关于对化学药品、生物制品通用名命名相关要求的通知

各有关单位： 为进一步加强和规范化学药品、生物制品通用名命名工作,鉴于药品注册审批通过之前仍有相当一部分品种不能通过审批或其申报资料不予认可的实际情况,为进一步保障药品命名的科学准确严谨,经我委研究决定,自即日起,化学药品、生物制品通用名命名申请原则上应在完成药品注册要求的临床试验后提交,在提交化学药品、生物制品通用名命名申请时,需同时提交完成临床试验的相关说明,以便科学准确命名。     

对胰岛素生物制品临床应用的思考

胰岛素制剂是糖尿病治疗中的重要降糖药物,随着部分原研胰岛素制剂专利到期,非原研胰岛素制剂陆续上市。目前,我国上市的非原研胰岛素制剂大多是按照 2007 年《药品注册管理办法》生物制品注册分类中“已有国家药品标准的生物制品”进行申报,一般要求进行Ⅲ期临床试验,并未达到 2015 年《生物类似药研发与评价技术指导原则 ( 试 行 )》中规定的生物类似药的申报条件,故其疗效和安全性评价要求均与原研胰岛素制剂存在差距。本文将从胰岛素生 物制品相关法规及临床使用等角度,探讨原研生物药、生物类似药、已有国家药品标准的生物制品之间的差异,以期为临床药物管理及应用提供一定启示。     

国家食品药品监督管理总局发布《2013年度食品药品监管统计年报》

2014年12月23日,国家食品药品监督管理总局通过官网发布《2013年度食品药品监管统计年报》。截至2013年底,全国共有原料药和制剂生产企业4875家。2013年全年批准新药临床148件,新药证书4件,批准文号66件,新药证书及批准文号45件（其中：按照《药品注册管理办法》中规定,中药、天然药物注册分类中的1至5类批准生产0个品种,批准临床0个品种;化学药品注册分类中的1.1至1.5类批准生产2个品种,批准临床82个品种;生物制品注册分类中的1类批准生产1个品种,批准临床4个品种）。2013年全年批准按新药申请程序申报的临床申请120件,新药证书0件,生产6件,新药证书及生产32件;批准仿制药临床申请92件,生产申请176件;批准进口药品临床申请251件,批准上市申请17件;批准药品补充申请2055件,备案530件。全国各省局共批准药品补充申请5385件,备案20153件。     

2002-2004年上海市药品申报注册情况分析与评价

目的:总结上海市药品申报注册情况,为本市新药的研发提供依据。方法:对2002—2004年上海市药品申报注册的数据进行统计分析和评价,并与全国的情况作了比较。结果:上海市新药申报数量比较稳定,质量较高,但新药本地产业化比例不高;仿制药品逐年增加。结论:应进一步加强创新药物的研发力度,提高本市新药的申报数量和本地产业化率。     

中药、天然药物新药注册程序与要求说明

在《药品注册管理办法》(以下简称《办法》)中,中药、天然药物的注册分为9类,其中第1～8类为新药注册,第9类为已有国家标准药品的注册。此文笔者将针对中药、天然药物新药注册形式审查阶段中发现的问题,对该类药品注册程序及形式审查阶段对申报资料的要求作一归纳说明。注册程序说明目前国家对新药实施省级药品监督管理部门初审、国家食品药品监督管理局终审的两级审核,分临床试验和新药证书/生产两个注册审批阶段。申请人向所在省、自治区、直辖市的食品药品监督管理局(以下简称省局)提出申请,省局对申报资料进行形式审查,符合要求的予以受…     

关于生物仿制药药学研究问题的思考

由于生物制品的复杂性,化学仿制药物的研究方法并不完全适用于生物仿制药物。本文将就国内外对于生物仿制药注册申请的相关技术要求进行简要回顾,并从药品评价角度提出一些对于生物仿制药药学研究问题的个人观点和看法。     

药品注册申报人员在药物研究机构中的作用

简要阐述药品注册申报人员在药物研究机构中的作用。并强调应加强对药品注册申报人员的队伍建设,建立药品注册申报人员备案制度,加强培训,建立诚信管理制度。     

生物制品质量标准研讨会在京举办

为进一步加强生物制品质量控制,进一步提高我国生物制品质量标准,加强药品管理部门与生产企业间的沟通,促进国际间生物制品质量标准的交流,国家食品药品监督管理局药品注册司与国家药典委员会于2010年1月11～12日在京联合举办了“生物制品质量标准研讨会”。国家药典会王平副秘书长、国家局药品注册司生物制品处尹红章处长、国合司国际处刘艾处长、中检所王军志副所长,世界卫生组织驻华代表处董捷、第九届药典委生物制品相关专业委员会赵铠、俞永新院士及有关委员、中检所有关专家、承担生物制品批签发的地方药监局、药检所,以及国内外110多家生物制品相关生产企业的280多名代表出席了本次研讨会。     

2014至2016年安徽省药品注册现状分析

目的：总结安徽省2014至2016年药品注册情况,为本省的药品研发、申报、审批提供参考。方法：通过梳理药品企业在2014至2106年新药、仿制药、补充申请和再注册申请的情况,对安徽省药品注册申请进行统计分析与评价。结果：近3年,安徽省药品注册申请数量主要集中在药品再注册和补充申请。新药申请中,97%的药品申报临床试验,化学药品占新药申请的90%。仿制药申报品种均为化学药品。结论：安徽省药品注册申报类别分布合理,在生物制品的新药研发上取得进步,中药研发方面有待加强。     

EMEA临床试验用生物技术药物病毒安全性评价指导原则

2009年2月1日,欧盟颁布了＂临床试验用生物技术药物病毒安全性评价指导原则（Guideline on virus safetyevaluation of biotechnogical investigational medicinal products）＂,为临床试验用生物制品病毒安全性提供科学性指导,该指导原则包括以下内容：1）临床前及临床试验阶段所应完成病毒安全性评价的标准及其范围。2）可作为参考内容用于病毒安全性评价的内部经验的范围。3）安全性评价中应纳入的风险评估。本指导原则为人用生物制品申报临床时应提交的病毒安全性研究数据及资料提供建议。提供了一种经协约认可的IMPs病毒安全性评价方法,同时适用于整个欧盟范围内的药品制造商和监管部门。     

Quantitative in vivo and in vitro sex differences in artemisinin metabolism in rat

1. The pharmacokinetics of the antimalarial compound artemisinin were compared in the male and female Sprague-Dawley rat after single dose i.v. (20 mg.kg) or i.p. (50 mg.kg) administration of an emulsion formulation. 2. Plasma clearance of artemisinin was 12.0 (95% confidence interval: 10.4, 13.0) l.h. kg in the male rat and 10.6 (95% CI: 7.5, 15.0) l.h. kg in the female rat suggesting high hepatic extraction in combination with erythrocyte uptake or clearance. Artemisinin half-life was 0.5 h after both routes of administration in both sexes. Values for plasma clearance and half-lives did not statistically differ between the sexes. 3. After i.p. administration artemisinin AUCs were 2-fold higher in the female compared with male rat (p 0.001). Artemisinin disappearance was 3.9-fold greater in microsomes from male compared with female livers and it was inhibited in male microsomes by goat or rabbit serum containing antibodies against CYP2C11 and CYP3A2 but not CYP2B1 or CYP2E1. 4. The unbound fraction of artemisinin in plasma was lower (p 0.001) in plasma obtained from the male (8.8 2.0%) compared with the female rat (11.7 2.2%). 5. The possibility of a marked sex difference, dependent on the route of administration, has to be taken into account in the design and interpretation of toxicological studies of artemisinin in this species.     

Quantitative in vivo and in vitro sex differences in artemisinin metabolism in rat

1. The pharmacokinetics of the antimalarial compound artemisinin were compared in the male and female Sprague-Dawley rat after single dose i.v. (20 mg x kg(-1)) or i.p. (50 mg x kg(-1)) administration of an emulsion formulation. 2. Plasma clearance of artemisinin was 12.0 (95% confidence interval: 10.4, 13.0) 1 x h(-1) x kg(-1) in the male rat and 10.6 (95% CI: 7.5, 15.0) 1 x h(-1) x kg(-1) in the female rat suggesting high hepatic extraction in combination with erythrocyte uptake or clearance. Artemisinin half-life was approximately 0.5 h after both routes of administration in both sexes. Values for plasma clearance and half-lives did not statistically differ between the sexes. 3. After i.p. administration artemisinin AUCs were 2-fold higher in the female compared with male rat (p < 0.001). Artemisinin disappearance was 3.9-fold greater in microsomes from male compared with female livers and it was inhibited in male microsomes by goat or rabbit serum containing antibodies against CYP2C11 and CYP3A2 but not CYP2B1 or CYP2E1. 4. The unbound fraction of artemisinin in plasma was lower (p < 0.001) in plasma obtained from the male (8.8 +/- 2.0%) compared with the female rat (11.7 +/- 2.2%). 5. The possibility of a marked sex difference, dependent on the route of administration, has to be taken into account in the design and interpretation of toxicological studies of artemisinin in this species.     

Interindividual variability in metabolic activation in humans in vivo

In assessing interindividual variability in metabolic activation, the toxic metabolite is often too unstable for conventional analysis. Possible alternatives include a stable product of the reactive metabolite e.g. cysteinyl derivatives of N-acetyl-4-benzoquinoneimine, the toxic metabolite of paracetamol, adducts with DNA or protein, and indirect measurement of the activity of the enzyme(s) producing the active metabolite. An example of the last approach is the use of furafylline, a highly specific inhibitor of human CYP1A2, to determine the extent of the metabolic activation of the cooked food mutagens PhIP and MeIQx. The extent of inhibition, determined from levels of unchanged amine in urine, is an indirect measure of the activity of the activation pathway. Further refinement of this approach, allied to improved measures of the biological process of interest should prove of value in evaluating interindividual variability and its role in the risk assessment process.     

Theophylline kinetics in peripheral tissues in vivo in humans

Several biochemical and cellular effects have been described for methylxanthines under in vitro conditions. However, it is unknown, whether threshold concentrations required to exert these effects are attained in target tissues in vivo. We therefore employed the microdialysis technique for measuring theophylline concentrations in peripheral tissues under in vivo conditions.Following in vitro and in vivo calibration, microdialysis probes were inserted into the medial vastus muscle and into the periumbilical subcutaneous adipose layer of healthy volunteers. Following single oral dose administration of 300 mg or i.v. infusion of 240 mg theophylline, in vivo time courses of theophylline concentrations were monitored in tissues and plasma. Major pharmacokinetic parameters (c_max, t_max, AUC) were calculated for plasma and tissue time courses. The mean AUC_tissue /AUC_plasma-ratio was 0.56 (p.o.) and 0.55 (i.v.) for muscle and 0.55 (p.o.) and 0.72 (i.v.) for subcutaneous adipose tissue.We conclude that microdialysis provides important information on the distribution and the tissue pharmacokinetics of theophylline.Abbreviations FPIA Fluorescence polarisation immuno assay - AUC Area under the curve - t_max Time to peak concentration - c_max Peak concentration     

休克时血中氧自由基的变化

本实验测定10名休克患者血浆和红细胞的丙二醛(MDA)、血浆总抗的氧化活性(AOA)的含量。结果表明:休克病人红细胞膜和血浆 MDA 含量(4.298±0.722;5.348±0.834)与对照组(3.235±0.682;4.356±1.081)比较明显增高(P<0.05);血浆 AOA(39.65±7.858)与对照组(48.21±10.81)比较明显降低(P<0.01)。提示:休克时,患者机体内自由基反应增强是引起组织细胞损伤的原因之一。     

Changes in angiopoietin expression in glomeruli involved in glomerulosclerosis in rats with daunorubicin-induced nephrosis

AIM: To study the potential pathological role of endogenous angiopoietins in daunorubicin-induced progressive glomerulosclerosis in rats. METHODS: Seventy male Wistar rats were allocated randomly into a daunorubicin group (DRB; n=40) or a control group (n=30). The rats in the DRB group were injected with DRB (15 mg/kg), in their tails. Subsequently, at intervals of 1, 2, 4, 6, 8, and 12 weeks, 5 male Wistar rats in each group were chosen randomly for 24 h urinary protein quantitative measurements (24 h UPQM), and determination of plasma tumor necrosis factor alpha (TNF-alpha), angiopoietin-1 (Ang1), and angiopoietin-2 (Ang2) levels. Kidney sections were examined by electron microscopy, Periodic Acid Schiff (PAS) staining, immunohistochemical staining and in situ hybridization histochemistry. RESULTS: As glomerulosclerosis progressed in the DRB group, expression of Ang1 mRNA and protein in glomeruli decreased and expression of TNF-alpha protein, Ang2 mRNA and protein in glomeruli increased. Expression of Ang1 mRNA and protein in glomeruli were negatively correlated with 24 h UPQM, Fn protein expression, and mean area of extracellular matrix (MAECM). In comparison, expression of Ang2 mRNA and protein in glomeruli were positively correlated with 24 h UPQM, Fn protein expression and MAECM; furthermore, there was a positive correlation between plasma Ang2 and 24 h UPQM. Plasma TNF-alpha and expression of TNF-alpha in glomeruli were positively correlated with expression of Ang2 mRNA and protein in glomeruli. There was a negative correlation between Ang1 protein expression and Ang2 protein expression in glomeruli. CONCLUSION: During DRB-induced glomerulosclerosis, podocyte injury led to a shift in the balance of Ang1 and Ang2 in glomeruli. Increased TNF-alpha in plasma and glomeruli may upregulate Ang2 expression in glomeruli. Elevated Ang2 in both plasma and glomeruli may mediate protein permeability through the glomerular filtration barrier. Moreover, local expression of Ang2 may facilitate the progress of glomerulosclerosis by upregulating a component expression of extracellular matrix.     

Trichinellosis in immigrants in Switzerland

We describe a case of trichinellosis diagnosed at the Division of Infectious Diseases, Hospital of Lugano, in January 2009. This case was associated with a cluster of cases and was traced to the consumption of contaminated meat after a wild boar hunt in Bosnia.