北海涠洲岛放射性水平现状调查与评估

目的 对北海涠洲岛地区开展放射性水平调查,全面掌握该地区辐射环境现状,了解天然放射性水平及其分布规律,为科学评价辐射环境质量提供基础资料。方法 依据有关标准与技术规范,于2020年4月—2021年3月对涠洲岛地区开展γ辐射空气吸收剂量率监测和水体、土壤等环境样品中放射性核素浓度采样分析,并结合地域特征对监测结果进行分析探讨。结果 涠洲岛地表γ辐射空气吸收剂量率水平范围为0.2～122 nGy/h;土壤样中²³⁸U、²²⁶Ra、²³²Th、⁴⁰K、¹³⁷Cs活度浓度范围分别为17.0～37.3 Bq/kg、< 0.501～29.5 Bq/kg、< 0.766～54.3 Bq/kg、18.7～369 Bq/kg、< 0.212～1.48 Bq/kg;井水、水库水中U、Th浓度范围为0.065～0.25 μg/L、0.046～0.079 μg/L,²²⁶Ra、⁴⁰K、总α、总β活度浓度范围分别为1.42～3.08 mBq/L、0.069～0.231 Bq/L、0.025～0.163 Bq/L、0.082～0.572 Bq/L;海水中U、Th浓度范围为1.81～2.25 μg/L、0.634～0.648 μg/L,²²⁶Ra、⁴⁰K、⁹⁰Sr、¹³⁷Cs活度浓度范围分别为9.38～19.7 mBq/L、11.3～11.7 Bq/L、0.193～0.866 mBq/L、1.13～1.42 mBq/L。结论 北海涠洲岛地区环境电离辐射水平位于本底涨落范围内,且处于相对较低水平,表明涠洲岛及周围辐射环境质量良好。     

昆明辐照中心周围环境放射性水平调查

目的 调查昆明三家辐照中心环境放射性水平情况。方法 采用FD-3013A辐射仪和FJ-427A1型热释光剂量仪分别测量辐照中心环境中γ辐射剂量率和辐射工作人员个人剂量;采用γ能谱仪和低本底α、β检测仪分别测量土壤中²³⁸U、²²⁶Ra、²³²Th、⁴⁰K、¹³⁷Cs、⁶⁰Co活度和水体中总α、总β活度。结果 三家辐照中心土壤中天然放射性核素²³⁸U、²²⁶Ra、²³²Th、⁴⁰K的活度范围分别为8.223.6 Bq/kg、10.621.2 Bq/kg、15.129.7 Bq/kg、41.7103.4Bq/kg,未检测出人工放射性核素¹³⁷Cs和⁶⁰Co;贮源井水总β活度分别为0.003 Bq/L、0.002 Bq/L、0.01 Bq/L;三家辐照中心空气中γ辐射剂量率均值分别为0.09μGy/h、0.10μGy/h和0.07μGy/h;工作人员人均年有效剂量当量分别为0.19 mSv、0.16 mSv和0.16 mSv。结论 三家辐照中心辐射环境水平属于正常水平,没有放射性污染。Back     

澜沧江橄榄坝断面水体放射性水平

目的 了解云南省出境河流澜沧江水体放射性水平的情况,为开展云南省出境河流水环境辐射评价提供一定的依据。方法 依据国家相关的标准规定以及实验室资质认定的分析监测方法。结果 2008~2010年,橄榄坝断面水体中的U、Th、²²⁶Ra、⁴⁰K、总α和总β的监测结果分别为0.234~2.110 μg/L、0.046~0.360 μg/L、4.9~11.9mBq/L、16.8~89.5 mBq/L、0.023~0.106 Bq/L、0.080~0.1109 Bq/L。结论 橄榄坝断面水体中的U、Th、²²⁶Ra、⁴⁰K、总α和总β放射性水平属正常本底水平。     

云南楚雄鱼子甸铁矿放射性调查

目的 了解云南楚雄州鱼子甸铁矿放射性水平,为矿山开采进行放射性环境影响评价及辐射环境管理提供科学依据。方法 通过对环境γ辐射剂量率测量,矿山铁矿石、围岩及土壤放射性核素分析,地表水中放射性分析及环境空气氡浓度测量,给出矿山开采对放射性环境的影响分析。结果 鱼子甸铁矿采区环境γ辐射剂量率在76~237nGy/h之间;铁矿石、围岩及周边土壤主要天然放射性核素²³⁸U、²³²Th、²²⁶Ra、⁴⁰K测值范围分别在51.6~141.7 Bq/kg、36.1~98.3 Bq/kg、36.6~207.5 Bq/kg、33.6~1004.2 Bq/kg之间;矿区饮用水、地表水总α、总β均小于0.12 Bq/L;室内、外环境空气氡气浓度分别小于200 Bq/m³、100 Bq/m³。结论 鱼子甸铁矿的开采,对区域放射性环境影响的影响不大。     

某乙级非密封放射性物质操作场所环境保护竣工验收监测

目的 通过对某乙级非密封放射性物质(¹³¹I)操作场所进行辐射环境监测评价和辐射防护设施及辐射安全检查,为竣工验收提供技术支持。方法 依据国家相关标准规定的限值及监测方法作为评价标准和监测手段。结果 某乙级非密封放射性物质(¹³¹I)操作场所γ空气吸收剂量率的实测最大监测值为3.0 μGy/h,β表面污染水平最大监测值为11.0 Bq/cm²,总排水的总α为0.033 Bq/L,总β为1.174 Bq/L;自来水的总α为0.087 Bq/L,总β为0.188Bq/L。结论 测定结果表明,该场所落实了辐射安全管理制度和辐射安全防护各项措施,对周围环境产生的影响较小,基本未受到放射性污染,对职业工作人员和公众人员是安全的,具备建设项目竣工环境保护验收的条件。     

贵州省某磷矿区氡气及放射性水平的评价

目的 研究和评价贵州省某磷矿区磷矿氡气及放射性水平。方法 通过现场检测和实验室分析对磷矿区周围辐射水平、氡气、矿石和土壤核素分析、水的总放射性水平分析。结果 磷矿区的γ外照射为7~18(×10^-8 Gy/h),平均值为12×10^-8Gy/h;氡浓度水平为105~246Bq/m³;矿石²²⁶Ra放射性核素水平为156.7~372.3Bq/kg,平均值为222.6Bq/kg;矿井水总放射性水平最大为总α为0.175Bq/L、总β为0.374Bq/L,饮用水总放射性水平最大为总α为0.0327Bq/L、总β为0.174Bq/L。结论 磷矿放射性水平符合国家相关标准的要求;矿井水和饮用水的总放射性水平相关无显著性意义;井下氡气浓度未达到干预水平。     

苏州超市生鲜食品放射性水平抽样调查

目的 了解苏州市场上出售的生鲜食品的放射性水平,为开展天然辐射源食入照射内计量估算提供基本数据。方法 采用中等厚度相对测量法测量食品样本的总α和总β放射性水平。结果 食品样品中蔬菜(韭菜、土豆、茭白)的总α、总β放射性水平范围分别为0.219~1.349Bq/kg和56.977~127.916Bq/kg,β/α值为1.49×10²。肉类(猪肉、鱼肉)的总α、总β放射性水平范围分别为0.185~0.880Bq/kg和60.311~148.463Bq/kg,β/α值为1.42×10²。结论 本次所采集食品样品均未受到放射性物质污染,放射性水平在本底范围内。     

某大学放射性同位素32P应用项目辐射环境监测与评价

目的 评价某大学放射性同位素³²P应用项目对周围环境的辐射影响。方法 依据国家相关标准规定的限值及监测方法作为评价标准和监测手段。结果 该放射性同位素³²P应用项目γ空气吸收剂量率为62.8~108 nGy/h，处于该市天然本底水平范围内。该³²P应用项目工作间，控制区β表面污染监测结果为0.057~0.235 Bq/cm²，符合《电离辐射防护与辐射源安全基本标准》（GB 18871-2002）。该³²P应用项目衰变池水中总α放射性为0.039 Bq/L，低于《医疗机构水污染物排放标准》（GB 18466-2005）中规定的1 Bq/L的标准限值；总β放射性为9.37 Bq/L，低于《医疗机构水污染物排放标准》（GB 18466-2005）中规定的10 Bq/L的标准限值。结论 该项目对职业工作人员和公众是安全的，对周围环境产生的影响较小。     

海阳市环境介质中90Sr放射性水平研究

目的 调查和研究海阳市环境介质中⁹⁰Sr放射性水平,为评价海阳核电厂的运行对周围环境影响提供基础数据。方法 参照《水和生物样品灰中⁹⁰Sr的放射化学分析方法》HJ815-2016、《土壤中⁹⁰Sr的分析方法》EJ/T 1035-2011方法分析。结果 环境水样中⁹⁰Sr活度范围为（2.49~6.68）mBq/L,土壤中⁹⁰Sr活度范围为（0.223~1.63）Bq/kg,生物样品中⁹⁰Sr活度范围为（0.063~0.140）Bq/kg·鲜。结论 海阳市环境介质中⁹⁰Sr放射性水平未见异常。     

核电站周围饮用水中总α、总β放射性水平研究

目的 掌握大亚湾、岭澳核电站周围生活饮用水中总α、总β放射性水平,了解核电站正常运行状态下对周围环境饮用水放射性水平的影响。方法 根据国家《生活饮用水标准检验方法》（GB/T 5750-2006）测量水样中的总α、总β放射性。结果 水源水的总α、总β放射性活度分别为0.028 Bq/L、0.122 Bq/L,出厂水的总α、总β放射性活度分别为0.014 Bq/L、0.103 Bq/L,末梢水的总α、总β放射性活度分别为0.013 Bq/L、0.110 Bq/L。结论 核电站周围饮用水总放射性水平处于正常本底值,未见核电站运行对核电站周围饮用水的放射性水平产生影响。     

Trends in meningococcal disease in Italy in 1988

Meningococcal disease in Italy decreased 15% in 1988 from the previous year (290 vs. 342 cases). The decline was particularly evident in military cases (1.7/100,000 in 1988 vs. 5/100,000 in 1987) reflecting the full coverage of bivalent serogroup (A + C) meningococcal polysaccaride vaccine in army recruits, achieved since January 1988. The highest proportion of cases was seen in people older than 25 years of age (25%). Serogroup C constituted 60% of the isolates, while 19% belonged to serogroup B. The proportion of strains resistant to sulphonamides was 45%, while 15% were resistant to Minocycline and none to Rifampin. Out of the five military cases, only one (due to serogroup C) was attributable to the vaccine failure. A single coprimary case, but no secondary cases occurred among civilians. These findings are consistent with the trends reported in Italy in the previous years.     

Benzene in blood and phenol in urine in monitoring benzene exposure in industry

Determinations of benzene concentration in blood and of phenol in urine were made by head-space gas chromatography techniques on samples taken near the end of the work day from two groups of workers potentially exposed to low levels of benzene in the work-place atmosphere. Preliminary results suggest that benzene in blood is more reliable than phenol tests for assessing both exposure and uptake of benzene. Normal values of phenol in urine (10 mg/liter or less) were found in nearly all those cases in which benzene was detected in the blood.     

2015年郑州市饮用水放射性水平状况调查

目的了解郑州市不同地区、不同季节、不同水源类型的放射性水平。方法分别于丰水期和枯水期采集郑州市区黄河水源水、井水源水、丹江口水源水、出厂水和末梢水各一份;以县为单位,每单位采集出厂水、末梢水、水库水、河水、井水各1份,按《生活饮用水生活标准检验方法》(GB/T 5750.13-2006)检测饮用水中总α和总β放射性水平,依据《生活饮用水卫生标准》(GB 5749-2006)进行判定。结果丰水期、枯水期水体总α、总β放射性水平均低于国家标准限值。结论郑州市不同水源类型均处于正常的天然放射性本底水平。     

Occupational stress in nurses in psychiatric institutions in Taiwan

Nurses are known to be exposed to occupational stress. However, occupational stress is not well documented for nurses in psychiatric institutions in Taiwan. A cross-sectional study was conducted to explore the work-related stress and risk factors of nurses in psychiatric institutions in Taiwan. A structured questionnaire was distributed to nurses at five state-owned psychiatric hospitals in Taiwan in 2001. Demographic information, working environment, and personal health status were inquired. Occupational stress was assessed based on the Chinese version of Job Content Questionnaire (JCQ). General health status and mental health were evaluated by the International Quality of Life Assessment Short Form-36 (IQOLA SF-36). A total of 573 questionnaires were disseminated to nurses and 518 (90.4%) were satisfactorily completed by nurses, including 408 female full-time nurses who had been in their current work for more than 6 months. In the past one month, 17.2% of nurses reported being under significant stress often or always. Assault episodes were reported by 45.1% of nurses in the past 6 months. Among the nurses, 16.9%, 25.2%, 50.0%, and 7.8% belong to the "High strain", "Low strain", "Active", and "Passive" groups, respectively. Perceived occupational stress was associated with young age, widowed/divorced/separated marital status, high psychological demand, low workplace support, and threat of assault at work. Lower general health score was associated with low job control, high psychological demand, and perceived occupational stress. A lower mental health score was associated with low job control, high psychological demand, low workplace support, and perceived occupational stress. We concluded that nurses in psychiatric institutions are under significant stress related to work factors.     

Changes in nursing administration in supporting transplantation in Brazil

This historical and bibliographic study aimed to understand how Nursing was organized to support care in transplantation. The HISA, LILACS, BDENF, PERIENF and DEDALUS databases were consulted, and thirteen references were found, ten of which were scientific articles, two were master's dissertations and one was a doctoral thesis. The span of time chosen for study ranges from the date of the first kidney transplant in Brazil (1965), to the date of publication of the last scientific article found in the databases mentioned above (2003). After reading these articles, the ones that were similar in topic were grouped together, thus creating the thematic axis for the presentation of the results. The results showed that the Nursing profession has played an important and active role in transplants ever since the first procedure in 1965.     

2019年中国肿瘤流行病学研究进展

恶性肿瘤已成为中国居民的主要死因之一。近些年来,中国政府积极推进肿瘤预防和控制领域的研究工作,取得了很大的进步。本文简要汇总中国在肿瘤流行病学领域的研究进展,具体包括2019年的肿瘤负担、癌症危险因素及其干预、筛查和早期发现、癌症防治专项行动(2019-2022年)方案等方面,以期为我国肿瘤防治工作的有效开展提供技术支撑和理论依据。     

2012年绵阳市蔬菜中农药残留状况

目的 了解绵阳市2012年市售蔬菜中农药残留情况,为食用蔬菜监管提供依据.方法 全部样品均按照GB/T 5009-2003的方法进行农药的残留检测.依据GB 2763-2005《食品中农药最大残留限量》进行判定.结果 2012年共检测蔬菜165份,农药检出率和超标率分别为72.12％和23.64％.豆类、根茎类、叶菜类、瓜果菜类和食用菌类蔬菜检测农药残留超标率分别为8.00％、23.53％、36.00％、5.26％和27.03％,差异有统计学意义(x2=11.41,P＜0.01).不同种类农药超标率差异有统计学意义(x2 =62.42,P＜0.01).夏季和冬季蔬菜农药超标率差异无统计学意义(x2=3.44,P＞0.05).结论 绵阳市叶菜类蔬菜中农药残留情况较为严重,应采取有效措施,加强蔬菜的监督管理,从源头禁止高毒农药的使用,加大蔬菜种植、销售环节的监测,确保市民食用蔬菜的安全.