大鼠和小鼠Pig-a基因突变试验历史背景数据采集

目的 介绍大鼠及小鼠Pig-a基因突变试验方法,并汇总国家药物安全评价监测中心2015—2022年开展的基于免疫磁珠检测法的大鼠及小鼠Pig-a基因突变试验背景数据。方法 阴性物质包括超纯水和0.5%羧甲基纤维素钠(CMCNa),雄性C57BL/6J小鼠间隔24 h ig 0.5%CMC-Na,连续7 d;雄性SD大鼠间隔24 h ig 0.5%CMC-Na,连续14 d;大鼠间隔24 h ig超纯水,连续3 d。阳性对照为已知致细菌突变化合物,包括N-乙基-N-亚硝基脲(ENU,10、40 mg·kg^-1)、盐酸丙卡巴肼(PCZ,60、150 mg·kg^-1)、乌拉坦(EC,300、800mg·kg^-1)、N-亚硝基二甲胺(NDMA,1.5mg·kg^-1)、N-亚硝基二乙胺(NDEA,15 mg·kg^-1)。小鼠间隔24 h ig ENU 40 mg·kg^-1,连续3 d;间隔24 h ig NDMA 1.5 mg·kg^-1、NDE...     

基于体外Pig-a基因突变试验的大黄素型蒽醌致突变风险评价

目的 对相同母核结构的8种大黄素型蒽醌类化合物开展体外Pig-a基因突变试验，分析不同大黄素型蒽醌结构与致突变性的关联。方法 L1578Y细胞分别与系列浓度的大黄素、芦荟大黄素、大黄素甲醚、大黄酚、大黄酸、羟基大黄素、大黄素-8-O-β-D-葡萄糖苷和芦荟大黄素-8-O-β-D-葡萄糖苷作用4 h（有S9）或24 h（无S9），给药24 h后应用细胞计数板进行计数，计算细胞相对倍增速率（RPD）评价受试物细胞毒性；细胞表达8 d后经APC-anti-CD45和PE-anti-CD90.2标定后，使用流式细胞仪检测突变细胞（CD45^＋CD90^－）发生率。结果 所有受试物在有或无S9代谢活化条件下所设浓度组RPD均大于50%，未见明显细胞毒性作用，可排除试验中假阳性结果。在非S9代谢活化条件下芦荟大黄素25 μg·mL^-1组Pig-a基因突变率与溶媒对照组比较显著升高（P<0.001）； S9代谢活化条件下，与溶剂对照组比较，大黄素50 μg·mL^-1组，羟基大黄素6.25、12.5、25 μg·mL^-1组，大黄酚25、50、100 μg·mL^-1组和大黄酸12.5、25、50 μg·mL^-1组Pig-a基因突变率显著升高（P<0.05、0.01、0.001）。结论 羟基取代基的多寡及所在位点是蒽醌类化合物致突变性强弱的决定性因素，其体内致突变性及致癌性作用仍需进行大量体内研究证实。     

茜素型蒽醌化合物体外Pig-a基因突变性试验研究

目的 对具有相同母核结构的7种茜素型蒽醌化合物开展体外Pig-a基因突变试验，分析不同茜素型蒽醌化合物取代基结构与其致突变性的关联。方法 小鼠淋巴瘤细胞L5178Y（tk^+/--3.7.2.C）分别与系列浓度的茜草素、异茜草素、甲基异茜草素、羟基茜草素、甲基异茜草素-1-甲醚、茜草素-1-甲醚和光泽汀作用4 h（有S9）或24 h（无S9），给药24 h后应用细胞计数仪进行计数，计算细胞相对倍增速率（RPD）评价受试物细胞毒性；细胞培养8 d后经APC-anti-CD45和PE-antiCD90.2抗体孵育后，使用流式细胞仪检测细胞突变（CD45⁺CD90.2^-）率。结果 所有受试物在有或无代谢活化条件下所设浓度组RPD均大于50%，未见明显细胞毒性作用，可排除试验中假阳性结果。在无S9代谢活化条件下，光泽汀（16 μg· mL^-1）组、羟基茜草素（10 μg· mL^-1）组、甲基异茜草素-1-甲醚（31.25 μg·mL^-1）组Pig-a基因突变率与溶媒对照组比较显著升高（P<0.05、0.01、0.001）；在有S9代谢活化条件下，光泽汀（4、8 μg· mL^-1）、羟基茜草素（10 μg· mL^-1）、茜草素-1-甲醚（3.75、15.00 μg· mL^-1）、甲基异茜草素（12.5、25.0、50.0、100.0 μ g · mL^-1）、甲基异茜草素-1-甲醚（15、30、60 μ g · mL^-1）、异茜草素（2.50、5.00 μg·mL^-1）组Pig-a基因突变率与溶媒对照组比较显著升高（P<0.05、0.01、0.001）。结论 羟基取代基所在位点是茜素型蒽醌化合物致突变性强弱的决定性因素，其体内致突变性有待进一步确证。     

纳米氧化铁颗粒tk及hprt基因突变试验比较研究

目的 使用L5178Y细胞分别开展tk基因突变试验和hprt基因突变试验评价纳米氧化铁颗粒（iron oxidenanoparticle, IONP）的潜在基因突变风险,比较两种方法的灵敏性。方法 不同质量浓度的PEG-IONP（31.25、62.5、125、250、500 μg/mL）分别与细胞作用3 h,于给药后第0、2、6天将细胞接种于96孔板继续培养9～10 d,用于计算平板接种效率。分别在给药后第2天或第6天加入三氟胸苷（TFT）和6-硫鸟嘌呤（6-TG）作为tk基因和hprt基因选择剂,继续培养14 d后分析基因突变频率。试验平行设置灭菌注射用水溶媒对照组和甲基甲烷磺酸酯（MMS,10 μg/mL）阳性对照组。结果 溶媒对照组和阳性对照组的hprt基因突变率均低于tk基因突变率,且统计学结果提示hprt基因突变试验数据获得显著性差异的起始浓度（250 μg/mL）高于tk基因突变试验（125 μg/mL）。但整体而言两种试验方法对PEG-IONP的评价结果一致。结论 PEG-IONP可引起小鼠淋巴瘤L5178Y细胞tk基因及hprt基因突变率显著性升高。该研究结果可为纳米材料基因突变风险评价的选择提供借鉴与参考。     

VKORC1-3673G>A、CYP2C9*3、CYP4F2 rs2108622和CYP2C19*2基因多态性对中国汉族房颤患者华法林维持剂量的影响

目的 探讨VKORC1-3673G>A、CYP2C9^*3、CYP4F2 rs2108622和CYP2C19^*2位点基因多态性对中国汉族房颤患者华法林维持剂量的影响。方法 收集107例服用华法林达维持剂量的汉族房颤患者的血样和临床相关资料,应用PCR-RFLP法检测VKORC1-3673G>A、CYP2C9^*3、CYP4F2 rs2108622和CYP2C19^*2基因型,采用独立样本t检验分析基因型与华法林维持剂量的相关性。多元线性回归建立给药模型,探讨基因多态性对华法林维持剂量的影响。结果 VKORC1-3673G>A、CYP2C9^*3、CYP4F2 rs2108622基因多态性和患者年龄、体质量能解释45.2%的华法林维持剂量差异。CYP2C19^*2基因多态性对本研究人群华法林维持剂量无影响。结论 VKORC1-3673G>A、CYP2C9^*3、CYP4F2 rs2108622基因多态性显著影响中国汉族房颤患者的华法林维持剂量。     

纳武利尤单抗治疗肺癌的疗效及与IFN-γ基因突变的相关性研究

目的 探讨纳武利尤单抗治疗肺癌的疗效及对患者预后的影响,并探讨疗效与IFN-γ基因突变的相关性。方法 选取邢台医学高等专科学校第二附属医院2020年1月—2021年6月收治的肺癌患者共150例作为研究对象,根据治疗方案不同,将150例患者分为对照组和试验组,每组各75例;纳入同期邢台医学高等专科学校第二附属医院行健康体检的人群100例,设为健康对照组。对照组采用多西他赛进行化疗,试验组应用纳武利尤单抗进行治疗。比较治疗6周后两组疗效,观察用药治疗期间不良反应发生情况,随访记录患者生存情况,分析肺癌患者与健康对照人群IFN-γ基因+874A/T单核苷酸多态性,并分析IFN-γ+874A/T基因多态性与纳武利尤单抗疗效的关系。结果 试验组治疗总有效率为28.0%,高于对照组的14.6%,两组比较差异显著（P＜0.05）;试验组不良反应中脱发、贫血、肌肉酸痛、中性粒细胞减少情况均显著少于对照组（P＜0.05）;试验组疲倦、胃肠道反应发生情况与对照组比较差异无统计学意义（P＜0.05）;随访15个月后,试验组患者中位生存时间为2.500个月（95%CI：2.120～10.425）;对照组患者中位生存时间为4.264个月（95%CI：2.021～11.230）。Log-rank检验显示,两组患者生存情况无显著差异（χ²＝3.84,P=0.912）;肺癌患者IFN-γ+874TT基因型频率和T等位基因频率分别为25.33%、48.6%,显著高于健康对照人群的6.0%、22.0%（P＜0.05）;试验组75例患者中15例有效（20.0%）,有效患者中TT基因型与T等位基因占比与无效患者基因型比较,差异显著（P＜0.05）。结论 纳武利尤单抗能够提升肺癌治疗效果,并且具有较高的安全性;IFN-γ+874A/T基因多态性与纳武利尤单抗治疗肺癌疗效可能有关。     

BRAF V600E基因突变与甲状腺乳头状癌远处转移及预后的关系

目的 研究BRAF V600E基因突变能否成为乳头状甲状腺癌（PTC）预后相关分子标志物,从而更有利于PTC的个体化治疗。方法 收集远处转移的高分化乳头状甲状腺癌患者的肿瘤组织标本共30例,运用扩增受阻突变系统（ARMS）法进行BRAF基因检测。结果 BRAF基因突变率为36.67%（11/30）,均为V600E突变;BRAF V600E基因突变与患者性别、有无淋巴结转移、远处转移情况、肿瘤病理类型及大小均无明显相关性（P>0.05）,而与患者年龄（≥45岁）显著相关（P=0.025）;BRAF突变型患者的无进展生存时间（PFS）更长（P=0.05）。结论 BRAF突变型远处转移高分化乳头状甲状腺癌患者可能预后更好。     

艾拉莫德对脂多糖激活大鼠肺泡巨噬细胞系TNFα产生及NF-κB活性的抑制作用

目的研究非甾体抗炎药艾拉莫德(T-614)对脂多糖(LPS)刺激的大鼠肺泡巨噬细胞系(NR8383)前炎症反应因子TNFα基因表达、蛋白合成的影响及其对核因子κB(NF-κB)的作用。方法体外培养NR8383经T-614(13.4，26.7及53.4 μmol·L^-1)处理，LPS刺激后应用酶联免疫吸附法(ELISA)检测细胞上清液中TNFα的水平，半定量逆转录聚合酶链式反应(RT-PCR)检测TNFα mRNA水平，ELISA法检测NF-κB的活性。结果T-614对LPS诱导的NR8383细胞TNFα mRNA水平和蛋白水平的上调有显著抑制作用，对NF-κB的转录活性也有抑制作用。结论 T-614可能通过抑制LPS诱导的NR8383的NF-κB活性而降低TNFα的产生。     

染料溶剂红207的体外致突变风险评价

目的 使用基于鼠伤寒沙门氏菌的Ames波动试验和小鼠淋巴瘤细胞（L5178Y）的体外Pig-a基因突变试验评价新型染料溶剂红207的碱基突变风险。方法 不同质量浓度的溶剂红207（0.625~10.000 μg/mL）分别与TA98和TA100混合于96孔培养板,在37℃条件下作用72 h后判断其对突变菌落数的影响。在优化后的体外L5178Y细胞Pig-a基因突变实验中,溶剂红207（2.5~20.0 μg/mL）分别与L5178Y细胞在有或无S9代谢活化条件下作用24 h或4 h,于给药后第8天评价其是否可诱导哺乳动物细胞Pig-a基因的突变频率增加。结果 无和有S9代谢活化条件下,溶剂红207可导致TA98和TA100回复性突变孔数显著增加（P<0.05、0.01、0.001）,且存在浓度效应相关性,代谢活化后增加更为明显。在非S9代谢活化条件下,溶剂红207各浓度组Pig-a基因突变率与阴性对照组比较无显著性差异;在S9代谢活化条件下,溶剂红207质量浓度范围为2.5~20 μg/mL时,可导致Pig-a基因突变率显著增加（P<0.01、0.001）,且存在浓度效应关系。结论 首次使用体外高通量试验方法评价溶剂红207的致突变风险,发现其存在体外致突变性且经I相代谢活化后致突变性进一步增强。     

GSTP1、GSTM1基因多态性与顺铂导致骨髓抑制的相关性研究

目的考察顺铂致骨髓抑制与谷胱甘肽硫转移酶P1(GSTP1)和谷胱甘肽硫转移酶M1(GSTM1)基因多态性的关系。方法用病例对照研究的方法考察以顺铂为主要化疗方案的100例癌症初治肿瘤化疗患者基因多态性与骨髓移植的相关性,白细胞计数和血小板的数量为指标判断是否发生了骨髓抑制以及骨髓抑制程度。提取DNA扩增测序法判断GSTP1、GSTM1基因型。结果 GSTP1的3种基因型AA、AG、GG型均存在,并且在62例发生骨髓抑制的病例中,GSTP1 AG/GA型的患者的分布明显高于GSTP1 AA型患者。GSTM1包含缺失(-)和非缺失(+)2种基因型,100例病例中GSTM1(+)少于GSTM1(-)。Logistic分析结果表明GSTP1 AG/GG型是顺铂致骨髓抑制的独立危险因素,GSTM基因缺失虽不是顺铂致骨髓抑制的独立危险因素,但能促进GSTP1 AG/GG型的作用,导致顺铂致骨髓抑制进一步加重。结论顺铂导致的骨髓抑制程度与GSTP1基因多态性相关。     

光泽汀体内遗传毒性风险评价

目的 评价光泽汀小鼠体内的遗传毒性。方法 C57BL/6J小鼠分为溶剂对照（0.5% CMC-Na）组、茜草素（200 mg·kg^-1，结构对照）组、乙酰基亚硝基脲（ENU，40 mg·kg^-1，阳性对照）组、甲基磺酸乙酯（EMS，200 mg·kg^-1，阳性对照）组和光泽汀低、中、高剂量（100、200、300 mg·kg^-1）组，溶剂、光泽汀和茜草素连续7 d ig给予，给药第1天记为D1，阳性对照ENU和EMS分别连续3 d给予，均每天给药1次。于D7、D56采集约0.5 mL外周血用于血清生化检测；于D14、D28、D42、D56采集外周血开展Pig-a基因突变试验；末次给药后采集肝、肾细胞开展彗星试验，分析每只动物至少100个细胞的尾DNA百分含量；末次给药后制备骨髓细胞样本，计算嗜多染红细胞的微核发生率。解剖后取心、肝、脾、肺以及肾脏进行组织病理学检查。结果 试验期间所有动物一般症状未见明显异常，各组动物体质量未见明显差异，未见与给予受试物有关的组织病理学改变。光泽汀低、中、高剂量组及EMS组肾脏尾DNA百分率均显著高于溶剂对照组（P<0.05、0.001），光泽汀高剂量组及EMS组肝脏尾DNA百分率与溶剂对照组比较显著增加（P<0.05、0.001）。光泽汀与茜草素的小鼠骨髓微核试验、Pig-a基因突变试验均为阴性。结论 100～300 mg·kg^-1光泽汀未见对小鼠整体产生明显毒性。光泽汀可导致小鼠肝、肾细胞DNA损伤，肾细胞DNA损伤程度更为严重。     

体内基因突变试验研究进展

遗传毒性研究是新药非临床安全性评价的重要内容之一。由于遗传毒性体外细胞试验不能完全反映整体动物系统对受试物的吸收、分布、代谢和排泄等情况,而且试验结果的假阳性率过高,因此采用体外细胞试验进行药物安全性评价尚存在一定局限性。为了进一步完善对致突变风险的控制,尚需建立更加灵敏的体内基因突变试验方法。本文主要就体内基因突变试验的基本原理、优缺点及基本应用等研究进展进行综述,并对这些体内试验的发展和完善提出一些展望。     

Genotoxic and mutagenic studies of teratogens in developing rat and mouse

In this review, genotoxic and mutagenic effects of teratogenic chemical agents in both rat and mouse have been reviewed. Of these chemicals, 97 are drugs and 33 are pesticides or belong to other groups. Large literature searches were conducted to determine the effects of chemicals on chromosome abnormalities, sister chromatid exchanges, and micronucleus formation in experimental animals such as rats and mice. In addition, studies that include unscheduled DNA synthesis, DNA adduct formations, and gene mutations, which help to determine the genotoxicity or mutagenicity of chemicals, have been reviewed. It has been estimated that 46.87% of teratogenic drugs and 48.48% of teratogenic pesticides are positive in all tests. So, all of the teratogens involved in this group have genotoxic and mutagenic effects. On the other hand, 36.45% of the drugs and 21.21% of the pesticides have been found to give negative results in at least one test, with the majority of the tests giving positive results. However, only 4.16% of the drugs and 18.18% of the pesticides were determined to give negative results in the majority of the tests. Among tests with major negative results, 12.50% of the teratogenic drugs and 12.12% of the teratogenic pesticides were negative in all conducted tests.     

Evaluating the genotoxic effects of workers exposed to lead using micronucleus assay, comet assay and TCR gene mutation test

To evaluate the genotoxic effects of lead (Pb) exposure, 25 workers in a workplace producing storage battery were monitored for three genetic end-points using micronucleus (MN) assay, comet assay and TCR gene mutation test. Twenty-five controls were matched with workers according to age, gender and smoking. The air Pb concentration in the workplace was 1.26 mg/m(3). All subjects were measured for Pb concentration of blood by atom absorption spectrophotometry. The mean Pb concentration of blood in workers (0.32 mg/l) was significantly higher than that in controls (0.02 mg/l). The results of MN test showed that the mean micronuclei rate (MNR) and mean micronucleated cells rate (MCR) in workers were 9.04+/-1.51 per thousand and 7.76+/-1.23 per thousand, respectively, which were significantly higher than those (2.36+/-0.42 per thousand and 1.92+/-0.31 per thousand) in controls (P<0.01). It was found in the comet assay that the mean tail length (MTL) of 25 workers and 25 controls were 2.42+/-0.09 and 1.02+/-0.08 microm, respectively, there was significant difference between workers and controls for MTL (P<0.01), also the difference of the mean tail moment (MTM) between workers (0.85+/-0.05) and controls (0.30+/-0.09) was very significant (P<0.01). However, in TCR gene mutation assay Mfs-TCR of workers and controls were 1.69+/-0.15 x 10(-4) and 1.74+/-0.17 x 10(-4), respectively, there was no significant difference between workers and controls (P>0.05). The results of our study indicated that the genetic damage was detectable in 25 workers occupationally exposed to lead.     

Toxicity Profile of Benzo[a]pyrene in the MaleLacZTransgenic Mouse (MutaMouse) Following Oral Administration for 5 Consecutive Days

The toxicity profile of benzo[a]pyrene (BP) was examined in the MutaMouse. The transgenic mouse integrated with λgt10lacZvectors is used worldwide as an experimental animal inin vivomutagenesis testing systems. There are few toxicity studies including carcinogenicity in the MutaMouse, and so far only a few carcinogenicity studies of BP accompanied with hematological and plasma biochemical examinations have been conducted even in generic mice. Accordingly, male mice were orally administered BP at doses of 75 and 125 mg/kg/day for 5 consecutive days, and complete autopsy was conducted together with pathological, hematological, and plasma biochemical examinations and measurement of organ weights 41 weeks after the last treatment. Squamous cell papilloma and hyperplasia in the forestomach were induced at incidences of 25 and 50%, respectively and were induced 26 weeks after the final treatment without any significant alterations in the hematological and plasma biochemical parameters in mice of the 125 mg/kg/day BP-treated satellite group. Fourty-one weeks after the final treatments, 75 and 125 mg/kg/day BP induced squamous cell carcinoma, papiloma, and hyperplasia in the forestomach at incidences of 18 and 18%, 36 and 45%, and 91 and 91%, respectively, and anemia possibly due to continuous hemorrhage from tumors in the forestomach. BP (125 mg/kg/day) also produced malignant lymphoma with an incidence of 18%, accompanied by a marked increase in leukocyte count and decrease in erythrocyte count and by a remarkable decrease in body weights 26 and 39 weeks after the last treatment. Moreover, administration of 75 and 125 mg/kg/day BP induced bronchiolar–alveolar hyperplasia in the lung at incidences of 18 and 9%, respectively. Slight increases were also observed in the weight of the liver and in the levels of urea nitrogen, creatinine, and potassium ion in the plasma biochemical examinations, although no significant pathological alterations were found in the liver and kidney. This study provides new information about BP toxicity including carcinogenicity in the MutaMouse developed forin vivomutational analysis.     

药物杂质遗传毒性评价策略与监管研究

伴随大量创新及仿制药面世而来的是对遗传毒性杂质加强监管的迫切需求。一系列与国际接轨的指南性文件的出台,弥补了我国杂质监管的空白,但难点尚存。传统评价方法具有局限性,新方法与传统方法间缺乏一致性比较,药物特定合成路线实际产生的大量含警示结构杂质缺乏毒理学评价数据支持,毒性预测软件的预测效力不足等。本文就国内外杂质遗传毒性杂质监管科学现状、遗传毒性杂质控制策略、杂质遗传毒性评价方法进行论述,并提出充分结合计算机毒理学、毒性评价方法和符合我国国情的监管限度制定三个维度开展杂质监管工作。     

Water extracts of Brassica oleracea var. costata potentiate paraquat toxicity to rat hepatocytes in vitro

Tronchuda cabbage extracts have been proven to have antioxidant potential against various oxidative species in cell free systems, though its antioxidant potential in cellular models remained to be demonstrated. In the present study, we used primary cultures of rat hepatocytes for the cellular assay system and paraquat PQ exposure as a pro-oxidant model agent, to test whether tronchuda cabbage hydrolysed water extracts provide protective or aggravating effects towards PQ-induced oxidative stress and cell death. For this purpose cellular parameters related to oxidative stress were measured, namely the generation of superoxide anion, glutathione oxidation, lipid peroxidation, intracellular ATP levels, activation of nuclear factor-κB (NF-κB), activity of antioxidant enzymes, and cell death.The obtained results demonstrated that the studied hydrolysed water extracts of tronchuda cabbage, especially rich in kaempferol (84%) and other polyphenols, namely hydroxycinnamic acids and traces of quercetin, can potentiate the toxicity of PQ in primary cultures of rat hepatocytes. These results highlight that prospective antioxidant effects of plant extracts, observed in vitro, using non-cellular systems, are not always confirmed in cellular models, in which the concentrations required to scavenge pro-oxidant species may be highly detrimental to the cells.