克林霉素-过氧苯甲酰凝胶的制备及质量控制

目的:研制克林霉素-过氧苯甲酰凝胶,并制定其质量控制方法。方法:以克林霉素磷酸酯、过氧苯甲酰为主药,卡波姆-940为主要凝胶基质制备凝胶;用硫代硫酸钠滴定法测定过氧苯甲酰的含量,用HPLC法测定克林霉素磷酸酯的含量。结果:制备的凝胶质地均匀,黏稠度适中。过氧苯甲酰含量为标示量的(99.4±0.4)%;克林霉素磷酸酯线性范围为50.1～501.0μg.L-1,平均回收率为99.82%,RSD为0.53%。结论:该制剂性质稳定,质量易控。     

硫磺克林霉素凝胶剂的研制及临床应用

目的:制备硫磺克林霉素凝胶剂并观察其临床应用效果。方法:以卡波姆为凝胶材料制备硫磺克林霉素凝胶剂,以碘量法、HPLC法分别测定硫磺和克林霉素含量,并以克林霉素磷酸酯凝胶作对照,观察临床疗效。结果:使用该制剂治疗300例寻常性痤疮患者,总有效率90.6%,明显高于克林霉素磷酸酯凝胶对照组。结论:该制剂配制简便,质量可控,疗效可靠。     

克林霉素磷酸酯注射液的制备与质量控制

目的：制备克林霉素磷酸酯注射液，并对其质量进行控制。方法：采用高效液相色谱法测定克林霉素磷酸酯含量，依据《中华人民共和国药典》对注射液进行质量控制。结果：克林霉素磷酸酯在0.152～0.902 mg·mL 1浓度范围内线性关系良好(r＝0.999 9)，平均回收率为99.86%，RSD＝0.43%(n＝9)。结论：该制剂处方合理，制备工艺简便，质量易于控制。     

克林霉素磷酸酯乳膏的制备与质量控制

目的:制备克林霉素磷酸酯乳膏并进行质量控制及稳定性研究。方法:以克林霉素磷酸酯为主药制备乳膏剂,以高效液相色谱法测定主药含量;对3批样品进行高温、光照、加速和长期稳定性试验。结果:所制制剂为乳白色乳膏,鉴别、检查项符合相关规定;克林霉素磷酸酯检测浓度线性范围为0.192～0.960mg·mL-(1r=0.9998),平均回收率为99.9%,RSD=0.68%;在高温和加速试验中有关物质含量升高、主药含量降低,在光照和长期稳定性试验中各指标均未见明显变化。结论:该制剂工艺简单,质量可控,在阴凉处保存性质稳定。     

克林霉素磷酸酯阴道霜的研制及质量控制

目的：研究克林霉素磷酸酯阴道霜,并制订质量控制方法。方法：参照国外同类制剂,确定基质处方和制备方法,采用高效液相色谱法测定含量。结果：制剂制备简单,稳定性好,含量测定方法简便,专属性强,结果准确可靠。结论：本品适于医院制剂室配制,是临床治疗细菌性阴道炎的理想制剂,值得开发和临床使用。     

HPLC法测定克林霉素磷酸酯脂质体的含量

采用蒸发超声法制备克林霉素磷酸酯脂质体,高效液相色谱法检测克林霉素磷酸酯含量及包封率.色谱条件下克林霉素磷酸酯与辅料、溶剂峰分离良好,克林霉素磷酸酯在5.0 μg/ml～50μg/ml范围内线性关系良好.克林霉素磷酸酯脂质体(未分离时)包封率为52%左右.克林霉素磷酸酯脂质体制备工艺可行,质量控制方法简单、准确.     

克林霉素磷酸酯注射液的工艺研究与质量控制

目的:进一步深化对克林霉素磷酸酯注射液的工艺和质量控制的研究,使之安全性好,工艺稳定。方法:优化处方组成和制备工艺,建立质量研究方法,并进行鉴别、有关物质检查等质量研究,采用高效液相色谱(HPLC)法测定克林霉素磷酸酯注射液的含量及有关物质检查、影响因素考察及稳定性。结果:克林霉素磷酸酯的含量用HPLC法测定,线性方程A=2.5×108C+2.5×103,r=0.9998,平均回收率为99.86%,RSD=0.41%(n=9),用HPLC法在规定的色谱条件下测定放置不同时间样品,平均峰面积为589711,RSD=0.03%,证明本品溶液在室温下放置12小时稳定。结论:该制剂处方合理,制备工艺可行,含量测定方法准确,稳定性良好。     

HPLC法测定克林霉素磷酸酯阴道片含量

目的建立用反相高效液相色谱法测定克林霉素磷酸酯阴道片中克林霉素的含量。方法采用C18柱,流动相为磷酸二氢钾(KH2PO40.1mol.L-1,用磷酸调pH2.5)-乙腈(75∶25),检测波长210nm,流速1.0mL.min-1。结果本法测定克林霉素线性范围为0.06~0.36mg.mL-1,浓度与吸收度呈良好的线性关系r=0.9999;平均回收率为99.23%,RSD=1.10%。结论该法简单、准确,重现性好。可用于控制克林霉素磷酸酯阴道片中克林霉素的含量。     

克林霉素-过氧苯甲酰凝胶的制备及其急性毒性试验

目的:制备克林霉素.过氧苯甲酰凝胶并考察其急性毒性。方法:以克林霉素磷酸酯、过氧苯甲酰为主药,卡波姆- 940为主要凝胶基质制备凝胶并建立其质量控制方法;观察家兔完整皮肤及破损皮肤短时间接触克林霉素-过氧苯甲酰凝胶后所产生的毒性反应情况。结果:制备的凝胶质地均匀,粘稠度适中。在观察期内,各组动物无全身中毒及死亡情况,各项观察内容正常。结论:该制剂性质稳定,急性毒性较低。     

克林霉素局部给药与口服给药药动学比较研究

目的:研究克林霉素磷酸酯阴道凝胶局部给药与盐酸克林霉素片口服给药后克林霉素药动学特征,并进行比较。方法:10名健康女性志愿者单剂量阴道局部给予克林霉素磷酸酯阴道凝胶5g(相当于克林霉素100mg),1mo后志愿者单剂量口服盐酸克林霉素片150mg,分别用液/质联用法检测血清中克林霉素的浓度,并经DAS药动学程序进行数据处理,计算药动学参数。结果:克林霉素磷酸酯阴道凝胶与盐酸克林霉素片的t1/2分别为(15.30±2.62)、(3.64±0.78)h,tm ax分别为(4.88±0.94)、(1.00±0.33)h,Cm ax分别为(38.30±22.77)、(1 334.13±535.91)ng.mL-1,AUC0~48为(686.62±316.73)、(3 357.70±1 013.32)ng.h.mL-1,AUC0~∞为(783.45±351.19)、(3 393.33±1 037.40)ng.h.mL-1。克林霉素磷酸酯阴道凝胶阴道局部给药相对于盐酸克林霉素片的生物利用度为(29.5±6.8)%。结论:克林霉素磷酸酯阴道凝胶阴道局部给药后克林霉素主要滞留于阴道局部,能更好地发挥局部治疗作用,更安全。     

Efficacy of gut lavage,hemodialysis, and hemoperfusion in the therapy of paraquat or diquat intoxication

Clinical and in vitro investigations were carried out to test the efficacy of gut lavage, hemodialysis, and hemoperfusion in the treatment of poisoning with paraquat or diquat. In a patient suffering from diquat intoxication 130 times more diquat was removed by gut lavage 30 h after ingestion than was removed by complete aspiration of the gastric contents.Determination of in vitro clearances for paraquat and diquat by hemodialysis showed that, at serum concentrations of 1–2 ppm, such as are frequently encountered in poisoning in man, toxicologically relevant quantities of herbicide cannot be removed from the body. At a concentration of 20 ppm, on the other hand, hemodialysis proved to be effective, the clearance being 70 ml/min at a blood flow rate of 100 ml/min. The efficacy of hemoperfusion with coated activated charcoal was on the whole better. Especially at concentrations around 1–2 ppm, the clearance values for hemoperfusion were some 5–7 times higher than those for hemodialysis.In a patient suffering from paraquat poisoning, both hemodialysis as well as hemoperfusion were carried out. The in vitro results could be confirmed: At serum concentrations of paraquat less than 1 ppm no clearance could be obtained by hemodialysis while by hemoperfusion with activated charcoal quite high clearance values were measured and the serum level dropped down to zero.

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Zusammenfassung Klinische Untersuchungen und Laboratoriumsversuche wurden durchgeführt, um die Wirksamkeit von Darmspülung, Hämodialyse und Hämoperfusion bei Paraquat- und Deiquat-Vergiftungen zu prüfen.Bei einem Patienten wurde 30 Std nach Deiquat-Aufnahme durch Darmspülung 130mal mehr Deiquat entfernt als durch vollständige Aspiration des Mageninhaltes. In vitro-Versuche ergaben, daß bei Blutserumkonzentrationen von 1–2 ppm, die bei Vergiftungen oft gemessen werden, durch Hämodialyse keine toxikologisch relevanten Paraquat- oder Deiquat-Mengen entfernt werden können. Dagegen erwies sich die Hämodialyse bei 20 ppm und einer Blutumlaufgeschwindigkeit von 100 ml/min mit einer Clearance von 70 ml/min als wirksam. Die Hämoperfusion mit beschicheter Aktivkohle war in diesen Versuchen aber eindeutig überlegen, denn insbesondere bei Konzentrationen um 1–2 ppm waren die Clearance-Werte 5–7mal höher als bei der Hämodialyse.Die in vitro-Ergebnisse wurden bei einem Patienten mit einer Paraquat-Vergiftung bestätigt: Bei Konzentrationen unter 1 ppm war die Hämodialyse wirkungslos, während durch Hämoperfusion relativ hohe Clearance-Werte erreicht wurden, so daß der Serumspiegel rasch unter die Nachweisgrenze abfiel.

     

In vitro studies on sterically stabilized liposomes (SL) as enzyme carriers in organophosphorus (OP) antagonism

This study describes a new approach for organophosphorous (OP) antidotal treatment by encapsulating an OP hydrolyzing enzyme, OPA anhydrolase (OPAA), within sterically stabilized liposomes. The recombinant OPAA enzyme was derived from Alteromonas strain JD6. It has broad substrate specificity to a wide range of OP compounds: DFP and the nerve agents, soman and sarin. Liposomes encapsulating OPAA (SL)* were made by mechanical dispersion method. Hydrolysis of DFP by (SL)* was measured by following an increase of fluoride ion concentration using a fluoride ion selective electrode. OPAA entrapped in the carrier liposomes rapidly hydrolyze DFP, with the rate of DFP hydrolysis directly proportional to the amount of (SL)* added to the solution. Liposomal carriers containing no enzyme did not hydrolyze DFP. The reaction was linear and the rate of hydrolysis was first order in the substrate. This enzyme carrier system serves as a biodegradable protective environment for the recombinant OP-metabolizing enzyme, OPAA, resulting in prolongation of enzymatic concentration in the body. These studies suggest that the protection of OP intoxication can be strikingly enhanced by adding OPAA encapsulated within (SL)* to pralidoxime and atropine.     

Aquatic Insects and Trace Metals: Bioavailability,Bioaccumulation, and Toxicity

Abstract

The uptake of metals from food and water sources by insects is thought to be additive. For a given metal, the proportions taken up from water and food will depend both on the bioavailable concentration of the metal associated with each source and the mechanism and rate by which the metal enters the insect. Attempts to correlate insect trace metal concentrations with the trophic level of insects should be made with a knowledge of the feeding relationships of the individual taxa concerned. Pathways for the uptake of essential metals, such as copper and zinc, exist at the cellular level, and other nonessential metals, such as cadmium, also appear to enter via these routes. Within cells, trace metals can be bound to proteins or stored in granules. The internal distribution of metals among body tissues is very heterogeneous, and distribution patterns tend to be both metal and taxon specific. Trace metals associated with insects can be both bound on the surface of their chitinous exoskeleton and incorporated into body tissues. The quantities of trace meals accumulated by an individual reflect the net balance between the rate of metal influx from both dissolved and particulate sources and the rate of metal efflux from the organism. The toxicity of metals has been demonstrated at all levels of biological organization: cell, tissue, individual, population, and community. Much of the literature pertaining to the toxic effects of metals on aquatic insects is based on laboratory observations and, as such, it is difficult to extrapolate the data to insects in nature. The few experimental studies in nature suggest that trace metal contaminants can affect both the distribution and the abundance of aquatic insects. Insects have a largely unexploited potential as biomonitors of metal contamination in nature. A better understanding of the physico-chemical and biological mechanisms mediating trace metal bioavailability and exchange will facilitate the development of general predictive models relating trace metal concentrations in insects to those in their environment. Such models will facilitate the use of insects as contaminant biomonitors.     

Pharmacological treatment of COVID-19: an opinion paper

The precocity and efficacy of the vaccines developed so far against COVID-19 has been the most significant and saving advance against the pandemic. The development of vaccines has not prevented, during the whole period of the pandemic, the constant search for therapeutic medicines, both among existing drugs with different indications and in the development of new drugs. The Scientific Committee of the COVID-19 of the Illustrious College of Physicians of Madrid wanted to offer an early, simplified and critical approach to these new drugs, to new developments in immunotherapy and to what has been learned from the immune response modulators already known and which have proven effective against the virus, in order to help understand the current situation.     

Alzheimer’s disease – current trends in basic and clinical research. Highlights from the 16th ECNP

Advances in the molecular biological knowledge of neuronal nicotinic acetylcholine receptors (nAChRs) have led to a growing interest by the pharmaceutical industry in the development of novel compounds that selectively modulate nAChR function. The ability of (-)-nicotine, an activator of nAChRs, to enhance attentional aspects of cognition in animals and humans, to exert neuroprotective and anxiolytic-like effects, and presumably to mediate the negative correlation between smoking and Alzheimer's (and Parkinson's) Disease, has focused interest on the potential therapeutic utility of modulators of nAChR function for treatment of some of the deficits associated with these progressive, neurodegenerative conditions. Numerous compounds are known which activate nAChRs and which might serve as lead compounds toward the development of such agents. The pharmacologic diversity of neuronal nAChR subtypes suggests the possibility of developing selective compounds which would have more favourable side-effect profiles than existing agents. This broader class of agents, collectively called cholinergic channel modulators (ChCMs), is anticipated to encompass compounds which would have more favourable side-effect profiles than existing agents, which generally exhibit low selectivity. This selectivity may be achieved by preferentially activating some subtypes of nAChRs (i.e., Cholinergic Channel Activators, ChCAs) or inhibiting the function of other subtypes (Cholinergic Channel Inhibitors, ChCIs). An overview of the biology of nAChRs and the rationale for the use of ChCMs for the treatment of dementia related to neurodegenerative diseases are presented, followed by a discussion of lead compounds and compounds under consideration for clinical evaluation.     

Steroidal sapogenin contents in some domestic plants

In order to find out the values of the steroid resources for the future use. the compositions and contents of steroidal sapogenins from 13 domestic plants have been investigated. As a result,Dioscorea nipponica, D. quinqueloba andSmilax china were found to have large amount of diosgenin. And pennogenin inTrillium kamtschaticum andParis verticillata, yuccagenin inAllium fistulosum, hecogenin inAgave americana and neochlorogenin inSolanum nigum were appeared to be major steroidal sapogenins.