T2DM患者尿mindin含量高于对照组f正常蛋白尿组、微量蛋白尿组、大量蛋白尿组、对照组分别为161（119～255）、332（181—445）、426（230—937）和93（51—121）ng·ml^-1·μmol^-1·L^-1,F=30．196,P〈0．05],并与24h-UAE呈正相关（r=0．453,P〈0．05）,T2DM患者各组mindin水平随24h-UAE的升高而递增;相关分析显示尿mindin与尿素氮、血肌酐、胱抑素C、血糖、24h-UAE、病程呈正相关（r=0．426、0．2336、0．383,0344、0．453、0．511,均P〈0．05）,而与eGFR呈负相关（r=-0．383,P〈0．05）;结果显示尿液mindin（OR=1．481,95％CI：1.187—1．847）、空腹血糖（OR=0．842,95％CI：0．756～0．939）、舒张压（OR=1．051,95％CI：1．003～1．101）是T2DM患者肾损伤的危险因素。结论尿液mindin可反映糖尿病肾病早期肾功能损伤并与肾功能损伤的程度相关,尿液mindin的检测对糖尿病肾病患者早期诊断、病情观察、疗效判断方面具有较好的临床应用前景。     

糖尿病肾病肾小球滤过膜结构与肾功能及代谢指标的关系

目的:观察2型糖尿病肾病(T2DN)患者肾小球滤过膜超微结构改变与肾功能及代谢指标的关系.方法:将明确诊断的T2DN 75例患者分为:微量白蛋白尿组(尿白蛋白/24h 30～300 mg);蛋白尿组(尿蛋白0.5～2.0g/24h)和大量蛋白尿组(尿蛋白＞3.5g/24h).收集三组患者临床指标,并分别使用Cockcroft-Gault公式、简化的肾脏疾病饮食控制(MDRD)公式等计算患者的肾小球滤过率(eGFR);采用形态学计量分析方法分别测算肾小球体积、肾小球足细胞和内皮细胞的相对密度、绝对数目和足细胞足突宽度及肾小球基膜(GBM)厚度.结果:(1)肾小球滤过膜结构与GFR的关系:微量白蛋白尿组Ccr与肾小球足细胞密度及数日均负相关(分别为r=-0.480,P＜=0.05;r=-0.478,P＜0.05);大量蛋白尿组以SCr估算的eGFR与肾小球足细胞密度正相关(r=0.462,P＜0.05);余均未见明显相关.(2)多元回归分析结果:微量白蛋白尿组中肾小球足细胞密度、糖化血红蛋白、三酰甘油、尿酸与Ccr相关(R~2=0.616,P＜0.01);大量蛋白尿组肾小球足细胞密度、尿酸与以SCr估算的eGFR相关(R~2=0.613,P＜0.01).(3)肾小球滤过膜结构及肾小球体积与糖、脂质代谢指标的关系:①肾小球体积与血糖的关系:微量白蛋白尿组中肾小球体积和糖化血红蛋白正相关(r=0.425,P＜0.05);而在蛋白尿组则为负相关(r=-0.427,P＜0.05).②GBM厚度与血糖、血脂代谢指标的关系:微量白蛋白尿组中,以GBM厚度为因变量,糖及脂质代谢水平为自变量,可见空腹血糖水平和总胆固醇与基膜厚度相关(R~2=0.247,P＜0.05).结论:肾小球滤过膜结构与GFR及糖、脂质代谢水平间存在着密切联系,且与DN发展的不同阶段相关.     

2型糖尿病肾病患者血清脂联素的水平

糖尿病肾病（DN）组血清脂联素水平较单纯糖尿病组显著升高；大量白蛋白尿组血清脂联素水平较正常对照组、单纯糖尿病组、早期DN组显著升高。脂联素水平与24h尿白蛋白排泄率呈正相关，与腰臀比呈负相关。DN大量白蛋白尿期血清脂联素水平显著升高，其机制尚不清楚。     

Renoprotective effects of low-dose valsartan in type 2 diabetic patients with diabetic nephropathy

It is unknown whether the angiotensin receptor antagonist valsartan exerts a renoprotective effect on patients with type 2 diabetes and diabetic nephropathy independent of its hypotensive effects. Forty patients with type 2 diabetes participated in this study. All patients received valsartan 40 mg, a dose with no clinical effect on blood pressure levels. Blood pressure, urinary albumin excretion (UAE), and creatinine clearance were determined at baseline and at the end of the 6-month treatment period. Antihypertensive and/or antidiabetic drugs, including insulin, were permitted throughout the study. After 6 months of valsartan therapy, mean UAE decreased from 86.8 +/- 196 to 46.9 +/- 97 microg/min (n = 37). In addition, a significant decrease was observed in the UAE of the subgroup of patients displaying diabetic nephropathy (UAE > 20 microg/min, n = 14), from 219.4 +/- 275 to 102.7 +/- 141 microg/min, (P < 0.01). Changes in UAE for valsartan correlated significantly with UAE at baseline (r = -0.935, P < 0.0001). Serum creatinine levels and creatinine clearance remained stable before and after treatment with valsartan. No significant differences were observed between pre- and post-treatment body mass index, glycosylated hemoglobin, or systolic and diastolic blood pressure. In type 2 diabetic patients with diabetic nephropathy, 6 months of treatment with low dose valsartan, an angiotensin-II receptor antagonist, thus reduced UAE with no reduction in systemic blood pressure. The drug may be safely administered in this subset of type 2 diabetic patients. The long-term benefits in terms of risk reduction must still be evaluated in further trials.     

Effect of urokinase on preservation of renal function in patients with diabetic nephropathy

Long-term effects of urokinase on the preservation of renal function in patients with diabetic nephropathy were evaluated. Twenty-nine adult patients with non-insulin-dependent diabetes mellitus and overt proteinuria were randomly divided into two groups. One group was treated with daily oral administration of dipyridamole or dilazep dihydrochloride and weekly intravenous administration of urokinase; the other group was treated with dipyridamole alone. There was a significant decrease in the amount of proteinuria in the first group after 3 months of the treatment compared with the second group. There was also a significant preservation of renal function in the first group after three years of treatment compared with the second group. It was concluded that continuous administration of urokinase in addition to antiplatelet agents is useful in the treatment of patients with diabetic nephropathy.     

Spironolactone in type 2 diabetic nephropathy: Effects on proteinuria, blood pressure and renal function

OBJECTIVE: To study the effects of addition of spironolactone to angiotensin-converting enzyme (ACE) inhibition or angiotensin II (AngII) receptor antagonism on proteinuria, blood pressure (BP) and renal function in overt type 2 diabetic nephropathy. DESIGN: A placebo-controlled, double-blind, parallel-group trial in patients from two outpatient clinics with a follow-up of 1 year. METHODS: Type 2 diabetic patients with macroalbuminuria, despite long-term use of an ACE inhibitor or AngII receptor blocker were allocated to spironolactone, 25-50 mg once daily (n = 29) or placebo (n = 30). Urinary albumin to creatinine ratio, BP and biochemical parameters were measured at regular intervals. RESULTS: Five patients of the spironolactone and one of the placebo group developed hyperkalemia and had to be excluded. Compared to other patients their baseline serum creatinine [161 (123-248) versus 88 (72-170) micromol/l] and potassium concentrations (4.7 +/- 0.3 versus 4.2 +/- 0.2 mmol/l) were elevated (P < 0.001). Albuminuria decreased by 40.6% [95% confidence interval (CI) 23.4-57.8%] and BP by 7 mmHg (2-12 mmHg)/3 mmHg (1-6 mmHg) with spironolactone, but did not change with placebo. Estimated glomerular filtration rate (eGFR) during the 1-year follow-up declined on average by 12.9 ml/min per 1.73 m (9.5-16.5 ml/min per 1.73 m) in the spironolactone and by 4.9 ml/min per 1.73 m (0.8-8.9 ml/min per 1.73 m) in the placebo group (P = 0.004). This decline was progressive in the placebo but leveled off in the spironolactone group. In the spironolactone group changes in albuminuria and GFR were correlated (r = 0.48, P = 0.007). CONCLUSION: Addition of spironolactone to an ACE inhibitor or AngII receptor blocker is associated with a marked and sustained antiproteinuric effect, which in part relates to the more pronounced reduction in GFR.     

糖尿病肾病患者糖尿病慢性并发症合并情况的分析

目的:分析不同阶段2型糖尿病肾病(DN)患者合并糖尿病慢性并发症的发生率. 方法:临床或肾活检确诊的2型DN患者774例,根据尿蛋白及血清肌酐水平分为白蛋白尿期、临床蛋白尿期及血清肌酐升高期,分析不同时期患者并发症的发生率及代谢指标差异. 结果:774例DN患者平均年龄(56.6±11.3)岁,糖尿病病程中位时间为96个月,肾病病程中位时间为12个月.白蛋白尿者210例,蛋白尿者246例,肾功能不全者318例.DN患者视网膜病变的发生率随病程进展逐渐上升,肾功能不全者较肾功能正常者升高显著;周围神经病变占49.5%,以浅感觉障碍为主,自主神经病变以胃肠功能紊乱、性功能障碍最多见,肾功能不全的患者大部分出现神经病变;各期DN患者心绞痛和心肌梗死的发生率无明显差异,肾功能不全者心肌缺血的发生率明显升高,达40.3%;DN患者随病程进展,心肌舒张功能逐渐下降;脑血管病变中以缺血性脑血管病变为主;糖尿病足的发生率较低(1.4%),间歇性跛行达7.5%;80.6%DN患者存在高血压,以肾功能不全者尤著;白蛋白尿组患者糖化血红蛋白达标率明显高于蛋白尿组及肾功能不全组,与蛋白尿组比较达统计学差异;白蛋白尿组患者的空腹及餐后血糖均较后两组患者控制更好;DN患者脂质代谢异常以三酰甘油和低密度脂蛋白升高为主. 结论:2型DN患者同时存在糖尿病其它大小血管并发症,肾功能损害严重者,并发症多且严重.视网膜病变不能作为DN早期诊断的必备条件;神经病变的发生率亦随病程进展呈明显上升趋势,并进一步促进疾病的进展;随着DN的进展,心肌缺血比例增加,心肌舒张功能下降,可能增加DN患者心血管的死亡率.我国DN患者代谢控制达标率低,因此,强调DN患者综合治疗是改善患者远期预后,减少并发症,提高患者生活质量的关键.     

2型糖尿病肾病患者血清脂联素水平的变化

目的:观察2型糖尿病肾病(DN)患者血清脂联素(adiponectin, ADPN)水平变化及其临床意义. 方法:正常对照组(NC)10例;2型糖尿病患者53例,根据尿白蛋白排泄率(UAER)及血清肌酐(SCr)水平分成糖尿病组(DM,UAER<30 mg/g,SCr<132.6 μmol/L)、糖尿病肾病组(DN1,≥30 mg/g,SCr<132.6 μmol/L)和晚期糖尿病肾病组(DN2,UAER≥300 mg/g,SCr>132.6 μmol/L);应用酶联免疫吸附法(ELISA)测定各组血清中的ADPN、可溶性血管细胞粘附分子1(sVCAM-1)水平. 结果:DN2组的血清ADPN水平高于NC组、DM组和DN1组(P<0.05);DN1组的ADPN高于NC组和DM组,但无统计学差异;DM组的ADPN水平低于NC组,但无统计学差异.sVCAM-1在NC组、DM组、DN1组和DN2组依次逐渐增高.相关分析显示ADPN与尿酸(UA)、SCr、肾小球滤过率(eGFR)呈显著相关关系(P<0.05),多元逐步回归分析显示SCr是ADPN的独立相关因素(决定系数为r2＝0.265,β＝3.130,P<0.01).无论在研究对象总体还是糖尿病患者中,ADPN与sVCAM-1均呈正相关性(相关系数分别为0.331,P<0.01;0.316,P<0.05) 结论:2型糖尿病肾病患者血清ADPN水平升高可能与肾功能减退有关,血清ADPN升高可能参与了糖尿病肾病患者的内皮功能损害机制.     

Maternal history of type 2 diabetes is associated with diabetic nephropathy in type 1 diabetic patients

AIMS: Insulin resistance is a key feature of type 2 diabetes. It is also involved in the development and progression of microvascular complications. We analysed the relationship between parental history of diabetes, insulin resistance and diabetic nephropathy (DN) and assessed the specific maternal and paternal influences of history of type 2 diabetes on DN in type 1 diabetic offspring. METHODS: We recorded information regarding family history of type 2 diabetes and of cardiovascular disease in 160 consecutive, unrelated type 1 diabetic patients. Insulin resistance was assessed using a validated estimation of the glucose disposal rate (eGDR). RESULTS: Type 1 diabetic patients with a maternal history of type 2 diabetes were more likely to be insulin-resistant (P=0.043) and to have renal complications (P=0.0041) than those from the reference group (without parental history of diabetes), while patients with a paternal history were not different from those from the reference group, regarding eGDR and DN. Time to development of abnormal albuminuria was significantly affected by maternal history of type 2 diabetes (log-rank=12.66; P=0.0004) and by familial history of premature cardiovascular disease (log-rank=5.48; P=0.0234). In multivariate analysis, a maternal history of type 2 diabetes was independently associated with nephropathy after adjustment for sex, diabetes duration and familial history of premature cardiovascular disease. CONCLUSION: Maternal history of type 2 diabetes is independently associated with DN in type 1 diabetic patients. This might suggest the transmission of a maternal trait related to microvascular complications, raising the hypothesis of imprinted genes predisposing to diabetic renal disease.