磁共振胰胆管造影、超声内镜与逆行胰胆管造影诊断阻塞性黄疸的价值

目的：比较磁共振胰胆管造影（MRCP）、超声内镜（EUS）与内镜逆行胰胆管造影（ERCP）诊断阻塞性黄疸的价值。方法：39例阻塞性黄疸患者分别行MRCP、EUS和ERCP。MRCP采用重T2加权及超快速自旋回波水成像技术进行,EUS和ERCP按常规进行。结果：MRCP、EUS与ERCP诊断准确率分别为87．2％（34／39例）、94．9％（37／39例）和97．4％（38／39例）;对恶性狭窄的诊断准确率分别为61．5％（8／13例）、84．6％（11／13例）和92．3％（12／13例）;对胆总管结石的诊断准确率均为100．0％（21／21例）。结论：MRCP为无创性检查,在明确阻塞性黄疸病因时可作为首选方法,目前尚不能取代ERCP。EUS作为诊断胆、胰系统疾病的重要方法,与MRCP和ERCP结合,能提高阻塞性黄疸诊断 的准确率。     

Safety and Utility of Single-Session Endoscopic Ultrasonography and Endoscopic Retrograde Cholangiopancreatography for the Evaluation of Pancreatobiliary Diseases

Endoscopic ultrasound (EUS) and endoscopic retrograde cholangiopancreatography (ERCP) are essential for diagnosing and treating pancreatobiliary diseases. Single-session EUS and ERCP are considered to be essential in reducing the duration of hospital stays; however, complications are a primary concern. The aim of this study was to evaluate the safety and efficacy of single-session EUS and ERCP. Sixty-eight patients underwent single-session EUS and ERCP at a tertiary referral center between June 2008 and December 2012. We retrospectively reviewed patient data from a prospectively maintained EUS-ERCP database and evaluated the procedural characteristics and complications. Thirty-eight patients (56%) underwent diagnostic EUS, and 30 patients (44%) underwent EUS fine-needle aspiration, which had an overall accuracy of 100%. Sixty patients (89%) underwent therapeutic ERCP, whereas the remaining eight procedures were diagnostic. Thirteen patients underwent biliary stone extraction, and 48 underwent biliary drainage. The median total procedural time was 75 minutes. Complications were observed in seven patients (10%). Six complications were post-ERCP pancreatitis, which were resolved using conservative management. One patient developed Mallory-Weiss syndrome, which required endoscopic hemostasis. No sedation-related cardiopulmonary complications were observed. Single-session EUS and ERCP provided accurate diagnosis and effective management with a minimal complication rate.     

Pancreatic ascites and Pleural Effusion in Children: Clinical Profile,Management and Outcomes

BackgroundPancreatic ascites (PA) and pleural effusion (PPE) are rarely encountered in children. They develop due to disruption of the pancreatic duct (PD) or leakage from an associated pancreatic fluid collection (PFC). The literature on childhood PA/PPE and its management is scarce.MethodsA retrospective review of children with PA/PPE diagnosed and managed at our center over the last 4 years was performed. The clinical, biochemical, radiological and management profiles were analyzed. Conservative management included nil per oral, octreotide and drainage using either percutaneous catheter or repeated paracentesis. Endotherapy included endoscopic retrograde cholangiopancreatography (ERCP) and transpapillary stenting.ResultsOf the 214 children with pancreatitis, 15 (7%) had PA/PPE. Median age was 9 years with a third under 2 years. Median ascitic fluid amylase was 8840 U/L and all had elevated protein (>2.5 g/dl) and low serum ascites-albumin gradient ascites (<1.1). While PA/PPE was the first manifestation of underlying chronic pancreatitis (CP) in 10 children (67%), trauma was seen in 4 (26%) and hypertriglyceridemia in 1 (7%). On imaging, PD disruption could be identified in 10 (67%) children. ERCP and stenting was done in 10 children. Conservative management alone (n = 4) and endotherapy (n = 10) was successful in 93% with only one requiring surgery. The younger children (n = 4), were managed conservatively and only 1 of them required surgery. Resolution of PA/PPE was achieved in all with no recurrences.ConclusionsConservative management and ERCP plus transpapillary stenting results in resolution of majority of pediatric PA/PPE. Children presenting with PA/PPE needs to be evaluated for CP.     

Safety of same-day endoscopic ultrasound and endoscopic retrograde cholangiopancreatography under conscious sedation

AIM: To assess the tolerability and safety of same-day tandem procedures, endoscopic ultrasound (EUS) followed by endoscopic retrograde cholangiopancreatography (ERCP) under conscious sedation. METHODS: A retrospective review was conducted at Loma Linda University Medical Center, a tertiary-care center. All 54 patients who underwent EUS followed by ERCP (group A) from 2004 to 2006 were included in the study. A second group of 56 patients who underwent EUS only (group B), and a third group of 53 patients who...     

Evaluating the role of imaging methods in the diagnosis of chronic pancreatitis

OBJECTIVE: To evaluate the role of imaging methods in the diagnosis of chronic pancreatitis (CP) in improving the accuracy of a clinical diagnosis of CP. METHODS: The results of the imaging methods used for 129 cases diagnosed as CP in Peking Union Medical College Hospital from 1991 to 2000 were retrospectively analyzed. The imaging methods included ultrasonography (US), computed tomography (CT), endoscopic retrograde cholangiopancreatography (ERCP), magnetic resonance cholangiopancreatography (MRCP) and endoscopic ultrasonography (EUS). RESULTS: The sensitivity of EUS and MRCP was high and was in good agreement with ERCP in the diagnosis of CP. The sensitivity of ERCP was superior to US and CT (P < 0.05). The sensitivity of US and CT for diagnosing dilation of the pancreatic duct was 59.4% and 60%, respectively, the specificity was 93.8% and 95.7%, respectively. BT‐PABA had a better correlation with ERCP in the group with severe changes of the pancreatic duct than in the mild or moderate group. The more complications of CP that were present, the more severe the lesions of the pancreatic duct. CONCLUSION: Among the traditional imaging modalities for diagnosing CP, ERCP is the most sensitive. MRCP and EUS, the promising and novel examination techniques, have high sensitivity and good agreement with ERCP.     

超声内镜诊断胆管恶性狭窄13例

目的:比较超声内镜(EUS)、内镜下逆行胰胆管造影术(ERCP)及磁共振胰胆管成像(MRCP)在诊断胆管恶性狭窄中的临床价值.方法:回顾性分析2008-01/2010-05天津市南开医院76例胆管恶性狭窄患者的EUS、ERCP、MRCP检查结果,比较敏感性、特异性、阳性预测值、阴性预测值及准确率.结果:EUS诊断胆管恶性狭窄敏感性(94.2%vs78.5%)、特异性(84.6%vs57.1%)、阳性预测值(89.1%vs64.5%)、阴性预测值(73.3%vs41.3%)、准确率(91.6%vs71.6%)均明显高于MRCP.EUS诊断胆管恶性狭窄敏感性(94.2%vs80.5%)、特异性(84.6%vs68.4%)、准确性(91.6%vs71.6%)明显优于ERCP.结论:EUS诊断胆管恶性狭窄,具有敏感性、特异性及准确性高的优势.     

Endoscopic ultrasonography guided biliary drainage: Summary of consortium meeting,May 7^th , 2011, Chicago

Endoscopic retrograde cholangiopancreatography (ERCP) has become the preferred procedure for biliary or pancreatic drainage in various pancreatico-biliary disorders. With a success rate of more than 90%, ERCP may not achieve biliary or pancreatic drainage in cases with altered anatomy or with tumors obstructing access to the duodenum. In the past those failures were typically managed exclusively by percutaneous approaches by interventional radiologists or surgical intervention. The morbidity associated was significant especially in those patients with advanced malignancy, seeking minimally invasive interventions and improved quality of life. With the advent of biliary drainage via endoscopic ultrasound (EUS) guidance, EUS guided biliary drainage has been used more frequently within the last decade in different countries. As with any novel advanced endoscopic procedure that encompasses various approaches, advanced endoscopists all over the world have innovated and adopted diverse EUS guided biliary and pancreatic drainage techniques. This diversity has resulted in variations and improvements in EUS Guided biliary and pancreatic drainage; and over the years has led to an extensive nomenclature. The diversity of techniques, nomenclature and recent progress in our intrumentation has led to a dedicated meeting on May 7 th , 2011 during Digestive Disease Week 2011. More than 40 advanced endoscopists from United States, Brazil, Mexico, Venezuela, Colombia, Italy, France, Austria, Germany, Spain, Japan, China, South Korea and India attended this pivotal meeting. The meeting covered improved EUS guided biliary access and drainage procedures, terminology, nomenclature, training and credentialing; as well as emerging devices for EUS guided biliary drainage. This paper summarizes the meeting’s agenda and the conclusions generated by the creation of this consortium group.     

内镜超声和经内镜逆行胰胆管造影在慢性胰腺炎诊断中的价值

目的 评价EUS和ERCP对慢性胰腺炎(CP)的诊断灵敏度和特异度,探讨在CP诊断中EUS和ERCP的价值.方法 采用多中心联合调查方法,回顾分析1994年5月至2004年5月全国22个分研究中心的确诊的CP病例,以组织学诊断为"金标准",采用接受者工作曲线(receiver operating characteristic,ROC)分析EUS和ERCP的诊断灵敏度和特异度.结果 共人选CP患者1994例,男1298例,女696例.年龄5～85(48.9 ±15.0)岁.所有CP患者中,有组织学诊断239例(11.98%);胰腺外分泌功能试验(BT-PABA)261例(13.09%),腹部平片416例(20.86%),腹部B超1424例(71.41%),CT 889例(44.58%),MRI和MRCP245例(12.29%),ERCP628例(31.49%),EUS258例(12.94%).各诊断方法的诊断灵敏度和特异度分别为EUS(88%和93%)、ERCP(87%和93%)、MRI和MRCP(66%和85%)、CT(61%和85%)、B超(69%和82%)、腹部平片(32%和80%)、BT-PABA(83%和80%).结论 在CP诊断方法中,EUS和ERCP对CP且具有较高的灵敏度和特异度,EUS较ERCP灵敏度和特异度更高.     

Imaging tests for accurate diagnosis of acute biliary pancreatitis

Gallstones represent the most frequent aetiology of acute pancreatitis in many statistics all over the world, estimated between 40%-60%. Accurate diagnosis of acute biliary pancreatitis(ABP) is of outmost importance because clearance of lithiasis [gallbladder and common bile duct(CBD)] rules out recurrences. Confirmation of biliary lithiasis is done by imaging. The sensitivity of the ultrasonography(US) in the detection of gallstones is over 95% in uncomplicated cases, but in ABP, sensitivity for gallstone detection is lower, being less than 80% due to the ileus and bowel distension. Sensitivity of transabdominal ultrasonography(TUS) for choledocolithiasis varies between 50%-80%, but the specificity is high, reaching 95%. Diameter of the bile duct may be orientative for diagnosis. Endoscopic ultrasonography(EUS) seems to be a more effectivetool to diagnose ABP rather than endoscopic retrograde cholangiopancreatography(ERCP),which should be performed only for therapeutic purposes.As the sensitivity and specificity of computerized tomography are lower as compared to state-of-the-art magnetic resonance cholangiopancreatography(MRCP)or EUS,especially for small stones and small diameter of CBD,the later techniques are nowadays preferred for the evaluation of ABP patients.ERCP has the highest accuracy for the diagnosis of choledocholithiasis and is used as a reference standard in many studies,especially after sphincterotomy and balloon extraction of CBD stones.Laparoscopic ultrasonography is a useful tool for the intraoperative diagnosis of choledocholithiasis.Routine exploration of the CBD in cases of patients scheduled for cholecystectomy after an attack of ABP was not proven useful.A significant rate of the so-called idiopathic pancreatitis is actually caused by microlithiasis and/or biliary sludge.In conclusion,the general algorithm for CBD stone detection starts with anamnesis,serum biochemistry and then TUS,followed by EUS or MRCP.In the end,bile duct microscopic analysis may be performed by bile harvested during ERCP in case of recurrent attacks of ABP and these should be followed by laparoscopic cholecystectomy.     

Safety and efficacy of common endoscopic treatments in patients with decompensated liver cirrhosis

IntroductionThe safety and efficacy have always been a concern, when patients with decompensated liver cirrhosis (DLC) receive endoscopic treatments.MethodsTo evaluate the safety and efficacy of common endoscopic treatments including endoscopic resection (ER) and endoscopic retrograde cholangiopancreatography (ERCP) applying to patients with DLC, we performed a retrospective study finally including 81 patients receiving ER (43 endoscopic mucosal resection (EMR) and 38 endoscopic submucosal dissection (ESD)) and 131 patients treated by ERCP.ResultsThere were no significant differences in the rate of degeneration and invariability of Child-Pugh (CP) class and the overall rate of adverse events between two groups (93.8%/8.6% ER vs. 96.2%/15.3% ERCP). Both the degeneration rate of CP class (35.4%) and the rate of adverse events (27.1%) in subgroup CP class C of ERCP group were significantly higher (P=0). The rate of poor outcomes was higher in ERCP group (12.2%) than that in ER group (2.5%) (P=0.02). And subgroup CP class C of ERCP group had a higher poor outcome rate (27.1%) (P=0).ConclusionER and ERCP could remove focal lesions or relieve symptoms induced by targeted diseases without significant changes of CP class. Significant benefits and risks coexisted in CP class C patients with DLC when receiving ERCP.     

急性胰腺炎复发诱因及内镜治疗

目的 探讨急性胰腺炎(AP)复发的诱因及其内镜治疗效果.方法 杏阅2002年1月至2008年12月长海医院收治的AP患者.详细记录患者临床资料;是否行内镜逆行胰胆管造影术(ERCP)治疗、治疗方法及并发症.电话随访后根据是否AP复发将患者分为无复发组与复发组.分析两组致病因素及内镜治疗疗效.结果 804患者入组,其中无复发组512例(63.68%),复发组292例(36.32%).无复发组平均年龄52岁,复发组平均年龄44岁,相差显著(P<0.01).201例重症胰腺炎中,无复发组104例(20.31%),复发组97例(33.22%),复发组显著高于无复发组(P<0.01).无复发组并发胰腺假性囊肿46例,复发组44例,两组胰腺假性囊肿发生率差异显著(P<0.05).AP病因为胆源性、高三酰甘油血症是胰腺炎反复发作的危险因素.139例复发性AP患者行ERCP治疗,15例(5.15%)并发ERCP术后胰腺炎,1例(0.34%)出现十二指肠乳头切开后出血.成功随访内镜介入治疗的118例复发性AP患者,内镜治疗总缓解率为78.8%.结论 复发组发病年龄较小,重症急性胰腺炎发生率及胰腺假性囊肿发生率均高,胆源性及高三酰甘油血症为诱发AP复发的危险因素.内镜介入治疗对复发性AP同样有效.     

内镜超声检查术对胰腺肿瘤早期诊断的价值

目的探讨内镜超声检查术（EUS）、管内超声检查术（IDUS）及超声内镜引导下细针穿刺术（EUS-FNA）对胰腺肿瘤早期诊断的价值。方法回顾性分析和比较188例胰腺小占位病灶的EUS、IDUS、EUS—FNA及其他影像学检查结果。结果（1）EUS诊断小胰腺癌的准确率是95．6％（44／46）,优于B超58．6％（27／46）、CT77．4％（24／31）、MRI76．2％（16／21）及内镜逆行胰胆管造影术（ERCP）85．3％（29／34）。小胰腺癌EUS声像图主要表现为类圆形、边界清楚、边缘不规则的低回声肿块,内部回声多均匀。（2）25例胰腺小占位病灶行IDUS检查,其准确率是100．0％（25／25）,明显优于B超32．0％（8／25）、CT52．9％（9／17）及MRI57．9％（11／19）等检查。（3）18例胰腺小占位病灶行EUS—FNA,其准确率是66．7％（12／18）。（4）EUS诊断胰腺假性囊肿的准确率是100．0％（27／27）,明显优于13超52．0％（13／25）、CT66、7％（12／18）、MRI82．4％（14／17）及ERCP78．9％（15／19）;对胰腺囊性肿瘤分类鉴别诊断总的准确率是57．7％（15／26）,优于B超19．2％（5／26）、CT36．4％（8／22）、MRI37．5％（6／16）及ERCP50．0％（7／14）等检查。结论EUS、IDUS及EUS-FNA对胰腺肿瘤的早期诊断具有重要价值。     

Gallbladder biliary lithotripsy: A new rationale applied to old treatment

Pure endoscopic treatment of combined cholelithiasis and choledocholithiasis is possible due to the chance to use together both endoscopic retrograde cholangiopancreatography(ERCP)and endoscopic ultrasound(EUS)approaches.This endotherapy permits to treat biliary stones in the main bile duct by standard ERCP and gallbladder stones by EUS-guided cholecystoduodenostomy eventually associated to intracorporeal lithotripsy to achieve optimal results.     

How do we manage post-OLT redundant bile duct?

AIM: To address endoscopic outcomes of post-Orthotopic liver transplantation (OLT) patients diagnosed with a "redundant bile duct" (RBD). METHODS: Medical records of patients who underwent OLT at the Liver Transplant Center, University Texas Health Science Center at San Antonio Texas were retrospectively analyzed. Patients with suspected biliary tract complications (BTC) underwent endoscopic retrograde cholangiopancreatography (ERCP). All ERCP were performed by experienced biliary endoscopist. RBD was defined as a looped, sigmoid-shaped bile duct on cholangiogram with associated cholestatic liver biomarkers. Patients with biliary T-tube placement, biliary anastomotic strictures, bile leaks, bile-duct stonessludge and suspected sphincter of oddi dysfunction were excluded. Therapy included single or multiple biliary stents with or without sphincterotomy. The incidence of RBD, the number of ERCP corrective sessions, and the type of endoscopic interventions were recorded. Successful response to endoscopic therapy was defined as resolution of RBD with normalization of associated cholestasis. Laboratory data and pertinent radiographic imaging noted included the pre-ERCP period and a follow up period of 6-12 mo after the last ERCP intervention. RESULTS: One thousand two hundred and eighty-two patient records who received OLT from 1992 through 2011 were reviewed. Two hundred and twenty-four patients underwent ERCP for suspected BTC. RBD was reported in each of the initial cholangiograms. Twentyone out of 1282 (1.6%) were identified as having RBD. There were 12 men and 9 women, average age of 59.6 years. Primary indication for ERCP was cholestatic pattern of liver associated biomarkers. Nineteen out of 21 patients underwent endoscopic therapy and 2/21 required immediate surgical intervention. In the endoscopically managed group: 65 ERCP procedures were performed with an average of 3.4 per patient and 1.1 stent per session. Fifteen out of 19 (78.9%) patients were successfully managed with biliary stenting. All stents were     

Long-term outcomes of therapeutic ERCP in pediatric patients with pancreas divisum presenting with acute recurrent or chronic pancreatitis

ObjectivesThe aim of this study was to evaluate the long-term outcomes of therapeutic endoscopic retrograde cholangiopancreatography (ERCP) for pediatric patients with pancreas divisum (PD) presenting with acute recurrent pancreatitis (ARP) or chronic pancreatitis (CP).MethodsBetween May 2008 and August 2017, pediatric patients with PD who received endotherapy at Ruijin Hospital were identified and grouped according to clinical presentation, namely ARP and CP. Primary success was defined as patients’ improvement in symptoms after index ERCPs, without further intervention or any analgesic.ResultsA total of 74 ERCPs were performed in 38 pediatric patients. The frequency of at least 1 genetic mutation identified in patients with ARP and CP was 44.4% and 68.4%, respectively. Patients with CP required more ERCPs than those with ARP (2.4 ± 1.7 vs. 1.1 ± 0.4, P = 0.005). The incidence of post-ERCP complications was 14.9%, including pancreatitis of 13.5% and hemorrhage of 1.4%. During a median follow-up duration of 41 months (range, 12–123 months), the frequency of pancreatitis episodes decreased significantly from 2.31 to 0.45 (P < 0.0001). The 25% recurrence and reintervention rates were estimated at 25 and 48 months, respectively, without significant difference between patients with ARP or CP. There was a nonsignificant trend towards a higher rate of primary success in patients with ARP than those with CP (92.9% vs. 69.6%, P = 0.123). After further endotherapy, 91.3% patients with CP improved clinically.ConclusionsTherapeutic ERCP is an effective and safe intervention for pediatric patients with symptomatic PD. Patients presenting with CP seem to achieve improvement after additional ERCPs.     

Efficacy of endoscopic ultrasound after removal of common bile duct stone

Abstract

Objective: Endoscopic retrograde cholangiopancreatography (ERCP) is a standard procedure for choledocholithiasis. Nonetheless, the recurrence rate remains quite high. This study aimed to investigate the prevalence and related factors of remnant biliary stone or sludge using endoscopic ultrasound (EUS) after the removal of common bile duct (CBD) stone and to evaluate the long-term clinical outcomes.

Methods: A prospective study enrolling a consecutive series of patients who underwent ERCP for CBD stone removal was performed between June 2014 and November 2015. Following confirmation of complete CBD stone removal by the operator, EUS was performed to determine whether biliary stone or sludge remained. Patients underwent cholecystectomy if a gallstone was identified and were subsequently followed up at a regular interval of 3–6?months. We investigated whether symptomatic recurrence would occur.

Results: A total of 130 patients were enrolled. The presence of remnant biliary stone or sludge after ERCP was confirmed in 36.9% (48/130) of patients. Acute angulation of the distal CBD was the sole factor associated with remnant biliary stone or sludge (p?Conclusions: Acute angulation of the distal CBD was associated with remnant biliary stone or sludge after ERCP. Remnant biliary sludge on EUS and large CBD diameter were strong predictors of symptomatic recurrence. EUS evaluation following CBD stone removal could be an effective strategy in the treatment of choledocholithiasis.     

Endotherapy in chronic pancreatitis

Chronic pancreatitis(CP)is a progressive disease with irreversible changes in the pancreas.Patients commonly present with pain and with exocrine or endocrine insufficiency.All therapeutic efforts in CP are directed towards relief of pain as well as the management of associated complications.Endoscopic therapy offers many advantages in patients with CP who present with ductal calculi,strictures,ductal leaks,pseudocyst or associated biliary strictures.Endotherapy offers a high rate of success with low morbidity in properly selected patients.The procedure can be repeated and failed endotherapy is not a hindrance to subsequent surgery.Endoscopic pancreatic sphincterotomy is helpful in patients with CP with minimal ductal changes while minor papilla sphincterotomy provides relief in patients with pancreas divisum and chronic pancreatitis.Extracorporeal shock wave lithotripsy is the standard of care in patients with large pancreatic ductal calculi.Long term follow up has shown pain relief in over 60%of patients.A transpapillary stent placed across the disruption provides relief in over 90%of patients with ductal leaks.Pancreatic ductal strictures are managed by single large bore stents.Multiple stents are placed for refractorystrictures.CP associated benign biliary strictures(BBS)are best treated with multiple plastic stents,as the response to a single plastic stent is poor.Covered self expanding metal stents are increasingly being used in the management of BBS though further long term studies are needed.Pseudocysts are best drained endoscopically with a success rate of 80%-95%at most centers.Endosonography(EUS)has added to the therapeutic armamentarium in the management of patients with CP.Drainage of pseudcysts,cannulation of inaccessible pancreatic ducts and celiac ganglion block in patients with intractable pain are all performed using EUS.Endotherapy should be offered as the first line of therapy in properly selected patients with CP who have failed to respond to medical therapy and require intervention.     

Endoscopic ultrasound guided biliary drainage in surgically altered anatomy: A comprehensive review of various approaches

Endoscopic retrograde cholangiopancreatography (ERCP) is the preferred modality for drainage of the obstructed biliary tree. In patients with surgically altered anatomy, ERCP using standard techniques may not be feasible. Enteroscope assisted ERCP is usually employed with variable success rate. With advent of endoscopic ultrasound (EUS), biliary drainage procedures in patients with biliary obstruction and surgically altered anatomy is safe and effective. In this narrative review, we discuss role of EUS guided biliary drainage in patients with altered anatomy and the various approaches used in patients with benign and malignant biliary obstruction.     

Endoscopic retrograde cholangiopancreatography-induced and non-endoscopic retrograde cholangiopancreatography-induced acute pancreatitis: Two distinct clinical and immunological entities?

Acute pancreatitis(AP) is common gastrointestinal disease of varied aetiology. The most common cause of AP is gallstones, followed by alcohol abuse as an independent risk factor. With the increased need for invasive techniques to treat pancreatic and bile duct pathologies such as endoscopic retrograde cholangiopancreatography(ERCP), AP has emerged as the most frequent complication. While severe AP following ERCP is rare(0.5%), if it does develop it has a greater severity index compared to non-ERCP AP. Development of a mild form of AP after ERCP is not considered a clinically relevant condition. Differences in the clinical presentation and prognosis of the mild and severe forms have been found between non-ERCP AP and postendoscopic pancreatitis(PEP). It has been proposedthat AP and PEP may also have different immunological responses to the initial injury. In this review, we summarise the literature on clinical and inflammatory processes in PEP vs non-ERCP AP.     

Current status of endoscopic retrograde cholangiopancreatography in patients with surgically altered anatomy

Endoscopic retrograde cholangiopancreatography(ERCP)in patients with surgically altered anatomy must be performed by a highly experienced endoscopist.The challenges are accessing the afferent limb in different types of reconstruction,cannulating a papilla with a reverse orientation,and performing therapeutic interventions with uncommon endoscopic accessories.The development of endoscopic techniques has led to higher success rates in this group of patients.Device-assisted ERCP is the endoscopic procedure of choice for high success rates in short-limb reconstruction;however,these success rate is lower in long-limb reconstruction.ERCP assisted by endoscopic ultrasonography is now popular because it can be performed independent of the limb length;however,it must be performed by a highly experienced and skilled endoscopist.Stent deployment and small stone removal can be performed immediately after ERCP assisted by endoscopic ultrasonography,but the second session is needed for other difficult procedures such as cholangioscopy-guided electrohydraulic lithotripsy.Laparoscopic-assisted ERCP has an almost 100%success rate in longlimb reconstruction because of the use of a conventional side-view duodenoscope,which is compatible with standard accessories.This requires cooperation between the surgeon and endoscopist and is suitable in urgent situations requiring concomitant cholecystectomy.This review focuses on the advantages,disadvantages,and outcomes of various procedures that are suitable in different situations and reconstruction types.Emerging new techniques and their outcomes are also discussed.