银杏叶提取物抗大鼠肝纤维化的实验研究

目的 :探讨银杏叶提取物对实验性大鼠肝纤维化的预防及治疗作用机制。方法 :采用四氯化碳腹腔注射诱导的大鼠肝纤维化模型 ,60只Wistar大鼠分为 5组 :模型组、银杏叶干预组、银杏叶治疗组、银杏叶组 ,另设正常对照组 ,应用HE染色观察大鼠肝组织的改变及Von Gieson胶原纤维特殊染色观察肝纤维化程度 ,生化法检测肝功能丙氨酸氨基转移酶 (ALT)、天冬氨酸氨基转移酶 (AST)、白蛋白 (ALB)水平 ,硫代巴比妥酸 (TBA)法检测肝组织丙二醛 (MDA)的含量 ,免疫组织化学染色法检测肝组织I型胶原、转化生长因子 β1(TGF β1 )的表达。结果 :银杏叶干预及治疗组与模型组相比 ,肝组织结构明显改善 ,纤维化增生程度减轻 ,肝功能改善 ,肝组织内MDA的含量以及I型胶原、TGF β1 的表达均明显低于模型组 (P <0 .0 1 )。结论 :银杏叶提取物可通过其抗氧化作用抑制肝星状细胞激活和转化 ,降低I型胶原、TGF β1 的表达 ,从而抑制和逆转肝纤维化形成     

血管紧张素Ⅱ受体拮抗剂对大鼠肝纤维化的疗效及作用机制

目的　观察血管紧张素Ⅱ受体拮抗剂缬沙坦抗四氯化碳诱导大鼠肝纤维化的疗效及可能作用机制。方法　将 80只Wistar大鼠随机分为 4组 ,每组 2 0只 ,A组为正常对照组 ,B组为肝纤维化模型组 ,C、D组分别为缬沙坦早期治疗组和治疗组。B、C、D组大鼠均给四氯化碳 ( 1次 /3d ,共 8周 )诱导肝纤维化 ,C、D组大鼠分别于第 1、4周予以缬沙坦 ( 2 0mg/kg ,每天 1次 )灌胃治疗 ,所有大鼠于第 8周处死。RT PCR检测大鼠肝组织转化生长因子 (TGF) β1与其受体(TGFR)ⅡmRNA ,免疫组化技术检测TGF β1在肝内的表达及定位 ,肝组织H E染色及电镜检测病理改变 ,放射免疫法检测血清透明质酸 ,生化技术检测肝功能变化。结果　与B组大鼠比较 ,RT PCR显示经缬沙坦治疗 ,C、D组大鼠肝内TGF β1与TGFRⅡmRNA表达明显降低 ,免疫组化检测显示肝组织TGF β1表达明显减少 (P <0 .0 1) ,TGF β1的免疫阳性反应信号主要位于纤维间隔中的细胞质。大鼠肝组织TGF β1在C组与D组表达间比较差异有显著性 (P <0 .0 5 )。经缬沙坦治疗后 ,肝纤维化大鼠肝小叶结构趋于正常 ,纤维间隔明显变薄 ,血清透明质酸酶明显降低 (P <0 .0 5 ) ,肝功能好转 (P <0 .0 5 )。结论　缬沙坦能有效地减轻肝纤维化大鼠的肝脏损伤及纤维化程度 ,其机制可能与抑制肝     

肝力克对肝纤维化大鼠肝组织转化生长因子β1 mRNA表达的影响

[目的 ]探讨中药复方肝力克对肝纤维化大鼠肝组织转化生长因子 β1(TGF β1)mRNA表达的影响。 [方法 ]用 4 0 ?l4皮下注射建立SD大鼠肝纤维化模型。造模结束后 ,给予不同剂量的肝力克和秋水仙碱灌胃治疗 9周。采用原位杂交法观察大鼠肝组织中TGF β1mRNA的表达情况。 [结果 ]肝纤维化模型组大鼠肝组织TGF β1mRNA阳性表达较正常对照组明显升高 (P <0 .0 1) ;应用肝力克大、中、小剂量和秋水仙碱治疗后 ,大鼠肝组织TGF β1mRNA阳性表达均较肝纤维化模型组明显降低 (P <0 .0 1,<0 .0 5 )。肝纤维化模型组大鼠肝组织纤维化计分与TGF β1表达程度呈明显正相关 (r =0 .80 1,P <0 .0 1)。 [结论 ]肝纤维化大鼠肝组织TGF β1mRNA表达程度与肝纤维化的发生发展有密切关系 ;中药肝力克降低肝纤维化大鼠肝组织TGF β1mRNA的表达可能是其抗肝纤维化的作用途径之一。     

氯沙坦抗大鼠肝纤维化的研究

目的 :研究血管紧张素Ⅱ 1型受体拮抗剂氯沙坦对二甲基亚硝胺 (DMN)诱导的肝纤维化大鼠模型的疗效及可能的机制。方法 :制备DMN诱导的大鼠肝纤维化模型 ,同时应用氯沙坦灌胃 ,共 8周。肝组织进行常规HE及Masson三色染色。测定血清肝功能及透明质酸 (HA)。大鼠肝组织Ⅰ型胶原 (ColⅠ )、Ⅲ型胶原 (ColⅢ )及转化生长因子 βl(TGF β1)mRNA的水平用RT PCR方法检测。结果 :氯沙坦可明显改善肝纤维化的程度 ,降低血清ALT及HA的水平 (P <0 .0 1)。同时模型组ColⅠ、ColⅢ及TGF β1mRNA的水平明显高于正常对照组 ,氯沙坦治疗组明显低于模型组 (P <0 .0 0 1)。结论 :氯沙坦具有良好的抗肝纤维化作用 ,且能够抑制肝组织ColⅠ、ColⅢ及TGF β1mRNA的水平 ,从而发挥其抗肝纤维化的作用。     

黄芪甲苷对CCL_4所致肝损伤大鼠的保护作用

目的探讨黄芪甲苷对CCL_4所致肝损伤大鼠的保护作用。方法将50只SD大鼠随机分为对照组、模型组、小剂量、中等剂量和大剂量黄芪甲苷处理组,在造模成功后除对照组和模型组外,给予药物灌胃。取大鼠血清和肝组织,检测肝组织匀浆超氧化物歧化酶(SOD)、谷胱甘肽(GSH)、丙二醛(MDA)含量及血生化和羟脯氨酸(Hyp)含量;采用TUNEL法检测肝细胞凋亡。结果与模型组比,小、中、大剂量黄芪甲苷处理组动物肝组织匀浆SOD、GSH和MDA水平得到显著改善(P0.05),血清ALT、AST、TBIL和Hyp含量也显著降低(P0.05),而ALB含量显著升高(P0.05);小剂量黄芪甲苷组肝组织凋亡小体数为(55.36±2.15)个,中剂量黄芪甲苷组为(44.58±3.06)个,大剂量黄芪甲苷组为(33.24±3.18)个,均显著低于模型组的(66.54±2.56)个(P0.05);肝组织病理学检查结果显示,与模型组比,小、中、大剂量黄芪甲苷处理组大鼠肝组织损伤表现显著改善。结论黄芪甲苷对CCL_4所致肝损伤具有很好的保护作用。     

益生菌对肝硬化大鼠肝细胞凋亡的干预作用

目的研究益生菌对肝硬化大鼠肝细胞凋亡的影响。方法将50只SD大鼠随机分为5组:正常组、模型组、益生菌低、中、高剂量组,每组10只,采用四氯化碳(CCl4)法建立雄性SD大鼠肝纤维化动物模型,同时分别以低、中、高剂量的益生菌灌胃6 w进行干预治疗后,检测大鼠血清肝功能指标,观察肝组织病理变化,采用原位末端转移酶标记技术(TUNEL)检测肝细胞的凋亡情况以及运用免疫组化检测凋亡相关蛋白Bax、Bcl-2的表达。结果益生菌中、高剂量组与模型组相比,血清中丙氧酸氨基转移酶(ALT)、天冬氨酸氨基转移酶(AST)浓度以及丙二醛(MDA)含量降低,超氧化物歧化酶(SOD)活性显著升高,凋亡指数降低,病理检查显示肝细胞水肿较轻,纤维增生减少,;免疫组化结果显示益生菌高、中剂量组较模型组相比肝组织中Bcl-2表达升高,Bax的表达较低(P<0.05)。结论益生菌在降低转氨酶,改善肝功能的同时,能减轻对肝细胞的凋亡,对肝组织起到一定的保护作用。     

山楂叶总黄酮对酒精性肝损伤小鼠肝细胞凋亡的影响

目的研究山楂叶总黄酮(FMCL)对酒精性肝损伤小鼠肝细胞凋亡的影响并探讨其机制。方法昆明种小鼠60只随机分为正常组、模型组、FMCL低、高剂量组和维生素E阳性对照组。采用白酒灌胃制备急性肝损伤模型,造模同时按剂量(40、80 mg/kg)每天给予FMCL保护,10 d后处死小鼠,TUNEL法检测肝细胞凋亡情况,HE染色观察肝组织病理学变化,比色法检测肝组织丙二醛(MDA)、超氧化物歧化酶(SOD)、还原型谷胱甘肽(GSH)水平。结果和模型组比较,FMCL明显降低酒精性肝损伤小鼠肝细胞凋亡指数,TUNEL染色阳性细胞数明显减少(P0.01),肝细胞脂肪变性、炎症坏死等病理改变明显好转;模型组小鼠肝组织MDA含量明显升高,SOD、GSH活性明显降低,给予FMCL保护后,MDA含量明显降低,SOD、GSH活性明显提高(P0.05,P0.01)。结论 FMCL对酒精性肝损伤小鼠肝细胞凋亡具有一定的抑制作用,其机制与抑制酒精介导的脂质过氧化有关。     

消黄方对二甲基亚硝胺大鼠肝纤维化氧化应激的影响

目的探讨消黄方对二甲基亚硝胺(dimethylnitrosamine,DMN)肝纤维化大鼠肝组织氧化应激的影响。方法雄性Wistar大鼠30只,随机分为正常组及DMN模型组,DMN模型组大鼠DMN(10 mg/kg)每周前3天连续腹腔注射共4周制备大鼠肝纤维化模型,造模第3周,DMN大鼠随机分为模型对照组和消黄方组(例数10),消黄方组每天造模的同时给予方剂煎出液灌胃2周。造模4周末,处死全部大鼠,获取肝组织,检测肝组织羟脯氨酸(hydroxy prone,Hyp)含量,检测肝组织超氧化物歧化酶活性(superoxidedismutase,SOD)、谷胱甘肽转移酶(glutathione-S-transfcrase,GST)活性、谷胱甘肽(glutathione,GSH)及丙二醛含量(malondialdehyd,MDA)等氧化应激指标,实时定量PCR检测肝脏Ⅰ型胶原mRNA表达。结果与正常组相比,DMN模型组大鼠肝组织MDA含量及GST活性显著升高(P<0.01),分别为正常组的2.37倍和2.04倍,而GSH含量和SOD活性则显著降低(P<0.01),分别是正常组的0.37和0.47倍。与模型对照组相比,消黄方组显著降低肝组织MDA含量(P<0.05),增高GSH含量和SOD活性(P<0.01),实时定量PCR结果显示Ⅰ型胶原造模后达到正常组的34倍,消黄方组显著降低(P<0.01)。结论氧化应激是肝纤维化形成的重要病理因素之一,消黄方能显著改善DMN纤维化大鼠肝组织氧化应激。     

熊去氧胆酸抗免疫性大鼠肝纤维化作用的研究

目的　研究熊去氧胆酸 (UDCA)对免疫性大鼠肝纤维化的影响 ,并探讨其作用机制。方法　 3 6只SD大鼠随机分为 3组。 2 4只大鼠腹腔内注射猪血清 (每周 2次 ,共 8周 )诱导建立肝纤维化模型 ;其中 12只予以UDCA[15mg/(kg·d]干预 (UDCA组 ) :余 12只为模型组。对照组 12只大鼠未予任何处理。 8周后处死动物。观察肝组织纤维化程度、胶原表达及血清透明质酸 (HA) ;羟脯氨酸 (Hyp)水平的变化 ;免疫组化染色观察α 平滑肌肌动蛋白 (α SMA)、转化生长因子 β1(TGF β1)及核因子κB(NFκBp65 )表达的情况 ;各组结果分别进行比较。结果　模型组大鼠肝内胶原面积明显高于对照组 ( 11 1± 2 0 9vs 0 73± 0 15 ,P <0 0 5 ) ,血清HA、Hyp及α SMA、TGF β1,NFκBp65在肝内的表达亦显著增高 (P <0 0 5 )。与模型组相比较 ,UDCA组肝内胶原面积无明显变化 ( 9 49±1 3 1vs 11 1± 2 0 9,P >0 0 5 ) ,其余指标在两组间均无显著性差异 (P >0 0 5 )。结论　一般剂量的UDCA对大鼠免疫性肝纤维化无显著改善作用     

绞股蓝总皂苷对四氯化碳诱导大鼠肝纤维化的防治作用

目的:观察绞股蓝总皂苷对四氯化碳( CCl4)诱导的大鼠肝纤维化的防治作用.方法:采用CCl4诱导的大鼠肝纤维化模型,分为正常组(Z,n=6)、模型组(M,n=8)、绞股蓝总皂苷组(J,n=8)、秋水仙碱(Q,n=8).造模6周末开始给药(股蓝总皂苷200mg/kg体重、秋水仙碱0.1mg/kg体重),给药3周.观察:①大鼠体重、肝脾比值的变化;②血清丙氨酸氨基转移酶(ALT)、门冬氨酸氨基转移酶(AST)、谷氨酰转肽酶(GGT)活性、白蛋白( Alb)、总胆红素(TBil)含量、肝组织羟脯氨酸(Hyp)含量;③肝组织超氧化物歧化酶(SOD)活性及丙二醛(MDA)、还原型谷胱甘肽(GSH)、谷胱甘肽过氧化物酶(GSH-Px)含量;④肝组织病理及胶原沉积情况.结果:①M组大鼠血清ALT、AST、GGT、TBil显著升高,Alb显著降低;J和Q组大鼠血清ALT、AST、GGT、TBil显著下降,Alb显著升高;②M组大鼠肝组织Hyp含量显著升高,J组及Q组大鼠肝组织Hyp含量显著下降;③肝组织HE染色显示:M组大鼠肝细胞脂肪变性,大量纤维结缔组织增生,假小叶形成.J组及Q组大鼠肝细胞脂肪变性减轻,纤维增生减少,少见完整假小叶结构.天狼星红染色显示:M组大鼠肝窦周胶原沉积明显,形成较厚汇管区和中央静脉间的纤维间隔,J组和Q组大鼠肝脏汇管区胶原纤维染较M组明显减轻;④M组大鼠肝组织SOD活性及GSH含量明显降低,MDA含量显著升高.J组大鼠肝组织SOD活性显著提高.结论:绞股蓝总皂苷具有显著抗CCl4诱导的大鼠肝纤维化及氧化损伤的作用.     

The immunoneuroendocrine role of melatonin

Abstract: A tight, physiological link between the pineal gland and the immune system is emerging from a series of experimental studies. This link might reflect the evolutionary connection between self-recognition and reproduction. Pinealectomy or other experimental methods which inhibit melatonin synthesis and secretion induce a state of immunodepression which is counteracted by melatonin. In general, melatonin seems to have an immunoenhancing effect that is particularly apparent in immunodepressive states. The negative effect of acute stress or immunosuppressive pharmacological treatments on various immune parameters are counteracted by melatonin. It seems important to note that one of the main targets of melatonin is the thymus, i.e., the central organ of the immune system. The clinical use of melatonin as an immunotherapeutic agent seems promising in primary and secondary immunodeficiencies as well as in cancer immunotherapy. The immunoenhancing action of melatonin seems to be mediated by T-helper cell-derived opioid peptides as well as by lymphokines and, perhaps, by pituitary hormones. Melatonin-induced-immuno-opioids (MHO) and lymphokines imply the presence of specific binding sites or melatonin receptors on cells of the immune system. On the other hand, lymphokines such as -γ-interferon and interleukin-2 as well as thymic hormones can modulate the synthesis of melatonin in the pineal gland. The pineal gland might thus be viewed as the crux of a sophisticated immunoneuroendocrine network which functions as an unconscious, diffuse sensory organ.     

Changes in connexin43, the gap junction protein of astrocytes, during development of the rat pineal gland

Abstract: The abundance of gap junctions between rat pineal astrocytes formed by connexin43 (Cx43) was studied during development. Levels and distribution of Cx43 were measured by immunoblotting and indirect immunofluorescence, respectively. The amount of Cx43 in cells located within the gland was low until about the 7th postnatal day and increased to adult values between the 14th and 21st days postpartum. Although astrocytes, recognized by their vimentin immunoreactivity, were scarce before birth, they were abundant by the 7th postnatal day suggesting that the low levels of Cx43 found at this age corresponded to a low expression of this protein. Localization of the immunoreactivity to Cx43 and vimentin showed a close correlation, indicating that mature or immature pineal astrocytes form gap junctions made of Cx43. Since Cx43 levels attained their adult values at about the time the innervation and the functional state of the gland reached maturity (2–3 weeks after birth), it is proposed that astrocyte gap junctions are involved in the function of the adult rat pineal gland.     

Response of rat pineal melatonin to calcium, magnesium, and lithium is circadian stage dependent

Abstract: Herein we documented the response of pineal melatonin production to electrolytes known to be effective on pineal function in view of a possible circadian stage dependence. We studied the release of melatonin by perifused rat pineal glands at 2 different circadian stages corresponding to the middle of the light and dark periods, i.e., respectively, 7 and 19 HALO (Hours After Light Onset, L:D = 12:12). The initial efflux rates were, as expected, much higher in the perifusates of glands removed from rats sacrificed during the dark phase than of those removed during the light phase. After 3 hr of perifusion, melatonin release reached similar levels which were found constant up to the 8th hr of perifusion, whatever the circadian stage. Perifusion of the glands with physiological concentrations for the rat of calcium (5.2 mmol/1) and magnesium (1.34 mmol/1) resulted in a stimulatory effect on the pineal glands removed from rats sacrificed in the middle of the dark period (19 HALO), whereas no effects were observed on the pineal glands removed from rats sacrificed during the light (7 HALO). Lithium (0.28 and 0.55 mmol/1) was ineffective on melatonin release in pineal glands removed 7 and 19 HALO. Our results show differences in the initial efflux rates of melatonin and in the response of perifused pineal glands to calcium and magnesium according to the circadian stage.     

Conservative management of perforated duodenal diverticulum： A case report and review of the literature

Duodenal diverticula are a relatively common condition. They are asymptomatic, unless they become complicated, with perforation being the rarest but most severe complication. Surgical treatment is the most frequently performed approach. We report the case of a patient with a perforated duodenal diverticulum, which was diagnosed early and treated conservatively with antibiotics and percutaneous drainage of secondary retroperitoneal abscesses. We suggest this method could be an acceptable option for the management of similar cases, provided that the patient is in good general condition and without septic signs.     

Presence of immunoreactive growth hormone and prolactin in the ovine pineal gland

Abstract: The use of antisera raised against bovine growth hormone (GH) and ovine prolactin (PRL) enabled the detection of related immunoreactive (ir) sequences of proteins in ovine pineal tissue. The isolation of PRL-like ir-material was accomplished using a 0.25 M ammonium sulphate (pH 5.5) extraction followed by ethanol precipitation, whereas the resulting 2.0 M ammonium sulphate (pH 7.0) precipitate contained a GH-like immunoreactivity. Gel chromatography of the GH-like immunoreactivity (Sephadex G-100) indicated the presence of several GH-like fragments ranging in the M_r range of 7,000 to 55,000. Analyses of the PRL-like ir-material found in pineal tissue on HPLC using a TSK 545-DEAE column led to the resolution into a single peak of immunoreactivity. A single peak of activity was also observed following chromatofocusing and hydrophobic interaction chromatography of the ir-peak from the TSK 545-DEAE column. The PRL-like ir-material inhibited the binding of [¹²⁵I]ovine PRL-S14 to anti-ovine PRL antibodies without showing an affinity for binding to anti-rat PRL or anti-bovine GH antibodies. Scatchard analysis of the binding of pineal PRL-like ir-material and pituitary ovine PRL-S14 to liver membranes from day-20 pregnant rats revealed similar affinity constants (K_a of 4.7 ± 0.2 × 10⁹ M^-1). In addition, the replication of Nb 2 Node rat lymphoma cells was stimulated by pineal PRL-like ir-material, an effect known to be specific for lactogenic hormones. The pineal PRL-like immunoreactivity appeared on sodium dodecyl sulfate polyacrylamide gels as a single major band of M_r 24,000. The functional status of PRL-and GH-like ir-material in the ovine pineal remains to be determined, but evidence is presented that the overall protein synthesis rate of the rat pineal responded to circulating concentrations of PRL.     

Microbiology of human immunodeficiency virus anorectal disease

PURPOSE: Individuals who are seropositive for the human immunodeficiency virus are at high risk for opportunistic infection and anorectal disorders. Little prospective information is available regarding anorectal pathogens in these patients. METHODS: One hundred sixty-three HIV-seropositive patients presented to the colorectal clinic between 1989 and 1992. Forty-seven (29 percent) patients were thought to have an infectious process and were prospectively studied using a standardized multiculture protocol. RESULTS: Mean age was 33 (range, 19–59) years. All were male; high-risk behavior accounted for 87 percent of HIV transmissions. Presenting complaints included anorectal pain (79 percent), pus per anum (28 percent), and blood per anum (26 percent). Examination revealed perianal tenderness (60 percent), condyloma (38 percent), perianal ulcers (38 percent), and anal fissures (34 percent). Sixty-six sets of cultures were performed; 28 patients had one set, 15 had two sets, and 4 had three sets. Thirty-two of these 47 patients (68 percent) had positive cultures including herpes (50 percent), cytomegalovirus (25 percent),Neisseria gonorrhoeae (16 percent), chlamydia (16 percent), acidfast bacilli (2 percent), and others (9 percent). Six of 32 patients with positive cultures had more than one organism cultured. Sixteen (50 percent) patients with positive cultures were treated medically, 8 (25 percent) were treated surgically and 8 (25 percent) were treated with both modalities. Sixty-one procedures were performed on 17 patients for condylomata. Eighteen patients had 20 procedures for abscesses, 50 percent of whom had positive cultures for other than common bowel flora; all improved. Fourteen patients underwent 33 procedures for perianal fistulas.Mycobacterium fortuitum was cultured from one patient who required 13 procedures for abscesses and fistulas. Forty-five (96 percent) patients were followed for an average of 12.5 months ±2.9 SEM (range, 1–94 months). Symptoms were improved or resolved in 22 of 32 (69 percent) patients with positive cultures and in 11 of 13 (84 percent) with negative cultures. CONCLUSIONS: Specific pathogens may often be identified in human immunodeficiency virus-seropositive patients with anorectal disorders if aggressively sought. Although patients without specific pathogens identified may be expected to improve with planned empiric treatment, positive identification allows more directed therapy.