人工诱导亚胺培南耐药的医院铜绿假单胞菌耐药机制研究北大核心CSCD

目的探讨经亚胺培南(IMP)诱导产生耐药的铜绿假单胞菌(PA)的耐药表型及其耐药机制,旨在为临床有效治疗PA感染提供理论依据。方法收集2014年8月-2016年8月从临床送检标本中分离的抗菌药物全敏的PA株共计64株,以最终抗菌药物全敏的PA 62株临床分离株为实验菌株,分析比较各耐药相关表型在其中的作用,采用WHONET软件对数据进行统计分析。结果经人工诱导25代后获得的菌株都具有IMP耐药性;产MBL的IMP耐药PA(IRPA)47株,占75.8%;产ESBLs的IRPA 21株,占33.8%;产AmpC的IRPA 9株,占14.5%;主动外排系统表型阳性IRPA 3株,占4.8%。结论 PA产生IMP耐药性涉及MBL、ESBL、AmpC和主动外排系统激活等多种耐药机制,本组诱导耐药表型以MBL阳性为主。     

医院耐亚胺培南铜绿假单胞菌的耐药机制研究

目的研究医院铜绿假单胞菌(PAE)耐药情况及对亚胺培南的耐药机制分布。方法对医院临床分离的150株非重复铜绿假单胞菌对亚胺培南(IMP)等14种常用抗菌药物的最低抑菌浓度(MIC)进行检测;进一步对耐亚胺培南铜绿假单胞菌(IRPA)64株作为受试株,进行耐药机制表型初筛试验及基因检测。结果 IRPA共64株,占42.6%,其中9株为产金属β-内酰胺酶(MBL)阳性,占试验菌株的14.06%,4株携带VIM基因和3株携带IMP基因,其他为阴性结果;17株主动外排表型筛选阳性,5株同时检测出oprM、mexB基因、有9株仅扩增出oprM基因而没有mexB基因、有3株未扩增出外排基因;oprD2基因缺失共11株,占17.19%。结论调查结果显示,铜绿假单胞菌对亚胺培南的耐药机制主要有金属酶的产生;主动外排的过度表达;孔道蛋白OprD2的缺失。     

泛耐药铜绿假单胞菌体外耐药模型构建及耐药机制的研究

目的 通过多种抗菌药物体外诱导构建泛耐药铜绿假单胞菌(PDRPA)体外模型,检测其相关的耐药机制;探讨联合抗菌药物体外诱导对铜绿假单胞菌( PAE)耐药性的影响.方法 采用梯度浓度琼脂平皿传代诱导法,将4株细菌接种于梯度浓度的药物平皿,直至对该药产生耐药,诱导前后测定细菌的敏感性,采用E-test法对诱导前的敏感株、诱导的泛耐药株以及临床分离的泛耐药菌株进行MBL检测；采用Real-time PCR技术,对诱导前的4株敏感PAE和诱导后的4株PDRPA以及4株临床分离的PDRPA进行主动外排系统的检测,包括:MexAB-OprM、MexCD-OprJ、MexEF-OprN、MexXY-OprM.结果 经诱导后4株敏感PAE对抗菌药物的敏感性下降,MIC明显升高,按照CLSI耐药折点4株菌株全部转变为泛耐药菌株,4株临床分离的敏感PAE株诱导前后MBL检测均为阴性;临床分离的4株PDRPA株MBL检测有2株为阳性,诱导前的4株敏感PAE,4个外排系统均无高表达；相对于诱导前,经过诱导成为泛耐药菌株之后,4株耐药诱导株均存在MexA-OprM外排系统高表达,有1株存在MexCD-OprJ和1株MexEF-OprN高表达,全部菌株均无MexXY-OprM高表达；在临床分离的PDRPA中,有1株所有4个主动外排系统均高表达,有1株只有MexAB-OprM高表达,另外3个外排系统无高表达,另外2株4个外排系统均无高表达.结论 在体外抗菌药物的压力下,敏感的PAE可以经诱导变为PDRPA,耐药性稳定；体外诱导的PDRPA非产金属β-内酰胺酶,其耐药性的产生可能与主动外排泵有关,尤其是mexAB-OprM.     

临床分离耐亚胺培南革兰阴性菌的耐药性研究

目的研究临床分离耐亚胺培南(IMP)革兰阴性菌的耐药性。方法琼脂稀释法测定最低抑菌浓度(MIC),应用泵抑制剂检测外排泵,鉴定β-内酰胺酶(Bla)表型和测定等电点(pI),PCR扩增检测耐药基因。结果 121株IMP耐药革兰阴性菌对常用抗菌药物耐药率为56.5%～100.0%,102株产6种、3种和4种不同pI的超广谱β-内酰胺酶(ESBLs)、头孢菌素酶(AmpC)和金属β-内酰胺酶(MBL),92株PCR扩增检出blaTEM、blaSHV、blaCTX-M、blaKPC、blaPER、blaOXA-23、blaDHA、blaampC、blaMIR、blaIMP、blaVIM等基因,75株外排泵阳性,98株菌膜蛋白基因缺失,108株存在≥2种耐药机制。结论临床耐IMP革兰阴性菌存在多药耐药性和多种耐药机制,应注意检测和监控。     

多重耐药革兰阴性杆菌产β-内酰胺酶的表型及基因型研究

目的 了解革兰阴性杆菌产β-内酰胺酶表型及基因分型,并分析其耐药特性。方法以纸片扩散初筛法、扩散确证法、头孢西丁三维试验、MBL的协同试验了解β-内酰胺酶的表型,用PCR技术进行扩增并进行DNA测序;药敏试验采用K-B法,分析其耐药特性。结果 多重耐药革兰阴性杆菌β-内酰胺酶的表型总检出率为26.49%,主要由产超广谱β-内酰胺酶（ESBLs）引起,占16.56%;其次为ESBLs＋头霉素酶（AmpC）引起,占6.62%;ESBLs＋AmpC＋金属酶（MOL）引起,占1.66%,单独由AmpC引起的仅占0.66%,有3株未能定型0.99%;β-内酰胺酶的基因型总检出率为24.83%,单产ESBLs的多重耐药革兰阴性杆菌株占17.55%,同时产ESBLs与AmpC的菌株占6.95%,产ESBLs、MBL与AmpC的菌株占0.33%,单产AmpC的菌株占0.33%;多重耐药革兰阴性杆菌对临床常用抗菌药物的总体耐药率最低为阿米卡星（18.75%）、最高为氨苄西林（97.50%）,大部分细菌呈多重耐药性。结论 多重耐药革兰阴性杆菌携带多种β-内酰胺酶,具有多重耐药性。     

耐亚胺培南铜绿假单胞菌的耐药机制研究

目的分析医院耐亚胺培南铜绿假单胞菌(IRPA)的耐药机制以指导临床用药,为临床资料提供参考依据。方法将2011年6月-2012年12医院临床分离的IRPA 106株,采用琼脂稀释法检测其MIC,用纸片法进行金属酶表型筛选;用PCR方法检测IRPA的金属酶基因、外排基因oprM以及外膜通道蛋白基因。结果 106株IRPA中检出20株产金属β-内酰胺酶(MBL),均为VIM-2基因;检出9株携带主动外排基因oprM;检出外膜通道蛋白基因oprD2缺失99株,缺失率为93.4%。结论医院铜绿假单胞菌对亚胺培南的耐药机制主要为外膜通道蛋白基因oprD2的缺失、金属酶的产生以及主动外排机制的表达。     

鲍氏不动杆菌的临床分布及产酶耐药表型研究

目的 探讨鲍氏不动杆菌(ABA)在临床各病区的分布及耐药表型的流行特点,指导临床合理使用抗菌药物.方法 对临床标本进行分离鉴定,采用K-B法对常规药物进行耐药检测,用CLSI推荐的双纸片扩散法检测ESBLs酶、协同法检测金属酶,三维法检测AmpC酶.结果 103株ABA对临床常规药物有不同程度耐药,对一～三代头孢菌素高度耐药,达54.3％～100.0％,其次是环丙沙星、头孢吡肟分别是49.5％、30.1％,对头孢哌酮/舒巴坦、亚胺培南、多黏菌素B、利福平耐药率最低;103株ABA中产酶菌株62株,占60.2％,产酶菌株中,单产ESBLs酶13株,占20.9％,单产AmpC酶34株,占51.6％,产SSBL酶14株,占24.2％,产MBL酶3株,占4.84％.结论 该研究ABA呈现多药耐药性,产酶菌株主要是AmpC酶、ESBLs酶为主,产酶菌株与非产酶菌株在头孢哌酮/舒巴坦、头孢吡肟敏感性有明显差异.     

产AmpC肺炎克雷伯菌质粒介导的多药耐药性与基因型研究

目的探讨产AmpC肺炎克雷伯菌耐药质粒介导的多药耐药性、耐药基因类型及转移方式。方法应用VITEK-2型全自动细菌鉴定仪鉴定细菌,头孢西丁纸片扩散法筛选出疑产AmpC酶阳性菌株,采用接合转移试验了解肺炎克雷伯菌耐药基因转移方式,通过K-B法检测受体菌的多药耐药性,并通过酶粗提物头孢西丁三维试验和PCR测序等试验分析其耐药基因。结果 820株临床分离的肺炎克雷伯菌筛选出疑产AmpC酶阳性菌株108株,阳性率为13.17%;108株疑产AmpC菌经接合试验、AmpC酶表型确认试验获53株产AmpC接合子;经基因测序单纯AmpC酶基因阳性菌株34株,阳性率64.15%;同时携带ESBLs和AmpC基因菌株检出19株,阳性率35.85%;其均能通过接合转移方式将其质粒携带的耐药性传递至受体菌。结论质粒介导AmpC酶是肺炎克雷伯菌产生多药耐药的重要原因,产酶株对多种抗菌药物耐药,耐药基因质粒的转移可导致耐药性的传播扩散。     

铜绿假单胞菌对碳青霉烯类抗生素耐药性

目的 探讨铜绿假单胞菌对碳青霉烯类抗生素的耐药性和耐药机制。方法 选取温州医学院附属第一医院162株铜绿假单胞菌临床分离株,采用琼脂稀释法检测抗生素亚胺培南和美罗培南对铜绿假单胞菌的最低抑菌浓度(MIC);PCR扩增分离株外膜蛋白基因OprD₂和碳青霉烯酶基因VIM、IMP、SPM、KPC,对阳性产物测序确定基因亚型;羰基氰氯苯腙(CCCP)协同抑制试验检测膜外排机制。结果 162株分离菌株中,亚胺培南和美罗培南的耐药率分别为37.0%和30.9%;60株耐亚胺培南和/或美罗培南菌株(简称耐药株)中,50株对2种抗生素均耐药,另10株仅对亚胺培南耐药;耐药株中有18株OprD₂基因缺失,102株不耐亚胺培南或美罗培南菌株(简称敏感株)中有20株OprD₂基因缺失;耐药株中检出13株碳青霉烯酶阳性,其中5株产VIM型,8株产IMP型,敏感株中未检出VIM、IMP基因,所有菌株中未检出SPM-1、KPC基因;耐药株有48.3%外排泵表型试验阳性,以亚胺培南和美罗培南作为底物的分别有19株和24株,敏感株有10.8%外排试验阳性。结论 铜绿假单胞菌对碳青霉烯类抗生素耐药严重,与外膜蛋白OprD₂缺失、产碳青霉烯酶和主动外排共同作用有关。     

铜绿假单胞菌质粒介导的AmpCβ-内酰胺酶耐药性的分子生物学研究

目的研究铜绿假单胞菌（PAE）质粒介导的AmpCβ-内酰胺酶的耐药性，检测AmpC酶并鉴定其基因表型，为临床抗菌药物的合理使用提供实验室依据。方法收集108株临床分离鉴定的PAE，采用K—B药敏纸片法和头孢西丁三维试验方法检测产AmpC酶阳性菌株，对AmpC酶阳性菌株采用SDS碱裂解法抽提质粒，以纯化的质粒DNA为模板，应用PCR技术扩增AmpC酶基因产物，对PCR产物测序并对测序结果进行同源性比较，鉴定AmpC酶基因类型。结果在临床分离的108株PAE中，产AmpC酶28株，产AmpC酶株对多种抗菌药物耐药，新发现1株产质粒介导的CMY-7型AmpC酶铜绿假单胞菌株。结论PAE对多种抗菌药物耐药、存在产质粒介导AmpC酶；产AmpC酶是PAE对多种抗菌药物产生耐药的重要机制；通过序列比较，国内首次在PAE中发现1株产质粒介导的CMY-7型AmpC酶菌株。     

Trends in meningococcal disease in Italy in 1988

Meningococcal disease in Italy decreased 15% in 1988 from the previous year (290 vs. 342 cases). The decline was particularly evident in military cases (1.7/100,000 in 1988 vs. 5/100,000 in 1987) reflecting the full coverage of bivalent serogroup (A + C) meningococcal polysaccaride vaccine in army recruits, achieved since January 1988. The highest proportion of cases was seen in people older than 25 years of age (25%). Serogroup C constituted 60% of the isolates, while 19% belonged to serogroup B. The proportion of strains resistant to sulphonamides was 45%, while 15% were resistant to Minocycline and none to Rifampin. Out of the five military cases, only one (due to serogroup C) was attributable to the vaccine failure. A single coprimary case, but no secondary cases occurred among civilians. These findings are consistent with the trends reported in Italy in the previous years.     

Benzene in blood and phenol in urine in monitoring benzene exposure in industry

Determinations of benzene concentration in blood and of phenol in urine were made by head-space gas chromatography techniques on samples taken near the end of the work day from two groups of workers potentially exposed to low levels of benzene in the work-place atmosphere. Preliminary results suggest that benzene in blood is more reliable than phenol tests for assessing both exposure and uptake of benzene. Normal values of phenol in urine (10 mg/liter or less) were found in nearly all those cases in which benzene was detected in the blood.     

Changes in immune function in asthma in the elderly

Asthma is an inflammatory disorder of the airway. The airway inflammation of asthma is typically an allergic inflammation characterized by cells and mediators described as a "Th2" inflammatory response. There is a growing body of evidence describing changes in the function of immune cells upon aging, a phenomenon referred to as "immunosenescence". Several studies utilizing animal models and human subjects with asthma have begun to explore age-related effects on the airway inflammation in asthma. This review explores the existing data on the presence and effects of immunosenescence or age-related changes in immune function in asthma.     

Changes in Fatty Acid Composition in Beef in Italy

Results from a study conducted in Italy concerning the updating of composition data of beef consumed in Italy are reported here. The study required a very wide sampling plan with regard to both animals and cuts to analyse. Data related to lipid composition of the most widely used type of beef consumed in Italy (young bull, 16–22 months old) show a reduction in total lipid content (which, according to the cuts, ranges between 1.8 and 10.2%) and a substantial change in fatty acid composition, with a high % of polyunsaturated fatty acids (mean 20% of total fatty acids). Such data have been confirmed by other studies conducted in Italy, and are in contrast with data reported in the tables of food composition from other countries, reporting a fatty acid composition characterized by a high fatty acid saturation degree. The occurrence of long-chain polyunsaturated fatty acid is probably due to the high ratio of phospholipids: triglycerides, occurring when the content in intramuscular lipid is very low; to the young age of animals; to the reduced activity of the rumen, where saturation of fatty acids occurs. It may be concluded that a fatty acid composition, which is particularly rich in polyunsaturated fatty acids, seems typical for Italian products.     

2015年郑州市饮用水放射性水平状况调查

目的了解郑州市不同地区、不同季节、不同水源类型的放射性水平。方法分别于丰水期和枯水期采集郑州市区黄河水源水、井水源水、丹江口水源水、出厂水和末梢水各一份;以县为单位,每单位采集出厂水、末梢水、水库水、河水、井水各1份,按《生活饮用水生活标准检验方法》(GB/T 5750.13-2006)检测饮用水中总α和总β放射性水平,依据《生活饮用水卫生标准》(GB 5749-2006)进行判定。结果丰水期、枯水期水体总α、总β放射性水平均低于国家标准限值。结论郑州市不同水源类型均处于正常的天然放射性本底水平。     

Occupational stress in nurses in psychiatric institutions in Taiwan

Nurses are known to be exposed to occupational stress. However, occupational stress is not well documented for nurses in psychiatric institutions in Taiwan. A cross-sectional study was conducted to explore the work-related stress and risk factors of nurses in psychiatric institutions in Taiwan. A structured questionnaire was distributed to nurses at five state-owned psychiatric hospitals in Taiwan in 2001. Demographic information, working environment, and personal health status were inquired. Occupational stress was assessed based on the Chinese version of Job Content Questionnaire (JCQ). General health status and mental health were evaluated by the International Quality of Life Assessment Short Form-36 (IQOLA SF-36). A total of 573 questionnaires were disseminated to nurses and 518 (90.4%) were satisfactorily completed by nurses, including 408 female full-time nurses who had been in their current work for more than 6 months. In the past one month, 17.2% of nurses reported being under significant stress often or always. Assault episodes were reported by 45.1% of nurses in the past 6 months. Among the nurses, 16.9%, 25.2%, 50.0%, and 7.8% belong to the "High strain", "Low strain", "Active", and "Passive" groups, respectively. Perceived occupational stress was associated with young age, widowed/divorced/separated marital status, high psychological demand, low workplace support, and threat of assault at work. Lower general health score was associated with low job control, high psychological demand, and perceived occupational stress. A lower mental health score was associated with low job control, high psychological demand, low workplace support, and perceived occupational stress. We concluded that nurses in psychiatric institutions are under significant stress related to work factors.     

Changes in nursing administration in supporting transplantation in Brazil

This historical and bibliographic study aimed to understand how Nursing was organized to support care in transplantation. The HISA, LILACS, BDENF, PERIENF and DEDALUS databases were consulted, and thirteen references were found, ten of which were scientific articles, two were master's dissertations and one was a doctoral thesis. The span of time chosen for study ranges from the date of the first kidney transplant in Brazil (1965), to the date of publication of the last scientific article found in the databases mentioned above (2003). After reading these articles, the ones that were similar in topic were grouped together, thus creating the thematic axis for the presentation of the results. The results showed that the Nursing profession has played an important and active role in transplants ever since the first procedure in 1965.