纳米分子影像学

纳米科学与分子影像学的结合可形成纳米分子影像学(Nanomolecular imaging).纳米分子影像学从广义上是指在纳米转运体(纳米粒转运载体)介导下,应用分子影像学技术对活体生物化学过程进行细胞和分子水平上的定性和定量研究的一门科学,主要包括磁共振纳米分子影像学、光学纳米分子影像学、核医学纳米分子影像学和超声纳米分子影像学.本文主要阐述纳米分子影像学的理论基础、技术方法及潜在的应用价值.     

腰椎斜位照片上第5腰椎影结构偏差原因分析及改进办法

目的：对腰椎斜位投照方法进行改良，以改善腰椎斜位片中第5腰椎影像质量。材料与方法：用整体人体骨骼标本模拟病人进行腰椎斜位摄影，观察分析传统投照法中第5腰椎斜位成像原理，并根据投影学原理对体位和中心线角度作出调整。结果：对两种不同方法投照的16例腰椎双斜位片进行影像质量分级统计，并做出对比：在牺牲第1、2腰椎影像质量的前提下，改良投照法第5腰椎位影像质量明显优于传统投照法。结论：改良腰椎斜位投照法是显示下部腰椎弓峡部的有效投照方法。     

自然组织谐波成像技术对老年人心肌组织结构显像定性分析

目的：通过自然组织谐波成像新技术评价老年人心肌组织结构在不同切顼，不同深度与其波显像之差别及其在临床应用中的价值。方法：在增益，抑制，TGC和LGC相同的情况下，从100名老年人中选出63名，因肥胖，胸廓畸形，肺气过多，肋间隙狭窄及老龄透声差等因素致常规基波二维图像显示欠清晰的心脏病患者进行显像定性分析。结果：参加定性分析人群中所有患者均获得比基波满意的自然组织谐波图像，主要表现在心肌，心内膜，房间隔和心瓣膜亮度增强，提高了对心内膜轮廓及小病灶的分辨率，结论：同传统的基波成像技术相比，自然组织谐波成像新技术能获取更有价值的诊断信息，是目前无创伤性检测老年人心脏病变的有效手段。     

超声分子显像与治疗及设备的研究

近年来,随着医学影像技术的发展,超声分子成像成为当前医学影像学研究的热点之一,其中超声分子探针的设计是分子成像研究的重点和先决条件。靶向超声微泡(球)造影剂在超声分子显像及治疗中的研究和应用愈来愈受到人们的关注,而多学科的融合使其具有更大的发展空间。将超声分子成像设备、超声微泡(球)触发装置、超声分子成像监控与超声分子探针有机结合的"低功率超声分子显像与治疗系统",有望实现超声分子显像及精细、适形、高效的药物体内定位递送、定量控释和疗效评价一体化,为疾病的超声分子显像诊断与治疗提供创新的、适合多学科使用的新技术和科研平台。     

医用X线成像系统的数字化进展

医学影像技术是医学放射诊断学中最活跃的研究领域之一,而X线成像技术是医学成像的主要技术。文中介绍了医用X线成像系统由传统的成像方式向着数字化方向发展的过程中先后出现的CR、DR成像系统及其优缺点,着重论述了CR成像系统的改进和DR成像系统的关键部件——X射线探测器的种类并预测了X线成像系统的发展趋势。     

Optical probes and the applications in multimodality imaging

Optical imaging essentially refers to in vivo fluorescence imaging and bioluminescence imaging. These types of imaging are widely used visualization methods in biomedical research and are important in molecular imaging. A new generation of imaging agents called multimodal probes have emerged in the past few years. These probes can be detected by two or more imaging modalities, which harnesses the strengths of the different modalities and enables researchers to obtain more information than can be achieved using only one modality. Owing to its low cost and the large number of probes available, the optical method plays an important role in multimodality imaging. In this mini‐review, we describe the available multimodal imaging probes for in vivo imaging that combine optical imaging with other modalities. Copyright © 2011 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

PET/CT

Molecular imaging is the visualization of specific molecular targets or its entire metabolic pathways and cells in the clinic or in living animals, especially for cancer diagnosis. Current molecular imaging techniques allow us to detect disease much earlier, to stage cancer much more accurately and noninvasively. Molecular imaging has grown to include nuclear imaging, ultrasound, and MR imaging. Hybrid techniques such as PET/CT, SPECT/CT, PET/MRI, and fluorescence imaging also have been included in molecular imaging. Hybrid imaging actually brings together all the information that is necessary for clinical diagnosis of cancer. PET/CT is a hybrid nuclear imaging technique that has been widely adopted by radiologists in oncology practice. The success of combining PET with CT imaging is due to not only the benefits of functional imaging but also an effective anatomic correlation with computed tomography.     

Ultrasonographic evaluation of the gallbladder: comparison of fundamental, tissue harmonic, and pulse inversion harmonic imaging.

The purpose of our study was to compare pulse inversion harmonic imaging, tissue harmonic imaging, and fundamental imaging in the evaluation of normal and diseased gallbladder. Gallbladders in 170 patients were examined with fundamental imaging, tissue harmonic imaging, and pulse inversion harmonic imaging using a 2- to 5-MHz curved array transducer. Images were divided into normal and abnormal groups. The sharpness of the wall and degree of internal artifact were evaluated in normal groups, and lesion conspicuity and internal artifact were evaluated in abnormal groups. In images of both normal and abnormal gallbladder, significant differences were demonstrated among the 3 imaging methods (P < .001), and pulse inversion harmonic imaging provided the best image quality and the least artifact. Tissue harmonic imaging was the next best, providing better image quality and less artifact than fundamental imaging. In conclusion, pulse inversion harmonic imaging provided the best image quality and the least artifact among the 3 ultrasonographic methods in the evaluation of both normal and abnormal gallbladder.     

SPECT／CT融合显像在距骨缺血性坏死诊断中的应用

目的评价SPECT／CT融合显像在距骨缺血性坏死诊断中的临床应用价值。方法35例临床可疑距骨缺血性坏死患者行平面骨显像及SPECT／CT同机图像融合,对平面和SPECT／CT融合显像的诊断符合率行x2检验。结果平面显像诊断符合率为59．3％;SPECT／CT融合显像诊断符合率为88．9％。融合图像对病变诊断符合率高于平面显像,差异具有显著性。结论SPECT／CT同机图像融合技术对于距骨缺血性坏死的早期诊断、鉴别诊断均有一定的临床价值。     

组织谐波显像在输尿管结石检查中的应用

目的 探讨组织谐波显像对输尿管结石的诊断价值。方法 对169例输尿管结石患者进行基波显像和组织谐波显像对比观察。结果 组织谐波显像对输尿管内液区及结石病灶的边缘显示清晰，优于基波显像。结论 组织谐波显像能明显提高图像质量，使输尿管结石的阳性显示率和准确性明显提高。     

PET/CT显像在阿尔茨海默病早期诊断中的应用

阿尔茨海默病（AD）是老年人常见的神经系统变性疾病，是痴呆最常见的病因，早期诊断困难。PET显像对本病的早期诊断有重要价值。目前淀粉样蛋白显像是早期诊断AD的最佳选择，葡萄糖显像对病情评估有较高价值。本文对PET显像中葡萄糖显像、淀粉样蛋白显像和tau蛋白显像在AD早期诊断中的应用及进展进行综述。     

基波、自然谐波和彩色多普勒超声对急性阑尾炎的诊断价值

目的探讨二维基波和自然谐波条件下,结合彩色多普勒超声在急性阑尾炎检查中的实用价值。方法对166例因腹部疼痛或可疑阑尾炎的患者,分别在二维基波、自然组织谐波和彩色多普勒超声条件下,使用7.0～10.0MHz高频和3.5～4.0MHz普通腹部探头做超声检查,分析阑尾区的图像特点,对比不同频率的探头对于阑尾显示的效果。结果全部病例经手术、病理或治疗后随访观察证实。166例病例中,超声确诊急性阑尾炎136例(81.9%),急性阑尾炎合并周围脓肿或炎性包块30例(18.1%),急性阑尾炎的彩色血流信号显示率62.0%。结论高频超声在显示肿大阑尾结构上更具有特异性,能明显提高肿大阑尾的显示率。彩色多普勒血流有助于急性阑尾炎的诊断。二维基波、自然谐波和彩色多普勒超声检查可作为临床诊断急性阑尾炎的重要依据。     

Anatomy and pathology of the eye: role of MR imaging and CT

Since the development of CT and MR imaging, significant progress has been made in ophthalmic imaging. As the technology advanced and MR imaging units improved their ability in term of spatial resolution, the role of MR imaging in ophthalmic imaging has increased accordingly. This article considers the role of MR and CT imaging in the diagnosis of selected pathologies of the eye.     

动脉瘤样骨囊肿在全身骨显像及SPECT/CT断层融合显像上的影像学特征

  目的  探究动脉瘤样骨囊肿在全身骨显像及SPECT/CT断层融合显像中的影像特征,以提高动脉瘤样骨囊肿的诊断准确率。  方法  回顾性分析2016年1月~2022年5月在我院行全身骨显像及SPECT/CT断层融合显像并且术后病理诊断为动脉瘤样骨囊肿的患者,总结其在全身骨显像及SPECT/CT断层融合显像上的影像学特征。  结果  在我院行全身骨显像及断层融合显像且术后病理诊断为动脉瘤样骨囊肿的患者共24例,原发19例,继发5例,大多为青少年,病变主要分布于四肢长骨,也见于肋骨及骨盆骨,病变部位主要呈膨胀性骨质破坏伴相应部位骨代谢增高。  结论  全身骨显像联合SPECT/CT断层融合显像可较好地显示动脉瘤样骨囊肿的影像学特征及骨代谢情况,有助于动脉瘤样骨囊肿的定性诊断。      

Research Imaging of Brain Structure and Function After Concussion

Even when concussions are associated with prolonged physical and cognitive sequelae, concussions are typically “invisible” on diagnostic brain imaging, indicating that the neuropathology associated with concussion lies under the detection threshold of routine imaging. However, data from brain structural and functional research imaging studies using diffusion tensor imaging, resting‐state functional magnetic resonance imaging, and brain perfusion imaging indicate that these imaging sequences have a role in identifying concussion‐related neuropathology. These advanced imaging techniques provide insights into concussion neuropathology and might be useful for differentiating concussed patients from healthy controls. In this review article, we provide an overview of research findings from brain structural and functional imaging studies of concussion, and discuss the accuracy of classification models developed via machine‐learning algorithms for identifying individual patients with concussion based on imaging data.     

Cancer staging with breast MR imaging

Breast MR imaging is a useful tool for staging breast cancer patients, and staging is more accurate with MR imaging than with conventional imaging techniques. MR imaging is the preferred imaging test for the accurate staging of breast cancer before surgery and for assessment of patients with positive axillary adenopathy and negative mammogram and physical examination. There are many important questions regarding the role of MR imaging in breast cancer staging that must be addressed by future research and involvement of MR imaging of the breast in clinical trials.     

Functional renal MR imaging: an overview

Due to its complementary information to standard morphological imaging, functional renal magnetic resonance imaging is a rapid growing field of radiology. This pictorial essay provides a comprehensive overview of state-of-the-art functional renal imaging techniques including renal magnetic resonance angiography, first pass renal perfusion, assessment of renal function, blood-oxygen level dependent imaging of the kidneys and diffusion-weighted imaging of the kidneys including diffusion-tensor imaging of the kidneys. Basic technical concepts for all sequences are laid out. As renal perfusion imaging becomes a clinical routine examination, particular attention is given to renal perfusion measurements and the potential postprocessing approaches. Advantages and drawbacks of the published methods are illustrated. Future applications of functional renal imaging are presented. HJM and SS contributed equally.     

MR imaging of the thoracic aorta

MR imaging is an effective modality for noninvasive morphologic and functional assessment of the thoracic aorta. MR imaging provides several advantages for vascular imaging, including intrinsic contrast between the blood pool and vascular structures, multiplanar imaging capability, and the absence of ionizing radiation. By combining imaging and flow-sensitive techniques, MR imaging can be used to delineate morphology and to quantify bloodflow volume and velocity. In patients who need sequential examinations over time to monitor disease severity, a noninvasive technique such as MR imaging is desirable.     

超声微血管成像技术鉴别甲状腺良恶性结节应用进展

超声微血管成像技术包括超微血管成像技术、平面波超敏感血流显像技术及超微细血流成像技术,可较真实地反映甲状腺结节的血供情况,有助于鉴别其良恶性。本文就超声微血管成像技术鉴别甲状腺良恶性结节的应用进展进行综述。     

New techniques in MR imaging of brain tumors

The past decade has seen many new MR imaging techniques that have been applied to brain tumor imaging. As MR imaging is applied further to cellular and molecular imaging (e.g., imaging of gene transfer and expression), more possibilities for brain tumor diagnosis and treatment will become evident. The superior contrast, resolution, and lack of need for image coregistration suggest that MR imaging techniques may displace PET as the preeminent modality for studying brain and tumor physiology and chemistry for indications other than receptor-based imaging. Nevertheless, the new MR imaging techniques require further histologic, physiologic, and intraoperative validation in suitable animal models and in clinical studies, and should be used to complement PET. Application of echo-planar imaging and other fast imaging sequences can permit the merger of several MR imaging studies (e.g., perfusion imaging, DWI, and MRS(I) into a typical (1-hour) clinical time slot). Synergistic information provided by these new techniques might soon enable physicians to reach the ultimate goals of noninvasive tumor grading and avoidance of having to obtain a biopsy.