Long-term outcome after spontaneous cerebellar haemorrhage

We analysed the clinical and radiological findings and the long-term outcome after 49 +/- 34 months in 75 patients (42 men, aged 67 +/- 11 years) with spontaneous cerebellar haemorrhage (SCH). At the follow-up examination, 36 patients had died. Outcome was excellent [Rankin Scale (RS) score 0 + 1] in 22 survivors, 4 patients were moderately (RS score 2 + 3) and 13 patients were severely disabled (RS score 4 + 5). Prognostic factors are haematoma volume, intubation, hydrocephalus and clinical signs of brainstem involvement. Of the 28 surgically treated patients, outcome was favourable (RS score 0 - 2) in 4 patients only, 6 were severely disabled (RS score 3 - 6) and 18 patients had died. We conclude that the long-term outcome after SCH is frequently favourable. Because patients who were surgically treated had less favourable clinical and radiological findings, a good long-term outcome was rarely present in this group.     

外伤性脑室内出血31例临床分析

目的分析总结外伤性脑室内出血的诊断和治疗特点。方法对过去10年来31例外伤性脑室内出血的的病因学、影像学、诊断和治疗特点进行分析。结果多数为车祸致伤，重型颅脑伤占26例。原发TIVH17例，继发TIVH14例。脑室出血量按Graeb法分类：1～4分(轻度)12例，5～8分(中度)10例．9M2分(重度)9例。28例合并其他颅脑损伤。伤后6个月GOS评分：死亡14例，植物状态1例，重残2例，中残5例，良好9例。结论闭合性颅脑损伤后TTVH的发生率较低，反映了脑损伤的严重程度。     

VALUE OF INTRACRANIAL PRESSURE MONITORING OF ASPHYXIATED NEWBORN INFANTS

Twenty-three infants suffering the effects of moderate or severe hypoxic-ischaemic encephalopathy were continuously monitored for intracranial pressure (ICP) by means of a subarachnoid catheter for a total of 1083 hours. Cerebral perfusion pressure (CPP) was also continuously monitored for 21 of the infants. The median age at the start of ICP monitoring was 17 hours, and the opening pressure correlated poorly with maximum sustained pressures. Maximum sustained ICP allowed the infants to be divided into three groups: (1) those with no elevation of ICP (nine), of whom two died and five had a normal outcome; (2) those with sustained rises in ICP which were resistent to treatment (nine), of whom seven died and two survivors are severely handicapped; and (3) those in whom the pressure was elevated but could be controlled medically (five), of whom two survived to be quite normal. No infant with a sustained elevation of ICP of 15mmHg or more survived to be normal, nor any who had had a CPP below 20mmHg for one hour or more. Hypotension was the cause of low CPP in most cases. There was a highly significant correlation between sustained elevation of ICP above 10mmHg and poor outcome, but no correlation between outcome and minimum CPP. It was not possible to predict clinically which infants would develop intracranial hypertension, and some infants with very severe perinatal asphyxia did not develop intracranial hypertension, and some infants with very severe perinatal asphyxia did not develop raised intracranial pressure at any time.     

Hunt-HessⅣ、Ⅴ级颅内动脉瘤手术治疗的分析

目的总结Hunt-HessⅣ、Ⅴ级颅内动脉瘤手术治疗的经验。方法2000年1月至2012年2月手术治疗216例Hunt-HessⅣ、Ⅴ级颅内动脉瘤,其中Ⅳ级192例,Ⅴ级24例。手术夹闭动脉瘤,同时清除颅内血肿,并酌情行去骨瓣减压术。结果术后6个月按GOS评分,Hunt-HessⅣ级192例患者中,预后良好38例,轻残56例,重残60例,植物生存15例,死亡23例;死亡率12.0%。Hunt-HessⅤ级24例患者中,重残5例,植物生存4例,死亡15例;死亡率62.5%。结论对于合并颅内血肿的Hunt-HessⅣ级动脉瘤患者应积极手术治疗。Hunt-HessⅤ级患者手术疗效极差,应该待临床症状稳定后再行治疗。     

Discrepancies between brain CT imaging and severely raised intracranial pressure proven by ventriculostomy in adults with pneumococcal meningitis

Objectives: Computed tomography (CT) of the brain is recommended for assessment of intracranial pressure (ICP) of patients with acute bacterial meningitis who are comatose or show focal neurological deficits. The aim of this report is to draw attention to the possibility of a discrepancy between CT findings and ICP values in some patients with pneumococcal meningitis. Methods: We describe three adult patients with pneumococcal meningitis who had both successive CT examinations and ICP measurements at the time of clinically evident cerebral herniation (n = 2) and/or prolonged coma (n = 2). Results: Although measurements with a ventriculostomy catheter indicated that all three patients had severely raised ICP values of 90, 44, and 45 mmHg, repeated cranial CT greatly underestimated true ICP values. Despite clinical evidence of acute cerebral herniation, it was not detected in the contemporary CT findings of two patients. Continuous ICP monitoring in the ICU helped to guide treatment for increased ICP; nevertheless, two patients died. Conclusions: The clinician must be aware that cranial CT may fail to rule out the possibility of severely raised ICP or cerebral herniation in a patient with pneumococcal meningitis. Therefore, ICP monitoring of patients with bacterial (especially pneumococcal) meningitis who are in prolonged coma should be considered early and regardless of the cranial CT appearances. Received: 7 November 2001, Received in revised form: 8 April 2002, Accepted: 16 April 2002     

开颅术后颅内感染的临床诊治

目的 探讨开颅术后颅内感染临床处理。方法 对25例开颅术后发生颅内感染患者的诊治经过进行回顾性分析，结果 25例患者根据GOS预后评分，死亡4例，持续植物状态1例，重残2例，中残4例，良好恢复14例。结论 运用敏感抗生素流颅内积脓、降低颅内压、提高免疫力能有效的控制感染。     

颅内动脉瘤治疗十年回顾(附1372例治疗及随访)

目的 总结十年颅内动脉瘤治疗经验,以提高其治疗效果.方法 2000年1月至2009年12月收治颅内动脉瘤1 372例,采用血管内栓塞治疗632例(697枚动脉瘤),显微手术夹闭740例(805枚动脉瘤).结果 按GOS评分,栓塞组Hunt-Hess 0～Ⅲ级564例患者中,良好536例(95.0%),死亡6例(1.1%);手术夹闭组Hunt-Hess 0～Ⅲ级患者566例,良好542例(95.8%),重残18例(3.2%),死亡6例(1.1%).栓塞组Hunt-HessⅣ～Ⅴ级68例患者中,良好32例(47.1%),重残18例(26.5%),死亡18例(26.5%);手术夹闭组Hunt-HessⅣ～Ⅴ级174例患者中,良好84例(48.3%),重残55例(31.6%),植物生存7例(4.0%),死亡28例(16.1%)死亡.两组Hunt-Hess 0～Ⅲ级患者的预后没有显著差别(P>0.05).本组Hunt-HessⅤ级26例,重残4例,植物生存3例,死亡19例.栓塞组DSA复查167例,动脉瘤仍致密填塞138例,不完全栓塞24例,复发5例;夹闭组DSA复查136例,安全夹闭129例,部分瘤颈残留7例.结论 血管内栓塞治疗和显微手术夹闭均是治疗颅内动脉瘤的有效方法,治疗应根据病人动脉瘤的部位、大小及经济状况等进行选择,前循环动脉瘤两种皆可,后循环动脉瘤应首选血管内栓塞.Hunt-Hess 0～Ⅲ级尽早诊断和治疗,Hunt-Hess Ⅳ级在出血3 d以后血管痉挛严重者应待其缓解后再行治疗,Ⅴ级疗效极差.     

Pattern,management and outcome of cervical spine injuries associated with head injuries in paediatric patients

Introduction This study examines the management and outcome of cervical spine injuries in children with head injuries, to assess the need for surgical treatment. Material and methods We performed a retrospective analysis (1995–2005) of 445 children admitted intubated and ventilated to the intensive care unit with head injuries. Outcome measures: Frankel grade for spinal injuries and Glasgow Outcome Scale (GOS) for head injuries. Results Cervical spine injuries were detected in 11 patients (incidence 2.5%, mean age: 6.3 years, range: 21 months–15 years). The injuries were: C1/2 distraction: 2; C1/2 subluxation: 2; odontoid peg fracture with C1/2 dislocation and cord transection: 1; disruption of posterior longitudinal ligament at C2: 1; odontoid peg fracture with C2/3 distraction: 1; C2/3 subluxation: 1; C3 lamina fracture: 1; C3/4 facet fracture: 1; C6/7 fracture dislocation with cord transection: 1. One patient was managed operatively, ten patients nonoperatively, two with halo vests and eight with hard collars. There were three deaths (mortality 27%) associated with severe head injuries. At 6 months follow-up, two patients remained quadriplegic (Frankel Grade A), one of them ventilator dependent, one had residual motor function but of no practical use (Frankel Grade C), five had good spinal outcome (Frankel Grade E). Seven patients had good head injury outcomes (GOS 5), one remained disabled (GOS 3). Conclusion Most children with cervical injury can be managed nonoperatively with good outcomes. Surgical management may be necessary in severe unstable injuries.     

重型颅脑损伤术中急性脑膨出的临床分析及术中对策

目的探讨重型颅脑损伤开颅手术中急性脑膨出的形成原因及术中对策。方法回顾分析59例术中出现脑膨出的重型颅脑损伤病人的受伤机制、临床表现、CT特征,总结脑膨出形成原因。结果按GOS标准,治疗后6个月评定治疗效果,恢复良好13例,中残15例,重残8例,死亡23例。结论迟发性颅内血肿、急性脑肿胀、低血压、脑缺氧、长时间脑疝是重型颅脑损伤术中急性脑膨出的主要原因,正确判断脑膨出的性质,采取相应的术中对策是治疗术中脑膨出的有效措施。     

Principles for managing penetrating craniocerebral injuries caused by firearm missiles

Penetrating craniocerebral firearm injuries remain one of the most lethal causes of all trauma and are common both in war or peace time. Data were reviewed for 4140 severely head-injured patients (Glasgow Coma Scale (GCS) scores 3-8) treated at Xi-Jing Hospital between 1973 and 1993; 51 of these patients had acute penetrating craniocerebral injuries caused by firearm missiles. These patients consisted of 46 males (90.2%) and 5 females (9.8%) ranging in age from 3 months to 48 years (median 22.4 years). The lesion types included 2 tangential wounds, 37 tubular wounds and 12 through-and-through wounds. All cases were urgent with the patients in severe and unstable states. After emergency treatment and operation, 5 cases died (9.8%). Follow up studies at three months showed that 23 cases (45.1%) had made a good recovery. Moderate disability, severe disability and vegetative states in this series were 29.4%, 13.7% and 2.0% respectively. Long term follow up studies indicated that 32 were able to resume their occupation. The principles for managing penetrating craniocerebral firearm injuries and suggestions for operation are discussed.     

后交通动脉动脉瘤的临床特点及血管内栓塞治疗（附318例报告）

目的总结后交通动脉动脉瘤的临床特点及血管内栓塞治疗的效果。方法对318例后交通动脉动脉瘤患者均行血管内治疗。结果致密填塞291例,仅瘤颈残留16例,大部填塞11例。按GOS评定预后,恢复良好260例,中残27例;重残20例,植物生存3例;死亡8例。术中动脉瘤破裂12例,死亡3例。术中支架内血栓形成3例,死亡1例。103例患者出院后随访3～72个月,89例恢复正常工作,8例生活自理,6例生活不能自理。13例并发交通性脑积水,经脑室一腹腔分流术治愈。32例复查DSA,3例动脉瘤复发,经再次血管内栓塞后治愈。结论血管内栓塞可有效治疗后交通动脉动脉瘤。     

T型切口在复杂颅脑损伤急诊开颅术中的应用

目的 探讨T型切口在复杂颅脑损伤急诊开颅手术中的应用效果。方法 回顾性分析2016年8月至2018年3月应用T型切口进行开颅手术救治的42例复杂颅脑损伤的临床资料。42例均急诊进行开颅探查+血肿清除术,根据术前头部CT表现均选择T型切口,其中第一次手术双侧T型切口15例,术中按照阶梯减压执行,双侧开颅采用双侧控制技术。结果 双侧硬膜下血肿7例,双侧硬膜外血肿2例,双侧脑挫裂伤伴脑内血肿5例,一侧硬膜外血肿合并对侧脑挫裂伤伴脑内血肿或硬膜下血肿9例,一侧硬膜下血肿合并对侧脑挫裂伤伴脑内血肿或硬膜外血肿19例。术后2例颅后窝开颅切口处因是直接着力点,愈合差,经重新缝合及换药处理均愈合;其他40例伤口愈合良好。术后1周神志好转25例,神志清楚6例,无变化11例;术后1个月神志好转18例,神志清楚14例。术后3个月按GOS评分评估预后:恢复良好11例,中残15例,重残2例,植物状态6例,死亡8例。结论 在复杂颅脑损伤急诊手术中,特别是需要双侧开颅手术时,以及可能出现进展、变化的病例,T型切口具有一定的优势,有助解决复杂颅脑损伤急诊开颅手术中的切口设计难题。     

中、重型颅脑损伤病人血糖、血肌酐的变化对疾病转归的影响

目的 探讨中、重型颅脑损伤病人血糖、血肌酐变化情况及其对病情转归的影响。方法 回顾性分析2015年10月至2018年1月收治的71例中、重型颅脑损伤的临床资料。伤后24 h、48 h、72 h、7 d、14 d、30 d监测血糖及血肌酐。伤后1年,按GOS评分评估预后。结果 伤后1年,预后良好23例（GOS评分4~5分,预后良好组）,预后不良48例（GOS评分1~3分,预后不良组）。两组病人血糖、血肌酐均先增高,后降低,伤后7 d达峰值。伤后24 h至伤后30 d,预后良好组血糖水平均明显低于预后不良组（P<0.05）。伤后24 h,预后良好组血肌酐水平明显高于预后不良组（P<0.05）;伤后48 h至伤后30 d,预后良好组血肌酐水平均明显低于预后不良组（P<0.05）。结论 中、重型颅脑损伤病人血糖、血肌酐水平变化与病人预后显著相关,伤后血糖、血肌酐升高越明显,预后越差。     

Infarct Volume Predicts Delayed Recovery in Patients with Subarachnoid Hemorrhage and Severe Neurological Deficits

Background

Recovery is common after subarachnoid hemorrhage (SAH), even in patients who are severely disabled at hospital discharge. Little is known about predictors of late recovery in such patients, even though such knowledge may influence treatment decisions. We hypothesized that cerebral infarction volume would be associated with 3 months outcomes in patients who are severely disabled at 14 days.

Methods

We prospectively identified consecutive aneurysmal SAH patients, documented the development of cerebral infarction, and ascertained the modified Rankin Scale (mRS) at 14 days and 3 months. We included patients with mRS 4 or 5 and NIH Stroke Scale (NIHSS) at least 8 on hospital day 14 (i.e., severe neurologic impairment) and calculated infarct volume in a semi-automated fashion using CT imaging. We explored outcome determinants with ordinal regression.

Results

At 14 days, 66 patients were severely disabled, 65 (98.5 %) of whom had mRS of 5; the median NIHSS was 21 [14–24]. At 3 months, 20 (32.8 %) of the 61 patients with known outcomes were independent. Larger infarction volumes were associated with death (20.4 vs. 0.85 mL, P = 0.02). In ordinal regression, increased infarct volume was associated with the worse mRS after correction for WFNS grade, age, and withdrawal of life support (OR 1.01 per mL of infarct, 95 % CI 1.01–1.03, P = 0.01).

Conclusions

After SAH, even with severe neurological injury at 14 days, good recovery is frequent and is associated with lower infarction volume. These data may help clinicians inform surrogate decision makers as they plan the future care of such severely disabled patients.     

显微外科手术治疗外伤性脑内血肿

目的探讨显微外科手术治疗外伤性脑内血肿的优越性。方法回顾性分析总结收治的22例显微外科手术治疗的外伤性脑内血肿病例的临床资料并与25例常规肉眼清除血肿手术组术后并发症及治愈情况相比较。结果在伤后1个月根据GOS评估：显微手术组良好15例,中残4例,重残2例,死亡1例,常规手术组GOS评估：良好9例,中残8例,重残5例,死亡3例。结论显微外科手术能提高手术疗效,降低术后并发症,减少残障率。     

颅内巨大动脉瘤的显微手术治疗效果及远期随访

目的探索颅内巨大动脉瘤的手术治疗效果及远期预后情况。方法 我科行显做手术治疗的28例颅内巨大功脉瘤患者中,行动脉瘤颈夹闭并载瘸动脉塑形者24例,行动脉瘤孤立并血管重建术者1例,行动脉瘤包裹术者3例。结果患者出院时按COS评分,Ⅴ级17例,Ⅳ级5例,Ⅲ级3例,Ⅰ级3例。术后随访9月～8年,Ⅴ级17例,Ⅳ级5例,Ⅲ级1例,Ⅰ级5例,总有效率（Ⅴ级＋Ⅳ级）78．6％（22／28）,死亡率17．9％（5／28）。结论颅内巨大动脉瘤的外科手术死亡率和致残率仍较高,对其治疗方式值得深入总结和探讨,以促进神经功能缺损的远期恢复,降低患者的致残率及术后再发风险,提高患者生存质量。     

存在瘤内血栓的颅内大型动脉瘤的手术治疗

目的探讨伴有瘤内血栓的颅内大型或巨大型动脉瘤的诊断和手术治疗。方法本组瘤内有陈旧性血栓的颅内大型动脉瘤62例,其中行动脉瘤瘤颈夹闭或塑型夹闭47例,动脉瘤孤立术13例,动脉瘤部分切除后缝合瘤壁重建载瘤动脉1例,另1例双侧椎动脉汇合处巨大梭形动脉瘤在深低温、停循环技术辅助下行载瘤动脉重建手术。结果根据GOS评分,病人恢复良好51例(82.3%),中残4例(6.5%),重残2例(3.2%),死亡5例(8.1%)。中、重残病例随访一年以上,中残的4例中3例恢复术前生活能力;重残的2例中,1例因大面积脑梗死、偏瘫仅有部分恢复,另1例深低温、停循环辅助手术病例,手术后2d内意识清楚,但术后13个月因肝功能衰竭死亡。结论颅内血栓性大型或巨大型动脉瘤手术处理困难,致残率及死亡率高于同类型无血栓的颅内动脉瘤。载瘤动脉暂时性阻断、动脉瘤切开血栓清除均有助于瘤颈夹闭。     

Intracranial Pressure Monitoring in Acute Liver Failure: Institutional Case Series

Acute liver failure (ALF) has been associated with cerebral edema and elevated intracranial pressure (ICP), which may be managed utilizing an ICP monitor. The most feared complication of placement is catastrophic intracranial hemorrhage in the setting of severe coagulopathy. Previous studies reported hemorrhage rates between 3.8–22 % among various devices, with epidural catheters having lower hemorrhage rates and precision relative to subdural bolts and intraparenchymal catheters. We sought to identify institutional hemorrhagic rates of ICP monitoring in ALF and its associated factors in a modern series guided by protocol implantation. Patient records treated for ALF with ICP monitoring at Mayo Clinic in Rochester, MN from 1995 to 2014 were reviewed. Protocalized since 1995, epidural (EP) ICP monitors were first used followed by intraparenchymal (IP) for stage III–IV hepatic encephalopathy. The following variables and outcomes were collected: patient demographics, ICPs and treatment methods, laboratory data, imaging studies, number of days for ICP monitoring, radiographic and symptomatic hemorrhage rates, orthotopic liver transplantation rates, and death. A total of 20 ICP monitors were placed for ALF, 7 EP, and 13 IP. International normalized ratio (INR) at placement of an EP monitor was 2.4 (1.7–3.2) with maximum of 2.7 (2.0–3.6) over the following 2.3 (1–3) days. Mean EP ICP at placement was 36.3 (11–55) and maximum of 43.1 (20–70) mm Hg. INR at placement of an IP monitor was 1.3 (<0.8–3.0) with maximum value of 2.9 (1.6–5.4) over the following 4.2 (2–6) days. Mean IP ICP at placement was 9.9 (2–19) and maximum was 39.8 (11–100) mm Hg. There was one asymptomatic hemorrhage in the EP group (14.3 % hemorrhage rate) and two hemorrhages in the IP group (hemorrhage rate was 15.4 %), both of which were fatal. Overall mortality rate in the EP group was 71.4 % (5/7) with two patients receiving transplantation, and one death in the transplant group. Overall mortality in the IP group was 38.5 % (5/13) with nine liver transplantations; three of the transplanted patients died, including one of the fatal hemorrhages due to monitor placement. Intracranial hypertension is common in patients with ALF with severe hepatic encephalopathy. Monitored patients in both groups experienced elevations of ICP in the setting of intermittent coagulopathy. Severity of coagulopathy did not influence hemorrhage rate. Yet, hemorrhages related to IP monitoring can be catastrophic and may add to the overall mortality.     

Sensorimotor central conduction time in comatose patients.

Motor evoked potentials (MEPs) following magnetic stimulation were recorded in 22 patients comatose as a result of head injury (13 cases), stroke (7 cases) or anoxia (2 cases). Somatosensory evoked potentials (SEPs) from median nerve were recorded as well in 19 cases in the same session. Thirteen patients died or remained vegetative (59.1%), 3 were severely disabled (13.6%) and 6 showed a good recovery (27.3%). MEPs were significantly related to the outcome; they appeared to be a more accurate prognostic indicator than the Glasgow Coma Scale (GCS). However, 1 out of 6 patients with bilaterally absent MEPs (16.7%) showed a good recovery. SEPs were significantly related to the outcome as well, but the combined use of SEP and MEP improved the outcome prediction, decreasing the rate of false negatives. Two patients had normal sensorimotor function, 13 a combined sensorimotor dysfunction, while 4 had a pure motor dysfunction. Our results suggest that SEPs and MEPs may improve the assessment of sensorimotor dysfunction in comatose patients. A significant relationship between MEPs and outcome appears to exist, but the assessment of MEP reliability requires further study.     

Head injuries from bicycle accidents

This study comprises a total of 159 victims from bicycle accidents treated as inpatients at the Department of Neurosurgery, University of Bonn between January 1987 and June 1995. It was our aim to define the severity and features of bicycle-related head injuries in a defined population. Our results show that 33% of admitted bicycle victims sustained severe head injuries (Glasgow Coma Score 3–8). Neurosurgical operations were performed in 49% of patients and were mainly related to the evacuation of an extracerebral hematoma. Of the 159 bicycle victims, 112 (70%) made a good recovery, 11 (7%) remained moderately and 4 (3%) severely disabled, and 26 (16%) had died at follow-up (mean 2 years). In conclusion, our data indicate that bicycle-related trauma accounts for a substantial proportion of all head injuries requiring neurosurgical treatment. Active (e.g. traffic regulations, education of riders) and passive measures (e.g. safety helmets) can be expected to reduce both incidence and severity of head injuries among bicyclists.