右心室间隔部起搏和右心室心尖部起搏对血流动力学的影响

目的:比较右心室间隔部(RVS)起搏和右心室心尖部(RVA)起搏对血流动力学的影响。方法:20 例置入DDD起搏器的患者,随机均分为2组,RVS组行RVS起搏,RVA组行RVA起搏;对比观察术前与术后心电图QRS波宽度和形态;比较2组术前和术后6个月随访的左室射血分数(LVEF)、心脏指数(CI)、每搏量 (SV)、二尖瓣血流E峰和A峰最大充盈速度比值(E／A)差异。结果:RVA组起搏心电图Ⅱ导联QRS时限度显著长于RVS组[(0．19±0．02)s:(0．12±0．02)s,P<0．01];术前2组LVEF、CI、SV和E／A均差异无统计学意义。与术前相比,RVA组6个月随访的LVEF、CI、SV和E／A均显著降低[(60．7±5．9)％:(54．8±6．4)％, (2．78±0．31):(2．49±0．26),(81．5±10．0):(68．6±12．5),(1．70±0．48):(1．20±0．39),均P<0．05], RVS组无明显变化[(62．7±6,4)％:(61．14±5．8)％,(2．74±0．33):(2．76±0．25),(82．2±9．2):(78．7±11． 5),(1．62±0．49):(1．61±0．40),均P>0．05]。6个月随访RVS组LVEF、CISV、SV、E／A均显著高于RVA 组(均P<0．05)。结论:RVA起搏扰乱了双心室电同步,导致血流动力学恶化,RVS起搏则尽可能地保证了双心室正常电激动和机械收缩顺序,对血流动力学无不良影响。     

右室间隔部起搏与右室心尖部起搏的比较

目的:评价右室间隔部(RVS)起搏的稳定性及对比RVS起搏和右室心尖部(RVA)对血流动力学影响。方法:22例植入DDD起搏器患者,分为RVS组和RVA组,比较两组术中及术后起搏参数及血流动力学参数变化。结果:RVS组术中测试起搏阈值及电流均高于RVA组,术后1个月差异无统计学意义;RVS组QRS波群宽度较RVA组小(P0.05);RVS组X线曝光时间较RVA组长(P0.05);术中阻抗及R波振幅无显著差异。术后6个月,RVS组左室射血分数(LVEF)、心脏指数(CI)、每搏量(SV)、二尖瓣血流E峰和A峰最大充盈速度比值(E/A)较RVA组明显提高,术前两组无明显差异。结论:RVS起搏安全、有效,RVS起搏血流动力学参数明显优于RVA组。     

右心室不同部位起搏对血浆B型钠尿肽水平的影响

目的 比较右室心尖部(RVA)和右室间隔部(RVS)两种右心室不同部位起搏对血浆B型钠尿肽(BNP)水平的影响以及术后起搏状态下心电图QRS波宽度(QRSd).方法 ①60例心脏起搏器植入术适应证患者,按照起搏比例和起搏部位分为3组,对照组:术后3个月右心室起搏比例≤5%;心尖部起搏组:右室心尖部起搏且术后3个月右心室起搏比例≥95%;间隔部起搏组:右室间隔部起搏且术后3个月右心室起搏比例≥90%.分别取各组患者术前、术后一周及术后3个月静脉血血浆2 mL,应用酶联免疫吸附分析法(ELISA)测定血浆BNP水平.②同一组病例,按照右心室电极植入的不同部位,分为两组,即RVA起搏组和RVS起搏组,测量患者术后在起搏状态下的心电图QRSd.结果 术前对照组、RVA起搏组、RVS起搏组血浆BNP水平比较无统计学意义;术后1周,RVA起搏组与RVS起搏组较对照组血浆BNP水平统计学意义(P<0.01),RVA起搏组、RVS起搏组比较血浆BNP水平比较无统计学意义;术后3个月RVA起搏组与RVS起搏组较对照组血浆BNP水平显著升高(P<0.01),RVA起搏组较RVS起搏组血浆BNP水平升高(P<0.05).RVA起搏组、RVS起搏组比较,RVA起搏组的QRSd增宽(P<0.05).结论 RVS起搏较RVA起搏小术后血浆BNP水平低,QRSd窄,对心功能影响小,因此,RVS起搏更接近生理状态,是临床较理想的起搏部位.     

右室流出道间隔部起搏的血流动力学观测

目的比较右室流出道间隔部（RVS）与右室心尖部（RVA）起搏对血流动力学的影响。方法选择具备起搏器植入指征的患者30例,随机分为RVA组与RVS组,采用超声心动图检测左室射血分数（LVEF）、每搏量（SV）、左室短轴缩短率（FS）、心脏指数（CI）,对比观察术前、术后3,6个月差异。并比较术前与术后心电图QRS波宽度。结果两组患者均顺利完成手术。两组QRS波时限均较自身心律时延长,差异有统计学意义（P<0.01）,RVA组起搏QRS时限显著长于RVS组[（158±15）msvs（132±15）ms,P<0.01];RVA组术后3个月随访LVEF,SV,FS,CI较术前均显著降低,均有统计学意义[（59±3）%vs（51±3）%,（79±15）mlvs（71±16）ml,（0.36±0.11）vs（0.31±0.09）,（2.5±0.4）L/（min·m2）vs（2.1±0.4）L/（min.m2）,均P<0.05];RVS组术后3,6个月随访LVEF,SV,FS,CI与术前无显著性差异,RVS组3,6个月随访LVEF,SV,FS,CI均显著高于同期RVA组,均有统计学意义（均P<0.05）。结论RVS起搏尽可能的保证了心室激动和收缩同步性,实现了比RVA起搏较为良好的血流动力学状态。     

应用实时三维超声心动图评价DDD模式 右心室不同部位起搏对左心功能的影响

目的探讨应用实时三维超声心动图评价房室顺序双心腔起搏、感知触发和抑制型(DDD)模式右心室不同部位起搏对左心功能的影响。方法 20例DDD模式起搏器植入患者行右心室电极室间隔(RVS)及右心室心尖部(RVA)起搏,其中最终10例行RVS起搏,10例行RVA起搏。术后应用实时三维超声心动图随访6个月及1年,观察左心功能变化,检测指标包括:左心室射血分数(LVEF)、每搏量(SV)、左心室舒张末期容积(LVEDV)、收缩末期容积(LVESV)。结果术后6个月,RVS起搏组10例患者LVEF 54%±5%、SV(46.2±6.8)ml与术前LVEF 53%±6%、SV(43.2±5.4)ml比较差异无统计学意义(P0.05),RVA起搏组10例患者INEF46%±6%、SV(34.3±5.8)ml与术前INEF 54%±8%、sV(42.3±6.8)ml比较均减低(P0.05),此时两组LV-EDV、LVESV较术前变化差异不明显;术后1年随访,RVS起搏组10例患者LVEF 54%±6%、SV(44.1±8.4)ml与术前比较,差异无统计学意义(P0.05),RVA起搏组10例患者LVEF 43%±9%、SV(31.5±8.2)ml与术后6个月比较进一步减低(P0.05),RVS起搏组LVEDV、LVESV较术前仍变化不明显(P0.05),RVA起搏组10例患者LVEDV(71.2±8.1)ml、LVESV(41.8±6.1)ml均较术前LVEDV(68.5±10.7)ml、LVESV(27.1±3.4)ml增大。结论长期的RVS起搏对左心功能无明显影响,而RVA起搏可降低左心功能,并造成左心室重构的风险加大。     

心室再同步化治疗右室不同部位起搏对慢性心力衰竭病人心功能的影响

目的评价心室再同步化治疗(CRT)右室不同部位起搏对慢性心力衰竭病人心功能的影响。方法将16例CRT病人分为右室心尖部起搏组(RVA组,7例)与右室间隔部起搏组(RVS组,9例)。观察两组病人脑钠肽(BNP)水平变化,心电图中QRS波群时限变化,起搏器程控参数、超声心动图检测左室射血分数(LVEF)、左房内径(LAD)、左室舒张末期容积(LVEDV)、右室内径(RV)。结果 RVA组与RVS组的起搏器参数比较差异无统计学意义;两组术后1个月、6个月脑钠肽水平均明显下降,但两组比较差异无统计学意义;2年后RVS组脑钠肽水平与RVA组比较,差异有统计学意义(P0.05)。两组术后1个月、6个月LVEF、LAD、LVEDV、RV与术前比较,差异有统计学意义(P0.05),2年后RVS组与RVA组LVEF、LAD、LVEDV、RV比较,差异有统计学意义(P0.05)。结论 CRT右室间隔部起搏改善病人心功能的远期疗效优于右室心尖部起搏,近期疗效差异性较小。     

关于右心室间隔部起搏的双心室电同步性和血流动力学探讨

目的以右心室心尖部起搏为参照,评估右心室间隔部起搏的双心室电同步性和血流动力学效应。方法20例患者植入全自动双腔(DDD型)起搏器,随机分组,一组10例行间隔部起搏(RVS组),一组行心尖部起搏(RVA组);分析两组有效起搏及1、3个月随访时各起搏参数差异;对比术中心室电极到位所需X线曝光时间、术中及术后并发症;比较术前自身心律心电图、术后起搏心电图的QRS波宽度、形态;比较两组术前和术后6个月随访的左心室射血分数(LVEF)、二尖瓣血流E峰和A峰最大充盈速度比值(E/A)差异。结果RVS组和RVA组起搏电压阈值、电极阻抗、R波高度无明显差异(P>0.05)。电极植入后第1、3个月随访,两组起搏参数之间无明显差异,且动态变化相似;心室电极到位所需X线曝光时间:RVA组为(203.0±127.3)s,RVS组为(581.0±124.7)s(P<0.05)。电极植入术中及术后均未出现并发症;术前和术后心电图Ⅱ导联QRS宽度:RVA组分别为(0.11±0.03)s、(0.19±0.02)s(P<0.05);RVS组分别为(0.10±0.02)s、(0.12±0.02)s(P<0.05),术后QRS形态与术前心电图相似。间隔部起搏和心尖部起搏心电图的QRS波宽度对比,前者明显窄于后者(P<0.01)。术前2组LVEF、E/A比值无明显差异。与术前相比,RVA组6个月随访的LVEF、E/A均明显降低(P<0.05),RVS组无明显变化(P>0.05)。6个月随访RVS组LVEF、E/A均明显高于RVA组(P<0.05)。结论右心室间隔部起搏是安全、有效的,比右心室心尖部起搏更有利于双心室电激动的同步性,且不会给心功能带来明显不良影响。     

右心室不同位点起搏对起搏依赖性患者血BNP的影响

目的比较右心室间隔部起搏与右心室心尖部起搏对起搏依赖性患者血BNP(脑钠肽)的影响。方法36例慢室率房颤伴高度或Ⅲ度房室传导阻滞,16例窦律伴Ⅲ度房室传导阻滞,20例显著窦性心动过缓,共72例患者,均植入VVI型心脏起搏器,按心室电极固定部位不同随机分为右心室间隔部起搏组(RVS组)和右心室心尖部起搏组(RVA组),观察2组术前与术后心电图QRS波宽度和形态;比较2组术前与术后血BNP(脑钠肽)变化。结果RVA组起搏心电图Ⅱ导联QRS间期显著长于RVS组([0.20±0.03]s vs[0.12±0.04]s,P<0.01),术前2组BNP水平差异无统计学意义,术后3个月随访检测BNP,RVA组较RVS组有显著升高([121.8±5.2]pg/ml vs[57.1±6.6]pg/ml,P<0.01)。结论RVA起搏扰乱了双心室电同步,恶化了血流动力学和心功能,RVS起搏尽可能的维持了双心室激动顺序和双心室收缩同步性,对血流动力学影响较小,RVS起搏是比RVA起搏更加符合生理的起搏方式。     

DDD起搏器选择心室起搏部位对血流动力学的影响

目的比较右室间隔部(RVS)和右室心尖部(RVA)起搏对血流动力学的影响。方法42例置入DDD起搏器的患者,分为RVS组和RVA组;比较2组术前和术后3个月随访的左室射血分数(LVEF)、心脏指数(CI)、每搏量(SV)、左室最大压力上升速率(dp/dtmax)、左室最大压力下降速率(-dp/dtmax)、二尖瓣血流E峰和A峰最大充盈速度比值(E/A)、等容舒张时间(IVRT)差异。结果与术前相比,RVA组3个月随访的LVEF、CI、SV、dp/dtmax、-dp/dtmax、E/A、IVRT均显著降低(0.51±0.04vs0.54±0.03;2.33±0.09L/min.m-2vs2.68±0.11L/min.m-2;71.11±14.2mlvs80.17±16.12ml;1614±133mmHg/svs1702±155mmHg/s;2230±234mm-Hg/svs2404±242mmHg/s;1.38±0.47vs1.86±0.28;73.2±3.86msvs77.6±4.15ms,均P<0.05),RVS组无明显变化。3个月随访RVS组LVEF、CISV、SV、dp/dtmax均显著高于RVA组(P<0.05)。结论RVS起搏对血流动力学无不良影响。     

三度房室传导阻滞患者右室主/被动电极导线起搏的临床观察

目的观察不同电极(主动/被动)导线对三度房室传导阻滞患者的心脏功能、QRS波宽度、起搏参数的影响。方法将80例三度房室传导阻滞患者随机分两组,一组患者行主动电极导线右室间隔(RVS)起搏,一组行被动电极导线右室心尖部(RVA)起搏。分析两组心功能左室大小、左室射血分数(LVEF)、QRS波宽度、起搏参数变化。结果右室间隔起搏较心尖部起搏阈值、电极阻抗在术后1周及术后3月下降(P0.05),感知差异无统计学意义(P0.05);QRS波宽度RVS、RVA分别为(130±20)ms、(160±30)ms,差异有统计学意义(P0.05);心脏超声左室大小及LVEF术后3月两组无统计学意义(P0.05);但术后1年随访RVS及RVA组分别为:左室大小(47.30±1.97)mm及(49.01±2.40)mm,差异有统计学意义(P0.05);LVEF值(62.70±2.15)%,及(59.46±3.39)%,差异有统计学意义(P0.05)。结论对于起搏完全依赖患者,右室间隔部起搏的双室同步性优于右室心尖部起搏,且1年随访对心功能影响也较后者小。     

The immunoneuroendocrine role of melatonin

Abstract: A tight, physiological link between the pineal gland and the immune system is emerging from a series of experimental studies. This link might reflect the evolutionary connection between self-recognition and reproduction. Pinealectomy or other experimental methods which inhibit melatonin synthesis and secretion induce a state of immunodepression which is counteracted by melatonin. In general, melatonin seems to have an immunoenhancing effect that is particularly apparent in immunodepressive states. The negative effect of acute stress or immunosuppressive pharmacological treatments on various immune parameters are counteracted by melatonin. It seems important to note that one of the main targets of melatonin is the thymus, i.e., the central organ of the immune system. The clinical use of melatonin as an immunotherapeutic agent seems promising in primary and secondary immunodeficiencies as well as in cancer immunotherapy. The immunoenhancing action of melatonin seems to be mediated by T-helper cell-derived opioid peptides as well as by lymphokines and, perhaps, by pituitary hormones. Melatonin-induced-immuno-opioids (MHO) and lymphokines imply the presence of specific binding sites or melatonin receptors on cells of the immune system. On the other hand, lymphokines such as -γ-interferon and interleukin-2 as well as thymic hormones can modulate the synthesis of melatonin in the pineal gland. The pineal gland might thus be viewed as the crux of a sophisticated immunoneuroendocrine network which functions as an unconscious, diffuse sensory organ.     

Changes in connexin43, the gap junction protein of astrocytes, during development of the rat pineal gland

Abstract: The abundance of gap junctions between rat pineal astrocytes formed by connexin43 (Cx43) was studied during development. Levels and distribution of Cx43 were measured by immunoblotting and indirect immunofluorescence, respectively. The amount of Cx43 in cells located within the gland was low until about the 7th postnatal day and increased to adult values between the 14th and 21st days postpartum. Although astrocytes, recognized by their vimentin immunoreactivity, were scarce before birth, they were abundant by the 7th postnatal day suggesting that the low levels of Cx43 found at this age corresponded to a low expression of this protein. Localization of the immunoreactivity to Cx43 and vimentin showed a close correlation, indicating that mature or immature pineal astrocytes form gap junctions made of Cx43. Since Cx43 levels attained their adult values at about the time the innervation and the functional state of the gland reached maturity (2–3 weeks after birth), it is proposed that astrocyte gap junctions are involved in the function of the adult rat pineal gland.     

Response of rat pineal melatonin to calcium, magnesium, and lithium is circadian stage dependent

Abstract: Herein we documented the response of pineal melatonin production to electrolytes known to be effective on pineal function in view of a possible circadian stage dependence. We studied the release of melatonin by perifused rat pineal glands at 2 different circadian stages corresponding to the middle of the light and dark periods, i.e., respectively, 7 and 19 HALO (Hours After Light Onset, L:D = 12:12). The initial efflux rates were, as expected, much higher in the perifusates of glands removed from rats sacrificed during the dark phase than of those removed during the light phase. After 3 hr of perifusion, melatonin release reached similar levels which were found constant up to the 8th hr of perifusion, whatever the circadian stage. Perifusion of the glands with physiological concentrations for the rat of calcium (5.2 mmol/1) and magnesium (1.34 mmol/1) resulted in a stimulatory effect on the pineal glands removed from rats sacrificed in the middle of the dark period (19 HALO), whereas no effects were observed on the pineal glands removed from rats sacrificed during the light (7 HALO). Lithium (0.28 and 0.55 mmol/1) was ineffective on melatonin release in pineal glands removed 7 and 19 HALO. Our results show differences in the initial efflux rates of melatonin and in the response of perifused pineal glands to calcium and magnesium according to the circadian stage.     

Conservative management of perforated duodenal diverticulum： A case report and review of the literature

Duodenal diverticula are a relatively common condition. They are asymptomatic, unless they become complicated, with perforation being the rarest but most severe complication. Surgical treatment is the most frequently performed approach. We report the case of a patient with a perforated duodenal diverticulum, which was diagnosed early and treated conservatively with antibiotics and percutaneous drainage of secondary retroperitoneal abscesses. We suggest this method could be an acceptable option for the management of similar cases, provided that the patient is in good general condition and without septic signs.     

Presence of immunoreactive growth hormone and prolactin in the ovine pineal gland

Abstract: The use of antisera raised against bovine growth hormone (GH) and ovine prolactin (PRL) enabled the detection of related immunoreactive (ir) sequences of proteins in ovine pineal tissue. The isolation of PRL-like ir-material was accomplished using a 0.25 M ammonium sulphate (pH 5.5) extraction followed by ethanol precipitation, whereas the resulting 2.0 M ammonium sulphate (pH 7.0) precipitate contained a GH-like immunoreactivity. Gel chromatography of the GH-like immunoreactivity (Sephadex G-100) indicated the presence of several GH-like fragments ranging in the M_r range of 7,000 to 55,000. Analyses of the PRL-like ir-material found in pineal tissue on HPLC using a TSK 545-DEAE column led to the resolution into a single peak of immunoreactivity. A single peak of activity was also observed following chromatofocusing and hydrophobic interaction chromatography of the ir-peak from the TSK 545-DEAE column. The PRL-like ir-material inhibited the binding of [¹²⁵I]ovine PRL-S14 to anti-ovine PRL antibodies without showing an affinity for binding to anti-rat PRL or anti-bovine GH antibodies. Scatchard analysis of the binding of pineal PRL-like ir-material and pituitary ovine PRL-S14 to liver membranes from day-20 pregnant rats revealed similar affinity constants (K_a of 4.7 ± 0.2 × 10⁹ M^-1). In addition, the replication of Nb 2 Node rat lymphoma cells was stimulated by pineal PRL-like ir-material, an effect known to be specific for lactogenic hormones. The pineal PRL-like immunoreactivity appeared on sodium dodecyl sulfate polyacrylamide gels as a single major band of M_r 24,000. The functional status of PRL-and GH-like ir-material in the ovine pineal remains to be determined, but evidence is presented that the overall protein synthesis rate of the rat pineal responded to circulating concentrations of PRL.     

Microbiology of human immunodeficiency virus anorectal disease

PURPOSE: Individuals who are seropositive for the human immunodeficiency virus are at high risk for opportunistic infection and anorectal disorders. Little prospective information is available regarding anorectal pathogens in these patients. METHODS: One hundred sixty-three HIV-seropositive patients presented to the colorectal clinic between 1989 and 1992. Forty-seven (29 percent) patients were thought to have an infectious process and were prospectively studied using a standardized multiculture protocol. RESULTS: Mean age was 33 (range, 19–59) years. All were male; high-risk behavior accounted for 87 percent of HIV transmissions. Presenting complaints included anorectal pain (79 percent), pus per anum (28 percent), and blood per anum (26 percent). Examination revealed perianal tenderness (60 percent), condyloma (38 percent), perianal ulcers (38 percent), and anal fissures (34 percent). Sixty-six sets of cultures were performed; 28 patients had one set, 15 had two sets, and 4 had three sets. Thirty-two of these 47 patients (68 percent) had positive cultures including herpes (50 percent), cytomegalovirus (25 percent),Neisseria gonorrhoeae (16 percent), chlamydia (16 percent), acidfast bacilli (2 percent), and others (9 percent). Six of 32 patients with positive cultures had more than one organism cultured. Sixteen (50 percent) patients with positive cultures were treated medically, 8 (25 percent) were treated surgically and 8 (25 percent) were treated with both modalities. Sixty-one procedures were performed on 17 patients for condylomata. Eighteen patients had 20 procedures for abscesses, 50 percent of whom had positive cultures for other than common bowel flora; all improved. Fourteen patients underwent 33 procedures for perianal fistulas.Mycobacterium fortuitum was cultured from one patient who required 13 procedures for abscesses and fistulas. Forty-five (96 percent) patients were followed for an average of 12.5 months ±2.9 SEM (range, 1–94 months). Symptoms were improved or resolved in 22 of 32 (69 percent) patients with positive cultures and in 11 of 13 (84 percent) with negative cultures. CONCLUSIONS: Specific pathogens may often be identified in human immunodeficiency virus-seropositive patients with anorectal disorders if aggressively sought. Although patients without specific pathogens identified may be expected to improve with planned empiric treatment, positive identification allows more directed therapy.