甲状腺相关眼病眼眶减压术后继发内斜视伴复视的手术疗效观察

目的探讨甲状腺相关眼病(TAO)眼眶减压术后继发内斜视伴复视的斜视矫正手术治疗效果。方法回顾性系列病例研究。选取2016年3月至2018年10月在天津市眼科医院因TAO行眼眶减压术后继发内斜视伴复视行斜视矫正手术治疗的11例患者资料。斜视矫正手术前、后检查患者斜视度数、眼球运动,观察复视情况。手术均在监护下麻醉联合局部麻醉下进行,术中采用被动牵拉试验结合调整缝线方法,调整至第一眼位复视消失。术后定期随访。结果11例患者中男性1例,女性10例;年龄26~42岁;均为单纯内斜视伴复视;内斜视度数10~98三棱镜度;眼眶CT提示患者内直肌不同程度增厚,外直肌增厚程度较内直肌轻。2例患者行单眼内直肌后徙术,2例行双眼内直肌后徙术,2例行单眼内直肌后徙联合外直肌缩短术,另外5例行双眼内直肌后徙联合单眼外直肌缩短术。11例患者术中内直肌后徙量为3.5~7.5 mm,7例联合外直肌缩短术患者外直肌缩短量为2.0~6.0 mm。全部患者术后复视消除,第一眼位正位,均达到治愈标准。眼球运动术前外转受限分级为(-1.91±1.04)级,术后外转受限分级为(-0.64±0.81)级。11例患者均对手术结果满意,术后随访6~24个月,效果稳定,未发现远期过矫患者。结论应用术中调整缝线技术,斜视矫正手术可以有效治疗TAO眼眶减压术后继发的内斜视伴复视。     

甲状腺眼病中斜视的手术治疗

目的 探讨甲状腺眼病斜视的手术治疗方法。方法 对8例甲状腺眼病所致的斜视患者实施手术矫正。年龄40～63岁，偏斜范围40^△～80^△。水平斜视1例，垂直斜视7例，其中1例为再次手术者，7例为初次手术者。手术在表麻下进行，术中对一条主要痉挛纤维化的直肌后徙术采用调整缝线的方式，其余肌肉采用常规缝线固定术。术后6～24小时内检查三棱镜中和加遮盖试验，观察33cm及5m时的眼位。根据检查结果决定是否需要调整缝线。术后有5例患者需调整缝线，余2例患者不需调整直接结扎缝线。随访3～9月观察疗效。结果 8例患者术后3个月内，正前方视物重影现象消失，眼位得以矫正。术后原在位三棱镜中和均小于或等于5^△。头位均得到明显改善。有1例患者出现并发症表现为下睑退缩伴外斜A征。1例患者在术后6个月再次出现视物重影现象，观察3个月后复视现象未能改善，故需再次手术。结论 对斜视采用调整缝线的方式，可消除复视达到美容的效果，安全有效、手术成功率高，可有效减少再次手术的机会。但应注意患者的甲状腺疾病病情的控制情况以及选择配合程度好的患者。     

眶壁骨折修复术后斜视和复视手术处理

目的观察眶壁修复术后斜视和复视眼外肌手术矫正效果。方法对14例眼眶爆裂性骨折修复手术6月后仍有斜视和复视的患者，采取二期眼外肌手术治疗。结果4例为限制性斜视，二期手术后徙受累肌或／和缩短拮抗肌后，功能视野内复视消除；10例为非限制性眼肌功能不足所致斜视，二期手术缩短受累肌或／和后徙拮抗肌后，     

甲状腺相关眼病性眼外肌病变的手术治疗

目的 :探讨甲状腺相关眼病性眼外肌病变的手术治疗特点。方法 :回顾分析我院自 1993年 1月到 1999年 12月施斜视矫正术的 2 0例甲状腺相关眼病性眼外肌病变患者。其中男 14例 ;女 6例 ;年龄 2 8 0～ 67 0岁 (平均 5 0 2岁 )。手术方式包括下直肌后退术 (12条 ) ,上直肌后退术 (7条 ) ,下直肌缩短术 (4条 ) ,上直肌缩短术 (2条 ) ,上直肌断腱术 (2条 ) ,内直肌后退术 (1条 ) ,外直肌缩短术 (1条 )。术后平均随访 1年。结果 :术后 9例达到正位 ,复视消失 ;7例术后斜视度小于或等于 5° ,4例有小度数斜视但复视明显改善 ;手术并发症为 :肌肉缝线撕脱 2例 ,过矫 3例 (肌肉缝线撕脱 ) ,欠矫 4例 ;轻度眼睑退缩 5例。经手术探查肌肉复位后眼位矫正满意。结论 :甲状腺相关眼病性眼外肌病变的手术治疗效果满意。     

垂直直肌麻痹性斜视的手术治疗

目的探讨垂直直肌麻痹性斜视的临床特点和手术治疗情况。方法根据不同情况对110例垂直直肌麻痹性斜视采取垂直直肌及部分配偶肌的减弱或加强,并对41例伴有水平斜视的患者进行眼位矫正。结果 110例术后斜视眼位均得到矫正,其中52例伴代偿头位和28例伴复视者的症状均已消除或减轻。结论全面细致的术前检查,准确的术前诊断,对正确实施手术矫正垂直直肌麻痹性斜视至关重要。     

白内障术中局部注射麻醉导致的术后斜视及治疗

目的 在白内障手术中因球后或球周麻醉时药物可能导致眼外肌毒性而产生术后斜视及治疗.方法 对5例局部麻醉白内障术后患者,均于术后第一天去除眼罩时发现复视.于白内障术后3个月后在全麻下行受累肌肉的后徙及可调节缝线手术.结果 白内障术中局部注射布比卡因导致的眼肌麻痹于术后即发复视并持续存在.在观察病例中2例上直肌受累、3例下直肌受累.4例左眼,1例右眼.在受累肌肉行足量的肌肉后徙并可调节缝线,术后大部分注视方向复视消失,眼位调正.结论 白内障术后斜视应当注意到术中局麻药物肌肉毒性所致的斜视.早期由于肌肉麻痹产生复视,后期由于肌肉纤维化和(或)肥大产生与初始复视相反方向的复视.对受累肌肉的足量后徙和可调节缝线可以获得满意的术后效果.     

调整缝线在急性共同性内斜视术中的应用

急性共同性内斜视者多因复视及内斜视就诊,且经保守治疗半年～1年后复视不消失或内斜视者采用手术治疗,手术治疗的目的是使复视消失,部分患者术后可获得一定程度的立体视[1]。对儿童行全麻下急性共同性内斜视手术矫正时,手术量精度要求高,而采用术中放置调整缝线,可弥补手术量偏差,提高手术的成功率。本文2例急性共同性内斜视均在全麻下行双眼内直肌后徙术,术中一眼置调整缝线,术后应用调整缝线调整眼位,矫正效果满意。临床资料例1　患儿,男,7岁,突发复视并内斜视2年,2年前左眼被他人踢伤,院外经保守治疗1年余,复视不消失。收入院后经儿科及…     

开眶术后斜视的手术治疗

目的 分析开眶术后斜视的临床特点及手术治疗效果.方法 回顾性病例研究.回顾分析中山大学中山眼科中心自1998年3月至2003年7月期间住院行开眶术后斜视的诊治病例9例.其中男性5例,女性4例;年龄12～柏岁,平均26.4岁;右眼4例,左眼5例.全部病例随访1～3年(平均1.4年).常规行远、近标准E视力表检查.眼前后节行裂隙灯显微镜和眼底镜检查.眼位检查包括角膜映光法、同视机检查法和视野弧检查法等.结果 开眶术后发生的斜视需手术矫正者共9例.大部分为瘢痕粘连引起的限制性斜视,占66.7%.9例患者均采用手术治疗,术式包括受累肌瘢痕松解术、后徙术+缩短术、Jensen术等.术后眼位完全矫正6例,轻度欠矫2例,明显欠矫1例.4例术前有复视者,术后2例自觉复视消失,2例仅向某个方位有轻微复视,可耐受.所有患者眼球运动均较术前明显好转.结论 眼眶术后发生的斜视需手术治疗者多为瘢痕粘连引起的限制性斜视,松解并后退粘连的眼外肌联合对抗肌缩短术或直肌联结术或肌移位术,术终用固定缝线将眼位固定于过矫位可获得理想的矫正效果.     

共同性水平斜视的再次手术

目的 探讨共同性水平斜视手术后施行再次斜视手术的临床特点及手术处理的特殊性.方法 共同性水平斜视手术后施行再次斜视手术的55例患者进行了回顾性临床分析,手术前后进行眼位检查、眼球运动,Titmus立体视检查双眼视觉功能.手术方法:手术前做全麻下或局麻下行牵拉试验.手术方式选择原则:依据视近和视远斜视角的不同,眼球运动受限制的受累肌肉和牵拉试验结果选择术式.术后追踪观察1～8年,平均2年.结果 (1)内斜视术后继发外斜视13例中,除即刻过矫3例在手术后48h内施行内直肌探查术外,其余施行原后徙内直肌完全复位或部分复位术,联合外直肌截除.治愈率76.9%.外斜视术后继发内斜视11例,施行原后徙外直肌完全复位或部分复位术,联合内直肌截除.治愈率81.8%.伴有V型斜视和垂直性斜视者联合水平直肌移位或斜肌减弱术.(2)内斜视欠矫15例中,8例施行内直肌边缘切开联合外直肌截除术;选择单纯在同一眼上外直肌截除术2例;伴有斜肌异常患者,则选择对侧眼内直肌后徙联合外直肌截除并下斜肌后徙5例.术后正位率86.7%.外斜视欠矫16例中:6例施行原外直肌后徙眼边缘切开联合内直肌截除术;2例Ⅴ型外斜视联合双下斜肌后徙,4例外直肌周围瘢痕松解术,4例联合调整缝线.术后正位率87.5%.结论 (1)水平斜视过矫伴有受累肌运动障碍,结合看近与看远斜视角的差别,选择内直肌或外直肌复位术.(2)调整术后缝线可将再次斜视手术的非预期结果降低到最小程度.     

直肌调整缝线在间歇性外斜视术中的应用

目的 探讨间歇性外斜视的手术时机,观察直肌可调整缝线在其术中的应用效果.方法 对51例间歇性外斜视施行联合直肌可调整缝线的直肌后徙术.结果 随访3～12个月,48例达正常眼位,3例欠矫者经集合训练后得到改善.结论 联合直肌可调整缝线的直肌后徙术是矫正间歇性外斜视简便而有效的手术方式,减少再次手术.     

Clifford Terry滑结联合可调节缝合在斜视手术中的应用

目的：探讨Clifford Terry滑结联合可调节缝合在斜视手术中的临床应用。

方法：采取回顾性研究方法,选取我院2012-05/2015-05收治的行常规斜视矫正术的45例71眼患者(对照组)与应用Clifford Terry滑结斜视矫正术45例70眼患者(研究组)为研究对象,对其术后随访1d～12mo。观察术后眼位、有无调整眼位及是否有二次手术,对术后眼位与术前眼位矫正变化情况比较分析。

结果：术后第1d Clifford Terry滑结联合可调节缝合达正位42例 67眼,1例1眼过矫,2例2眼欠矫,正位率为96%。经过Clifford Terry滑结调整松紧,正位率达到100%,研究组1、3、6、12mo术后眼位情况与对照组矫正正位效果比较未见明显差异。两组均未出现结膜裂开、肌肉滑脱、感染等术后并发症。采用Clifford Terry滑结联合可调节缝合在术中及术后早期对眼位进行微调,可即刻达到目标眼位。

结论：Clifford Terry滑结术中操作简单、术后调整缝线松紧容易操作,联合可调节缝合在斜视手术的术中及术后早期表面麻醉下即可达到目标眼位,减低术后早期二次手术的风险,优于单纯可调节缝合法。     

Minimally invasive botulinum toxin type A injection from the ocular surface to extraocular muscles

AIM: To investigate a new, safe and effective injection method for strabismus patients. Botulinum toxin type A (BTXA) was injected by pulling the extraocular muscles with a minimally-invasive technique into the ocular surface, and it was ensured that the extraocular muscles was maintained in the suspended state. METHODS: A total of 32 patients with different types of strabismus were treated at our institution from February to October 2010. A small conjunctival incision (≤2mm) was made under a microscope. The extraocular muscles were pulled out with a hook to ensure an elevated position compared with the wall of eyeball. The muscle fiber was clearly seen through the conjunctiva and BTXA was injected at a small angle under the microscope. The deviation angles before and after the injection were recorded. All patients were followed up at 5 and 30 days after the operation. Recovery was defined as abolition of diplopia in straight-ahead gaze and anteroinferior gaze and the symptoms of giddiness disappeared thoroughly. Eyeball position was essentially normal. Improvement was defined as basic disappearance of diplopia in straight-ahead gaze and anteroinferior gaze; restriction of action of paralytic muscle improved. If most of the symptoms and signs still existed and disturbed normal work and life, the treatment was determined to be invalid. The injection dose for patients of 5 to 10 prism diopter (PD), 11 to 20PD, and ≥21PD was 1u, 3u and 4u to 5u, respectively. RESULTS: Of the 32 treated patients, 11(34.4%) were cured, and 18(56.3%) were improved at 5 days after the operation; 12(40%) were cured, and 15(46.9%) were improved at 30 days. Five patients (15.6%) who had unsatisfactory response after BTXA injection at 30 days received repeated injections or underwent strabismus surgery. Ptosis was present in 2.5% of the injected eyes. No retrobulbar hemorrhage or ocular perforation was found in any eye. CONCLUSION: It is safe and efficient to inject BTXA by pulling extraocular muscles with a minimally-invasive technique under the microscope to make the muscles separated from the wall of eyeball.     

Adjustable-suture strabismus surgery: a review of 255 consecutive cases

Adjustable-suture strabismus surgery was performed on 255 patients under general anesthesia. Prophylactic topical and oral antibiotic therapy was used in all cases; only one postoperative infection occurred. Adjustments were needed for 123 patients and were done under topical tetracaine anesthesia within a few hours after recovery from general anesthesia. Overall the adjustments appeared to be reliable. The use of droperidol, however, made reliable adjustment impossible in two cases and is therefore strongly contraindicated if suture adjustment is to be done within a few hours of general anesthesia. There were two cases of temporary palsy of the muscle with the adjustable suture, presumed to be due to the topical anesthetic. Unexpectedly large effects of the surgery occurred in three cases of acquired sixth cranial nerve palsy in which full abduction had been recovered but a concomitant esotropia remained and in a few cases in which the muscles had previously been resected and there were normal active ductions preoperatively. Contraindications to the use of adjustable sutures in strabismus surgery may include multiple orbital fractures, previous orbital floor decompression for dysthyroid ophthalmopathy, and a variable angle.     

One stage vertical rectus muscle recession using adjustable sutures under local anaesthesia.

AIMS: To assess the results of visual axis alignment following one stage adjustable suture surgery to correct vertical diplopia. METHOD: Eight patients with a mean age of 44.9 years (range 16-80 years) complaining of vertical diplopia underwent rectus muscle recession under local anaesthesia with intraoperative adjustment of sutures. Diplopia was secondary to superior oblique paresis in four patients, dysthyroid eye disease in two patients, superior rectus paresis in one patient, and one developed a consecutive deviation after previous squint surgery. The surgery consisted of seven single muscle recessions (six inferior recti and one superior rectus) and one two muscle recession (inferior and lateral recti). The surgery was performed under topical anaesthesia supplemented with a subconjunctival injection of local anaesthetic over the muscle insertions. RESULTS: The patients remained comfortable throughout their surgery. All had a reduction in their vertical deviation. Six were asymptomatic and were eventually discharged. One had residual diplopia which was well tolerated without further intervention. One had persistent troublesome diplopia which was corrected by temporary Fresnel prisms. He became asymptomatic after further surgery of a 1 mm inferior rectus advancement. CONCLUSION: One stage adjustable suture surgery is recommended in all cases of strabismus surgery when postoperative results would otherwise be unpredictable.     

Skew transposition of vertical rectus muscles for excyclovertical deviation

PURPOSE: The authors established a surgical treatment for excyclovertical strabismus in which either the inferior rectus muscle or the superior rectus muscle was transposed diagonally. The effects and the safety of the procedure, called skew transposition, were studied. METHODS: Eighteen operations using local anesthesia with eye drops were performed on 17 cases, including 10 with superior oblique palsy. Diplopia was checked during the operation with the cooperation of each patient. Both the clinical findings and eye deviation were examined during observation periods. RESULTS: After the first operation, the diplopia in the primary position had disappeared in 10 cases and had improved in the other 7. The average effect of all operations on excyclodeviation was a correction of 6.2 degrees in the primary position. In the 7 cases of superior oblique palsy that received nasal recession of the inferior rectus muscle, the average correction of excyclodeviation was 6.4 degrees, and vertical deviation improved 1.8 degrees per 1 mm of recession. In no case did the diplopia worsen, nor were there any complications. CONCLUSIONS: This safe procedure facilitates the simultaneous improvement of both excyclo- and vertical deviations. It may become the treatment of choice for excyclovertical strabismus.     

Results of a combined adjustable recession and posterior fixation suture of the same vertical rectus muscle for incomitant vertical strabismus

PURPOSE: The posterior fixation suture (fadenoperation) is an effective treatment for complicated incomitant vertical strabismus. Traditional operative methods do not permit the simultaneous use of an adjustable recession of the same muscle. METHODS: Seven patients with incomitant vertical strabismus and diplopia were treated with a combined adjustable recession and posterior fixation suture of the same vertical rectus muscle. Preoperative vertical misalignments in the primary position ranged from 4 to 10 prism diopters. Vertical incomitance from the primary position into the field of action of the recessed vertical rectus muscle ranged from 6 to 30 prism diopters (mean, 17 prism diopters). This was the sole operation in five patients and was combined with other vertical muscle surgery in two others. RESULTS: All seven patients experienced improvement in their diplopia. Five of 7 patients (71%) required postoperative adjustments to achieve orthophoria in the primary position. This combined procedure reduced large deviations in the field of action of the recessed vertical muscle in all cases. Six of 7 patients (86%) did not require prismatic correction after this operation. One patient required prism only in his reading glasses. CONCLUSIONS: A combined adjustable recession and posterior fixation suture of the same vertical rectus muscle was effective in reducing or eliminating vertical incomitant strabismus.     

眼表微创法注射A型肉毒毒素治疗斜视

目的探讨手术显微镜下微创法经球结膜行眼外肌A型肉毒毒素(botulinum toxinA,BTXA)注射,治疗不同种类斜视的可行性和安全性。方法选取2010年5月至2011年4月来我院接受BTXA治疗的18例(18眼)斜视患者,在手术显微镜下于所需注射眼外肌附着处旁切开结膜约2mm,分离并清晰暴露巩膜和肌肉止端,用斜视钩将眼外肌肉轻轻提起,注射针头走向与肌肉呈15°夹角,在显微镜直视下将BTXA注入肌肉或肌鞘内。治疗后1周和6周时随访,观察眼位、眼球运动、代偿头位、复视症状改善程度以及并发症等。结果治疗前、治疗后1周及6周时的平均斜视度数分别为22.9△、6.9△、7.7△;随访中仅1例较治疗前无改善;治疗前分别与治疗后1周及6周的斜视度数进行比较,差异均有统计学意义(均为P<0.05);治疗后1周及6周间差异无统计学意义(P>0.05)。两次复诊的斜视度数以及正位率之间差异无统计学意义(均为P>0.05)。治疗前有明显眼球运动障碍者12例经BTXA注射后均得到改善;伴复视者12例中11例经治疗正前方及前下方复视消失,1例有所改善;伴代偿头位者3例,均得到改善。2例出现上睑下垂,2例出现垂直斜视。结论手术显微镜下经球结膜微小切口对眼外肌进行BTXA注射治疗斜视,近期效果理想,安全性高,且并发症少。