西维来司钠对大鼠重症急性胰腺炎后急性肝损伤的保护作用

目的:探讨西维来司钠对大鼠重症急性胰腺炎(SAP)后急性肝损伤的治疗价值。方法:SD大鼠54只随机分为3组,A组为对照组,仅开腹,轻翻动胰腺,B组采用经十二指肠乳头逆行胆胰管注射3.5%牛磺胆酸钠的方法制备大鼠SAP模型,C组为西维来司钠药物治疗组,在制备SAP大鼠模型后微量泵持续静脉滴注西维来司钠;各组又分为3h、6h、12h3个亚组,每时间点6只。检测血浆白介素-6(IL-6)、中性粒细胞弹性蛋白酶(NE)、淀粉酶(AMY)及肝组织匀浆中超氧化物歧化酶(SOD)、丙二醛(MDA)的水平并观察肝、胰病理变化。结果(:1)B组IL-6、NE、AMY、MDA较A组明显升高(P<0.05),SOD明显降低(P<0.05),镜下可见胰腺水肿、炎细胞浸润、坏死,肝脏肝窦充血、细胞浊肿及坏死,且损伤程度随时限延长而加重。(2)C组较B组血浆IL-6、NE、AMY(12h)及肝组织匀浆中MDA水平下降(P<0.05),SOD升高(P<0.05),胰、肝病理损害程度减轻。结论:西维来司钠通过抑制NE的活性及在肝组织中的表达,抑制SAP急性期炎症反应及有效提高机体对氧自由基的清除能力,减轻SAP致肝损伤的程度。     

Sivelestat relaxes porcine coronary artery via inhibition of Ca2+ sensitization induced by a receptor agonist

Sivelestat sodium hydrate (sivelestat) is a novel synthetic drug and specific inhibitor of neutrophil elastase that has been approved in Japan as a treatment for acute lung injury associated with systemic inflammatory response syndrome. There are no reports on the effects of sivelestat on the contractile regulation of vascular smooth muscle. The purpose of the present study was to assess the effects of sivelestat on porcine coronary artery. Sivelestat induced concentration-dependent (3 x 10 to 3 x 10 M) vasorelaxation in U46619 (100 nM)-precontracted porcine coronary artery with or without endothelium. Simultaneous measurements of tension and the cytosolic Ca concentration ([Ca]i) revealed that sivelestat shifted the [Ca]i-tension curve to the right and downward during stimulation with 118 mM K and 100 nM U46619. In beta-escin-permeabilized arterial strips, sivelestat abolished GTP plus U46619-induced contractions at constant [Ca]i, whereas it had no effect on Ca-induced contractions. Thus, sivelestat relaxes porcine coronary artery smooth muscle via the selective inhibition of Ca sensitization induced by a receptor agonist, without affecting Ca-induced contraction.     

Protective effect of n-acetylcysteine in a model of influenza infection in mice

Reactive oxygen intermediates (ROI) and cytokines, particularly tumor necrosis factor (TNF) have been implicated in the pathogenesis of influenza. Using a murine model of influenza, we have studied the levels of TNF, interleukin 6 (IL-6) and of superoxide-generating xanthine oxidase (XO). Mice infected intranasally with influenza virus APR/8 had high levels of XO, TNF and IL-6 in the broncoalveolar lavage, as early as 3 d after infection. XO was elevated also in serum and lung tissue. Administration of the antioxidant N-acetylcysteine (NAC,1 g/kg per day, orally) significantly decreased the mortality in infected mice, indicating a role for RO1 in the lethality associated with influenza infection.     

Protective effect of isoforskolin in COPD rat model

OBJECTIVE To evaluate effect of Isoforskolin(ISOF) on pulmonary function, T cell and cytokines levels in a chronic obstructive pulmonary disease(COPD) rat model induced by long-term exposure to cigarette smoke(CS). METHODS The experiments were divided into control group, CS model group, roflumilast(0.5 mg·kg-1,ig), ISOF(0.5, 2 mg·kg-1, ig). A rat model of COPD was established by long-term exposure to CS(1 cigarette each rat, once a day for 14 weeks) and the drug was oral y treated with different groups for 14 consecutive weeks.The pulmonary function of rats was measured using the flexi Vent FX4 oscillating animal pulmonary function detector, T cells were analyzed by flow cytometry and the levels of inflammatory cytokines was measured using the Bio-Plex Pro Rat Cytokine Panel. RESULTS ISOF significantly ameliorated pathological damage of lung tissue and improved pulmonary function in COPD rats.Compared with the model group, the pulmonary ventilation function index FEV0.3, FEV0.3/FVC, Cst were significantly increased(P<0.01), and the Crs, G were significantly decreased(P<0.05). ISOF treatment decreased the number of leukocytes and lymphocytes, restored the Th17/Treg balance of T cells and reduced the levels of pro-inflammatory cytokines IL-1β and TNF-α in serum and bronchoalveolar lavage fluid(P<0.05). CONCLUSION ISOF has protective effects in COPD rats by improving lung function, restoring T cell balance and reducing the levels of pro-inflammatory cytokines.     

Protective effect of buflomedil in a rat model of moderate cerebral ischemia

Buflomedil hydrochloride (CAS 55837-25-7) is a vasoactive drug with a variety of pharmacodynamic properties. Although a number of studies have been carried out to verify the beneficial effect of buflomedil in ischemic peripheral conditions, few data are reported to justify the efficacious employment of buflomedil in the treatment of cerebrovascular diseases. The aim of the present study was to better investigate the neuroprotective effect of buflomedil in normal pentobarbital-anaesthetized rats subjected to transient bilateral common artery occlusion (BCO) for 20 min. Buflomedil hydrochloride (10 mg/kg) was administered by slow intravenous infusion (90 min), starting 1 h after the onset of ischemia. The rats were sacrificed 48 h after carotid clamping. BCO caused dramatic death of hippocampal CA1 pyramidal neurons, and a significant increase in circulating levels of neuron-specific enolase (NSE) and lactate. Treatment with buflomedil attenuated ischemia-induced histological loss and damage of CA1 pyramidal cells. Furthermore, in ischemic rats, the drug restored blood lactate concentrations and serum NSE concentrations to near normal levels. These data clearly demonstrate that buflomedil is able to protect brain neurons against damage following moderate global cerebral ischemia. One could speculate that this protective effect could be related to the capability of buflomedil to improve cerebral blood flow and energy metabolism, or to a smooth muscle relaxant effect on cerebral blood vessels.     

冬虫夏草对大鼠糖尿病肾病的保护作用机制研究

目的：观察人工冬虫夏草制剂对链尿佐菌素（STZ)诱导的糖尿病肾病（DN）大鼠肾组织转化生长因子（TGF-β1)和结缔组织生长因子（CTGF）表达的影响,探讨虫草制剂对糖尿病肾病的肾保护和抗纤维化机制。方法将36只Wistar雄性大鼠,随机分为对照组（12只）,24只成模组随机分为DN模型组,虫草组,虫草组予400mg/(kg·d)灌胃给药,分别于第2、4、8周处死大鼠（每组4只）分别检测血糖值、体重、24h 尿微量蛋白、肌酐（Scr）含量、肾脏的病理变化,免疫组化法检测肾脏中TGF-β1和CTGF的表达。结果 DN模型组大鼠尿微量白蛋白排泄率显著增加（P<0.01）现高表达。虫草治疗组与DN模型组比较,虫草治疗组尿微量蛋白排泄率显著减少（P<0.01)Scr 水平降低(P<0.01),肾组织病理改变减轻,肾组织内TGF-β1和CTGF表达下调（P<0.05或P<0.01)。结论虫草制剂对DN具有肾脏保护作用,其机制可能是通过使TGF-β1/CTGF的表达下调而实现的。     

Protective effect of Hachimi-jio-gan against renal failure in a subtotal nephrectomy rat model

The protective effect of Hachimi-jio-gan extract against chronic renal failure in a subtotal nephrectomy rat model was investigated. The level of serum urea nitrogen by nephrectomy was increased over 15 weeks, but the administration of Hachimi-jio-gan at 50 and 200 mg led to the decrease. In addition, the levels of creatinine (Cr), urinary methylguanidine (MG) and MG/Cr were increased, whereas Cr clearance dramatically decreased in nephrectomized rats. However, oral administration of Hachimi-jio-gan extract prevented the elevation of these uremic toxins in serum and urine, and the production of hydroxyl radical. Moreover, nephrectomy led to a significant decline in superoxide dismutase (SOD) and catalase activities, but increased glutathione peroxidase activity compared with normal levels, indicating an abnormal antioxidative system. The increased activity of both SOD and catalase by the oral administration of Hachimi-jio-gan suggested that these enzymes are associated with the protective role of Hachimi-jio-gan extract against oxidative stress by nephrectomy. Moreover, the decrease in serum albumin in nephrectomized control rats was increased and proteinuria was ameliorated by the administration of Hachimi-jio-gan with improved glomerular hyalinosis, interstitial fibrosis and inflammation, suggesting the beneficial effect of Hachimi-jio-gan to prevent glomerular sclerosis and progressive renal fibrosis. This study suggests that Hachimi-jio-gan plays a protective role in the progression of chronic renal failure through the decline in uremic toxins, elevation of antioxidative enzyme activity such as SOD and catalase, and amelioration of histopathological lesions in the kidney.     

西维来司钠对脑出血模型大鼠脑组织损伤的保护作用研究

目的：研究西维来司钠对脑出血模型大鼠脑组织的保护作用及其机制。方法：取40只大鼠随机均分为假手术组、模型组和西维来司钠高、中、低剂量（200、80、30mg／kg）组,除假手术组大鼠行假手术外其余各组大鼠行手术建立脑出血模型。假手术组和模型组大鼠建模前30min尾静脉注射O．9％氯化钠注射液,西维来司钠各剂量组大鼠同法尾静脉注射相应药物。各组大鼠建模术后24h检测血肿周围脑组织中中性粒细胞弹性蛋白酶（NE）、一氧化氮（N0）及髓过氧化物酶（MPO）的含量和血肿脑组织中核转录因子KB（NF-κB）的表达。结果：与假手术组比较,模型组大鼠血肿周围脑组织中NE、NO、MPO含量均明显增加（P〈0．01）,血肿脑组织中NF—κB表达明显增强（P〈0．01）。与模型组比较,西维来司钠高、中剂量组大鼠血肿周围脑组织中NE、NO、MPO含量均明显减少（P〈0．05或P〈0．01）,血肿脑组织中NF—r．B表达明显减弱（P〈0．05或P〈0．01）,西维来司钠低剂量组大鼠上述指标差异无统计学意义（P〉0．05）。结论：西维来司钠对脑出血模型大鼠的脑组织有明显的保护作用,其机制可能与NE、NO、MPO含量减少及NF-κB表达减弱有关。     

Protective effect of trimetazidine on myocardial mitochondrial function in an ex-vivo model of global myocardial ischemia

Trimetazidine is an anti-ischemic drug whose cytoprotective mechanisms are not yet fully understood (but until now mainly related to the trimetazidine-induced "metabolic shift" from lipid beta-oxidation to glucose aerobic oxidation). We studied the effect of trimetazidine on the mitochondrial function of ischemic Wistar rat hearts perfused with glucose, using a model of ex-vivo perfusion (Langendorff system). We measured the electrical potential of the mitochondrial membrane, O2 consumption by the respiratory chain, energy charges generated and the enzyme activities of the respiratory chain complexes. In this model, trimetazidine had a preferential action on the oxidative system (mainly on complex I), increasing its enzyme activity and decreasing O2 consumption after phosphorylation; this could decrease oxygen free radical production and increase mitochondrial integrity, thus allowing the maintenance of the electrical potential. These results allow us to better understand the cytoprotective effects of trimetazidine in coronary artery disease.     

Protective effect of Foeniculum vulgare essential oil and anethole in an experimental model of thrombosis.

In a previous screening work, Foeniculum vulgare essential oil emerged from a pool of 24 essential oils for its antiplatelet properties and its ability to destabilize the retraction of the coagulum. In the present work the main component of the oil, anethole, tested in guinea pig plasma was as potent as fennel oil in inhibiting arachidonic acid-, collagen-, ADP- and U46619-induced aggregation (IC(50) from 4 to 147 microg ml(-1)). It also prevented thrombin-induced clot retraction at concentrations similar to fennel oil. The essential oil and anethole, tested in rat aorta with or without endothelium, displayed comparable NO-independent vasorelaxant activity at antiplatelet concentrations which have been proved to be free from cytotoxic effects in vitro. In vivo, both F. vulgare essential oil and anethole orally administered in a subacute treatment to mice (30 mg kg(-1)day(-1) for 5 days) showed significant antithrombotic activity preventing the paralysis induced by collagen-epinephrine intravenous injection (70% and 83% protection, respectively). At the antithrombotic dosage they were free from prohemorrhagic side effect at variance with acetylsalicylic acid used as reference drug. Furthermore, both F. vulgare essential oil and anethole (100 mg kg(-1) oral administration) provided significant protection toward ethanol induced gastric lesions in rats. In conclusion, these results demonstrate for F. vulgare essential oil, and its main component anethole, a safe antithrombotic activity that seems due to their broad spectrum antiplatelet activity, clot destabilizing effect and vasorelaxant action.     

培高利特对帕金森病大鼠保护作用的实验研究

目的　探讨多巴胺受体激动剂培高利特 (pergolide)对帕金森病 (PD)模型大鼠的抗氧化作用及其机制。方法　Wistar大鼠随机分为 4组 (对照组和 3个实验组 ) ,实验组预先于腹腔内分别注射培高利特 (1 0mg·kg-1)、选择性D2 受体拮抗剂氨黄酰基苯甲酰胺化合物 (Sulpiride ,2 5mg·kg-1)及培高利特 +Sulpiride。各组预处理均 1次 /天 ,连续 7d后 ,每组大鼠各取 6只分离纹状体 ,测定抗氧化物SOD及GSH活性。各组所剩大鼠则通过立体定位注射 6 羟基多巴胺 (6 OHDA)制作PD模型 ,两周后比较各组阿朴吗啡诱导的旋转行为 ,并取损伤侧纹状体测定多巴胺 (DA)及其代谢产物多巴克 (DOPAC)、高香草酸 (HVA)的含量。结果　大鼠预先连续注射培高利特 7天 ,可明显增强纹状体SOD及GSH的活性 (P <0 0 5 ) ,并对抗 6 OHDA损伤后纹状体DA及其代谢产物含量的下降 (P <0 0 1) ,降低阿朴吗啡诱导的旋转行为 (P <0 0 5 )。而同时应用Sulpiride可抑制培高利特的促纹状体抗氧化作用 ,并消除其对DA能神经元的保护效应。结论　培高利特可通过增加纹状体抗氧化能力 ,对纹状体DA能神经元提供保护作用 ,其机制可能主要与刺激DAD2 受体有关。     

Protective effect of mitochondrial KATP activation in an isolated gracilis model of ischemia and reperfusion in dogs

Adenosine triphosphate-sensitive potassium channel (KATP) openers protect ischemic myocardium by direct protection of cardiac myocytes, which is thought to be a result of activation of mitochondrial KATP (mKATP). KATP is expressed in skeletal muscle, and the purpose of this study was to determine the effect of the mKATP opener BMS-191095 on infarct size in an isolated gracilis model of ischemia and reperfusion in dogs. The right and left gracilis muscles were isolated in anesthetized dogs except for the artery and vein supplying these muscles (pedicle). BMS-191095 (0.4 mg) or vehicle were infused directly into the artery supplying each gracilis muscle (each animal had one drug-treated and one vehicle-treated muscle). The pedicle was completely occluded for 5 hours followed by 48 hours of reperfusion, after which infarct size was determined. In the vehicle-treated gracilis muscles, significant necrosis was observed (82% +/- 3% of gracilis muscle). BMS-191095 significantly reduced the infarct size in the contralateral gracilis muscle (55% +/- 6%). Reflow into the gracilis muscle was significantly greater in BMS-191095-treated muscles. BMS-191095 appears to reduce damage in ischemic/reperfused skeletal muscle, suggesting that mKATP activation is an important protective mechanism in this tissue.     

胶体枸橼酸铋钾预防阿司匹林所致大鼠胃粘膜损伤的研究

目的：研究枸橼酸铋钾对阿司匹林所致大鼠胃粘膜损伤的预防保护作用及其机制。方法：采用阿司匹林腹腔注射造成Wistar大鼠急性胃粘膜损伤模型。实验动物分为空白对照组、单纯损伤组、枸橼酸铋钾保护组和米索前列醇保护组。保护组分别用枸橼酸铋钾和米索前列醇灌胃，其后用阿司匹林行腹腔注射，然后分别测定各组的胃粘膜溃疡指数、胃粘膜血流、胃粘膜氨基己糖含量等指标，并观察大体及显微镜下组织学变化，以评价胃粘膜损伤程度及药物的预防保护效果。结果：枸椽酸铋钾保护组与纯损伤组比较，胃粘膜损伤指数明显下降（P＜0．01），胃粘膜血流增加（P＜0．01），胃粘膜氨基己糖含量增加（P＜0．01）。且与米索前列醇保护组相比胃粘膜溃疡指数、粘膜血流、氨基己糖含量无明显差异。结论：枸橼酸铋钾对阿司匹林所致的大鼠急性胃粘膜损伤有明显预防保护作用，其保护作用与米索前列醇相当；作用机制与增加胃粘膜血流，增加粘液的分泌有关。     

Protective effect of beta-glucan against oxidative organ injury in a rat model of sepsis

Sepsis leads to various organ damage and dysfunction. One of the underlying mechanisms is thought to be the oxidative damage due to the generation of free radicals. In this study, we investigated the putative protective role of beta-glucan against sepsis-induced oxidative organ damage. Sepsis was induced by caecal ligation and puncture (CLP) in Wistar albino rats. Sham operated (control) and sepsis groups received saline or beta-glucan (50 mg/kg, po) once daily for 10 days and 30 min prior to and 6 h after the CLP. Sixteen hours after the surgery, rats were decapitated and the biochemical changes were determined in the brain, diaphragm, kidney, heart, liver and lung tissues using malondialdehyde (MDA) content - an index of lipid peroxidation - glutathione (GSH) levels - a key antioxidant - and myeloperoxidase (MPO) activity - an index of neutrophil infiltration. Serum TNF-alpha levels were assessed by RIA method. Tissues were also examined under light microscope to evaluate the degree of sepsis-induced damage. The results demonstrate that sepsis significantly decreased GSH levels and increased the MDA levels and MPO activity (p<0.05-p<0.001) causing oxidative damage. Elevated plasma TNF-alpha levels in septic rats significantly reduced to control levels in beta-glucan treated rats. Since beta-glucan administration reversed these oxidant responses, it seems likely that beta-glucan protects against sepsis-induced oxidative organ injury.     

Protective effect of adenosine receptor agonists in a model of spinal cord injury in rats

Possibilities of the neuroprotector therapy using adenosine and cyclopentyladenosine (CPA), an adenosine receptor agonist, were studied on a model of spinal cord injury by compression in rats (most closely reproducing the analogous clinical pathological process in humans). The model was induced by slow, graded compression of the spinal cord at the thoracic level. Adenosine and CPA were introduced 60 min before injury by subcutaneous injections in a dose of 300 and 2.5 micrograms/kg, respectively. The protective effect was judged by comparing the neurological, electromyographic, and histopathological changes in animals with the model injury and in the control group (adenosine and CPA background). The A1-agonist CPA injections produced a pronounced, statistically significant neuroprotector effect on the given spinal cord injury model in rats. The neuroprotective effect of adenosine was significant but not as strong. It is concluded that it is expedient to use A-agonists in clinics.     

Protective effect of A-agonists in a minimum invasive model of spinal cord ischemia in rats

The neuroprotective properties of N6-cyclohexyladenosine (CHA) and N6-cyclopentyladenosine (CPA), adenosine receptor agonists (A-agonists), were studied on a model of spinal cord ischemia (SCI) in rats (most closely reproducing the analogous clinical pathological process in humans). The SCI model was induced by intravasal occlusion of the abdominal aorta and its branches. CHA and CPA were introduced by intracerebroventricular injections in a dose of 25 micrograms/kg, 60 min before SCI induction. The protective effect was judged by comparing the patterns of neurological and histopathological disturbances in the untreated control (ischemia) and on the CHA or CPA background. The A-agonist CPA produced a pronounced, statistically reliable neuroprotector effect on the minimum invasive SCI model studied. CHA is also a statistically reliable but less effective neuroprotector. The A-agonists may have good prospects in clinics.     

Triple-component nanocomposite films prepared using a casting method: Its potential in drug delivery

The purpose of this study was to fabricate a triple-component nanocomposite system consisting of chitosan, polyethylene glycol (PEG), and drug for assessing the application of chitosan–PEG nanocomposites in drug delivery and also to assess the effect of different molecular weights of PEG on nanocomposite characteristics. The casting/solvent evaporation method was used to prepare chitosan–PEG nanocomposite films incorporating piroxicam-β-cyclodextrin. In order to characterize the morphology and structure of nanocomposites, X-ray diffraction technique, scanning electron microscopy, thermogravimetric analysis, and Fourier transmission infrared spectroscopy were used. Drug content uniformity test, swelling studies, water content, erosion studies, dissolution studies, and anti-inflammatory activity were also performed. The permeation studies across rat skin were also performed on nanocomposite films using Franz diffusion cell. The release behavior of films was found to be sensitive to pH and ionic strength of release medium. The maximum swelling ratio and water content was found in HCl buffer pH 1.2 as compared to acetate buffer of pH 4.5 and phosphate buffer pH 7.4. The release rate constants obtained from kinetic modeling and flux values of ex vivo permeation studies showed that release of piroxicam-β-cyclodextrin increased with an increase in concentration of PEG. The formulation F10 containing 75% concentration of PEG showed the highest swelling ratio (3.42 ± 0.02) in HCl buffer pH 1.2, water content (47.89 ± 1.53%) in HCl buffer pH 1.2, maximum cumulative drug permeation through rat skin (2405.15 ± 10.97 μg/cm²) in phosphate buffer pH 7.4, and in vitro drug release (35.51 ± 0.26%) in sequential pH change mediums, and showed a significantly (p < 0.0001) higher anti-inflammatory effect (0.4 cm). It can be concluded from the results that film composition had a particular impact on drug release properties. The different molecular weights of PEG have a strong influence on swelling, drug release, and permeation rate. The developed films can act as successful drug delivery approach for localized drug delivery through the skin.