多平面食管超声诊断二尖瓣双孔畸形1例

患者女,58岁,因心慌、气短1年,加重1个月入院.经胸超声心动图(TTE):胸骨旁长轴切面示左室明显扩大,主动脉窦明显扩张,因患者肥胖、气喘,主动脉瓣短轴及左室短轴切面均显示欠佳,心尖五腔心显示舒张期主动脉瓣口大量返流,四腔心观:二尖瓣口少量返流,为进一步明确主动脉瓣病变,心衰有所好转后行多平面经食管超声心动图(TEE):     

经颅多普勒检测主动脉瓣返流患者脑动脉血流变化

观察主动脉瓣返流患者脑动脉血流动力学变化。方法：选取观察组４６例,对照组５０例,采用彩色超声心动图、经颅多普勒分别观察心脏主动脉瓣返流性质和程度及其他情况,观察脑动脉血流动力学各项指数。结果观察组４６例,其中单纯主动脉瓣返流３４例,主动脉瓣返流伴二尖瓣病变１２例;对照列。     

多普勒超声心动图与X线心血管造影对二尖瓣,主动脉瓣返流的对比研究

本文对59名患者进行了多普勒超声心动图和X线造影检查,根据心脏手术及X线造影结果来评价多普勒超声心动图探测瓣膜返流的敏感性和特异性。结果表明:多普勒超声心动图可较准确地探测主动脉瓣和二尖瓣返流,其探测主动脉瓣返流的敏感性和特异性分别为93.8％,87.5％;探测二尖瓣返流的敏感性和特异性分别为75％,91.4％。本文也提示:多普勒超声心动图探测瓣膜返流除存在假阳性外,也存在假阴性,并针对其产生原因进行探讨。     

利声显在多普勒超声心动图中的作用评价

为评价外周静脉注射造影剂利声显（Ｌｅｖｏｖｉｓｔ）对超声心动图多普勒信号的增强作用，对包括二尖瓣返流、主动脉瓣返流和房间隔缺损等３０例受试者进行研究。结果示：造影剂在右心腔显影后立即在左心腔显影；注射利声显后所有受试者的连续多普勒频谱信号评分增加，频谱示返流及分流的速度峰值及积分都增加；彩色多普勒示返流及分流束的面积和周长均增加。结论认为利声显是一种跨肺循环的造影剂，能增强二尖瓣返流、主动脉瓣返流及左向右分流的多普勒信号强度，安全性好     

TEE诊断主动脉瓣二叶式瓣

我院于1997年6月～1998年6月,经胸彩色多普勒超声心动图(ＴＴＥ)诊断并由经食管超声心动图(ＴＥＥ)证实主动脉瓣二叶畸形共8例。1　资料与方法8例病人中,男性6例,女性2例,年龄在30～52岁之间,平均42岁。采用ＨＰＳＯＮＯＳ2500型超声诊断仪,经胸探头频率25ＭＨｚ,ＴＥＥ多平面探头频率50/37ＭＨｚ。2　结果与分析除1例合并扩张型心肌病外,余为单纯性主动脉瓣畸形。所有病例均有左室偏大,但在经胸超声心动图上主动脉瓣瓣环径正常,瓣膜回声杂乱,大动脉短轴水平主动脉瓣“Ｙ”字结构显示不清,探及偏心性返流。ＴＥＥ可见主动脉瓣呈二叶式,均呈…     

二维超声心动图心尖四腔切面估测瓣膜返流的价值

尽管目前超声心动图可有多种方法评价瓣膜返流程度,但这些方法多为半定量的方法,并且重复性并非很好。本文探讨一种简单和估测瓣膜返流的二维超声心动图方法。 资料和方法 病例选择 42例患者,男33例,女9例;年龄44.35士14.75岁。患者分为二组,第1组为瓣膜病患者,其中主动脉瓣关闭不全或合并狭窄者9例,二尖瓣关闭不全     

双孔二尖瓣成形术近、远期疗效的超声评价

目的：讨论超声评价双孔二尖瓣成形术的近、远期疗效的临床价值。方法：应用多平面经食道超声心动图（TEE）对12例行双孔二尖瓣成形术患评估术后即刻疗效；应用经胸超声心动图（TTE）进行术后近、远期疗效观察，其结果与术前超声结果相比较，结果：12例患术后即刻疗效评估显示：Ⅰ级返流8例，0级返流4例。围术期超声显示，Ⅰ级返流7例，Ⅱ级返流1例，0级返流4例，2－3月超声（7例）显示，Ⅰ级返流5例，Ⅲ级返流1例，0级返流1例， 结论：TTE和TEE评价双孔二尖瓣成形术疗效准确，方便，无创，可作为临床首先检查方法。     

主动脉窦瘤的超声心动图诊断

对３７例经超声心动回检查（包括两维超声、频谱多普勒、彩色多普勒、声学造影及经食道超声心动图）诊断为主动脉窦瘤患者进行手术对照研究。结果表明：超声心动图能准确显示主动脉窦瘤的形态、起源、突入腔室及破裂状况，并能基本正确评估其合并的右室流出道狭窄、主动脉瓣脱垂及返流、心包积液等病损。文中尚对窦瘤是否破裂、是否并发室间隔缺损等鉴别诊断进行了讨论。     

老年退行性心脏瓣膜病诊断中彩色多普勒超声的应用分析

目的 分析彩色多普勒超声在老年退行性心脏瓣膜病诊断中的应用价值,并探讨其超声心动图特点.方法 应用Madison 8000多普勒超声仪对650例60岁以上老年患者进行多切面探查,探头频率为2.5 MHz,观察患者房室大小和瓣膜的形态结构、流返部位和程度.结果 退行性心脏瓣膜病发病率随患者年龄增长呈升高趋势,主要累及主动脉瓣,多伴有主动脉瓣返流,二尖瓣较少累及.结论 应用彩色多普勒超声可直接观察老年退行性心脏瓣膜病患者瓣膜厚度与回声强度与活动度,此外还可发现瓣环钙化状况与返流程度,值得临床推广应用.     

彩色多普勒血流会聚法定量二尖瓣返流的临床应用

为在临床上应用彩色多普勒血流会聚法定量评价二尖瓣返流，本文应用频谱多普勒法评估二尖瓣返流作对照，评价其定量返流的临床应用价值，文中研究了２４例二尖瓣返流患者，用二维超声心动图计算出主动脉瓣口和二尖瓣口的面积，用频谱多普勒计算出收缩期主动脉瓣口血流的速...     

多平面经食管超声心动图观察主动脉瓣病变

本文对３１例主动脉瓣病变患者进行了多平面经食道超声心动图（ＭＴＥＥ）的研究，其中主动脉瓣狭窄１２例（主动脉瓣二瓣化７例，风湿性３例，退行性病变２例），主动脉瓣关闭不全１９例（风湿性１０例，升主动脉夹层动脉瘤４例，赘生物３例，单纯脱垂２例）。主要从食管中上段的一系列切面观察主动脉瓣的形态结构。ＭＴＥＥ在确定主动脉瓣病变的病因方面明显优于ＴＴＥ。在判断主动脉瓣狭窄和主动脉瓣返流的程度方面ＭＴＥＥ具有重     

Radionuclide quantification of mitral and aortic regurgitation

Abstract. Gated equilibrium bloodpool scintigraphy was used to obtain the ratio of left and right ventricular stroke counts (end-diastolic minus end-systolic counts within ventricular areas of interest), the radionuclide equivalent of stroke volumes. This ratio or stroke count index (SCI) should be unity in normal subjects and increased in patients with aortic or mitral regurgitation, when left ventricular stroke output rises to compensate for regurgitant flow. Results of this non-invasive method were compared with semiquantitative angiographic grading of mitral (1 to 4+) or aortic (1 to 3+) regurgitation in ninety-seven patients. We found a SCI of 1.15 ± 0.18 (SD) in thirty-six control subjects without evidence of mitral or aortic regurgitation at cardiac catheterization. Subsequently, a ratio of 1.50 was chosen as the upper limit of normal for the analysis of thirty-seven patients with mitral regurgitation and twenty-four patients with aortic regurgitation. Clearly, elevated SCI values were obtained in the presence of grade 3 and 4 mitral regurgitation (eighteen out of twenty patients) and of grade 2 and 3 aortic regurgitation (seventeen out of eighteen patients). Only two out of seventeen subjects with grade 1 or 2 mitral incompetence had an elevated SCI, while none of six subjects with grade I aortic regurgitation had an abnormal SCI. If these lesser degrees of valvular incompetence are considered of minor significance, overall sensitivity of the radionuclide method in our patient population was 92%, specificity 95%. Occasional discrepancies between SCI and angiographic severity of left-sided valvular regurgitation are probably a result of methodological limitations. We could not demonstrate any relation with global left ventricular function as measured from the radionuclide ejection fraction. We conclude that the SCI may be used as a non-invasive tool for diagnosis and management of patients with valvular heart disease, both before and after interventions.     

The value of Doppler echocardiography in the management of patients with valvular heart disease: analysis of one year of clinical practice

Management recommendations based on Doppler echocardiographic examination and cardiac catheterization were compared in a prospective study in 100 consecutive patients who were admitted for evaluation and treatment of suspected valvular heart disease during 1988. Management recommendations were provided independently after both Doppler echocardiography and cardiac catheterization by different and blinded investigators. Criteria for severe (clinically significant) and moderate to mild (insignificant) valvular lesions and management recommendations were agreed on in advance. There was disagreement on the severity of aortic stenosis based on the aortic valve area and maximum instantaneous pressure gradient in 1 of 54 patients, which resulted in differing management recommendations. Mitral stenosis was severe (valve area less than or equal to 1 cm2) at Doppler echocardiography but not at cardiac catheterization in 5 of 14 patients. Because pulmonary artery pressure increase during exercise at cardiac catheterization also suggested severe obstruction, management recommendations were similar. There was a potentially significant disagreement on the severity of aortic regurgitation in 9 of 76 patients and of mitral regurgitation in 14 of 90 patients; however, this did not produce differing management recommendations because with most patients coexistent valvular lesions or an impaired ventricular function mainly determined the ultimate management decision. Although of good quality, Doppler echocardiographic examination was nonconclusive for clinical decision-making in 15% of the study population because of uncertainty about the severity of mitral regurgitation or aortic regurgitation or because of problems in assessing the degree of left ventricular dysfunction in patients with severe regurgitation.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)     

实时三维超声心动图在主动脉瓣成形术中的应用价值

目的 初步探讨实时三维超声心动图在保留瓣叶的主动脉瓣成形术中的应用价值.方法 对11例主动脉瓣中重度关闭不全患者在术前、术后进行常规超声心动图、实时三维超声心动图(RT-3DE)及彩色实时三维超声心动图(color RT-3DE)检查.结果 11例患者术前及术后RT-3DE、color RT-3DE均能立体观察主动脉瓣的形态及对合情况,5例患者术前color RT-3DE能立体观察室间隔缺损部位、形态、大小及空间关系,而且RT-3DE测量主动脉瓣环直径、窦部直径、窦干部直径、升主动脉直径及室间隔缺损大小基本上与手术中的测值呈线性相关.结论 RT-3DE能快速、准确地测量主动脉瓣环、窦部、窦干部及升主动脉的直径,同时能立体显示主动脉瓣的形态和功能及主动脉瓣反流的程度.     

Valvular heart disease in patients taking pergolide

OBJECTIVE: To Investigate the frequency of valvular heart disease in patients taking pergolide. PATIENTS AND METHODS: The medical records of patients seen at the Mayo Clinic in Jacksonville, Fla, between 1998 and 2003 were searched electronically for the word pergolide and the presence of a 2-dimensional echocardiogram. Patients who had not taken pergolide before undergoing echocardlography served as the control group. Echocardiograms were reviewed for the presence of valvular regurgitation. The frequency of valvular disease in patients taking pergolide was calculated and compared with controls. Associations with dosage and years of treatment also were examined. RESULTS: Fifty-five patients made up the pergolide group, and 63 served as controls. When looking at aortic regurgitation (AR) of any degree, 45% of patients in the pergolide group had AR, compared with 21% of controls (P = .006). The frequency of moderate to severe valvular regurgitation in the pergolide group was 11% (95% confidence interval [CI], 4%-22%), 13% (95% CI, 5%-24%), and 13% (95% CI, 5%-24%) for the tricuspid, mitral, and aortic valves, respectively. No statistical difference was identified in the frequency of moderate to severe valvular regurgitation (mitral, tricuspid, or aortic) when compared with controls. There was marginal evidence of an association between a higher daily dosage of pergolide and moderate to severe AR (P = .05). CONCLUSION: The frequency of AR appears to be Increased in patients taking pergolide. Our study suggests that if a cause-effect relationship exists between pergolide and valvular heart disease, it likely occurs at a low but clinically important Incidence and may be associated with dosage.     

主动脉瓣退行性变的超声观察及血流动力学分析

目的 用超声观察主动脉瓣退行性变钙化斑块形态学的特点,并分析其形成的解剖学及血流动力学基础.方法 427例发生主动脉瓣退行性变并钙化斑块形成的患者为研究对象,根据钙化斑块所处主动脉瓣的位置将其分为突向瓣窦型、均衡型及突向瓣口型,并分析各型间的发生率是否存在统计学差别.结果 427例主动脉瓣退行性变并钙化斑块形成的患者病变瓣膜469个,其中突向瓣窦型病变瓣膜293个,高于均衡型(P<0.01)及突向瓣口型(P<0.01);均衡型病变瓣膜105个,高于突向瓣口型(P<0.05);突向瓣口型病变瓣膜71个.突向瓣口型主动脉瓣反流发生率高于突向瓣窦型及均衡型(均P<0.01).结论 主动脉瓣退行性变钙化斑块多突向瓣窦侧与该处血流剪切力小,容易使钙质沉着有关;而收缩期瓣口侧承受较大的剪切力,不易使钙质沉着.     

Quantitative assessment of valvular regurgitations using the pulsed Doppler technique. Approach to the regurgitant lesion

It is now possible with pulsed Doppler to grade the severity of aortic, mitral and tricuspid regurgitations on a quantitative basis. “Indices” were devised, using the measurement of the spatial extent of abnormal Doppler signals.For aortic regurgitation: (1) at the aortic valvular orifice area, by measurement of the regurgitant aortic valvular area and calculation of the valvular regurgitant “index”. (2) In the left ventricle outflow tract, by calculation of an “index” combining information from two echographic (short and long axis) planes.For mitral regurgitation: by calculation of the total regurgitant “index” combining information from examination of the annulus in short axis, and of the left atrium in long axis view.For tricuspid regurgitation: at the tricuspid annulus, by averaging the depth of the reversal wave on two samples recorded using various echographic approaches.A group of patients with aortic (42), mitral (55) and tricuspid (57) regurgitation proven by invasive procedures, was investigated with this procedure using a 3 MHz two dimensional pulsed Doppler echo device. Correlative coefficients between the Doppler grading and that provided by independently performed invasive procedures on a three point scale, ranged between 0.66 and 0.88, with significant differentiation of mean values of indices (P < 0.01 to P < 0.001) for each grade of severity.Success in the Doppler grading of severity of the regurgitations requires (1) a sampling as close as possible to the lesion, and optimally at the very site of the lesion, (2) the largest explorable area at the site of the lesion, (3) the relevancy of the selected Doppler parameter in order to take into account, as much as possible, the three dimensional configuration of the regurgitant jet. Moreover, this mapping procedure provides a pathophysiological insight of the regurgitant lesion for left-sided regurgitations.     

Aortic regurgitation reduces the accuracy of exercise echocardiography for diagnosis of coronary artery disease.

The association of aortic regurgitation with left ventricular size, hypertrophy, and abnormal coronary flow may influence the accuracy of stress testing techniques for the diagnosis of coronary disease. We examined the diagnostic accuracy of treadmill exercise echocardiography to predict coronary artery disease in 76 patients with moderate to severe aortic regurgitation. Rest and poststress images were interpreted by 2 experienced observers, and accuracy was defined by comparison with stenoses >/=50% diameter at coronary angiography. Results were compared with accuracy in a control group of previously published studies in patients without valvular heart disease. After 6 patients were excluded because of a submaximal heart rate response (<85% age-predicted maximal heart rate), 70 patients were included in the final analysis. Patients with aortic regurgitation were of comparable age to the control group and exercised to similar workload. In 16 (23%) patients with significant coronary artery disease and significant aortic regurgitation, the sensitivity of exercise echocardiography was 56% compared with 83% in the control group (P =.03). The specificity in 54 patients with aortic regurgitation but no significant coronary artery disease was 67% compared with 83% in the control group (P =.02). Accuracy was 64% in aortic regurgitation compared with 83% in the control group (P =.02). In patients with aortic regurgitation, accuracy in the left anterior descending artery territory (76%) marginally exceeded that in the posterior (right + circumflex coronary artery) circulation (70%). Thus the presence of significant aortic regurgitation affects the regional wall motion of the left ventricle during exercise and adversely affects the accuracy of exercise echocardiography for the diagnosis of coronary artery disease.     

Diet drug-related cardiac valve disease: the Mayo Clinic echocardiographic laboratory experience

OBJECTIVE: To describe the prevalence of diet drug-related valvular disease among our referral population and the association of valvular disease with duration of exposure to fenfluramine and phentermine in combination and to dexfenfluramine alone. PATIENTS AND METHODS: In this retrospective review of clinical and echocardiographic data, charts of patients referred for treatment of toxic effects of diet drugs were reviewed, and telephone interviews were conducted. RESULTS: Between June and December 1997, 191 patients (164 women, 27 men; mean age, 47 years) were referred for possible diet drug-related valvular disease. Twenty-eight (28%) of the 99 asymptomatic patients and 40 (43%) of the 92 symptomatic patients had abnormal echocardiographic findings. Valvular lesions among the 68 patients with abnormal echocardiographic findings included mild (or greater) aortic regurgitation in 55 patients (81%), moderate (or greater) mitral regurgitation in 12 (18%), and moderate (or greater) tricuspid regurgitation in 7 (10%). The Food and Drug Administration case definition of diet drug-related valvulopathy was noted in 31 % of this referral population. Of patients with valvulopathy, mean duration of therapy with fenfluramine and phentermine in combination and dexfenfluramine alone was 9 months and 5 months, respectively. Duration of therapy was not associated with presence or absence of disease. Five patients had surgical intervention for severe valvulopathy: 3 had mitral valve repair, 1 had mitral valve replacement, and 1 had aortic valve replacement. Pulmonary hypertension (>40 mm Hg) was found in 24 patients (13%), and 17 (71 %) had pulmonary hypertension in association with valvulopathy. CONCLUSION: This study demonstrated a 31% (60/191) prevalence of valvulopathy in patients with a history of diet drug exposure who were referred for echocardiographic evaluation. The most common finding was mild aortic regurgitation. Twenty-eight percent of asymptomatic patients had abnormal echocardiographic findings. This study emphasizes the spectrum of diet drug-related cardiac disease and the potential for valvulopathy in asymptomatic patients.     

Echocardiographic and Histological Assessment of Age-Related Valvular Changes in Normal Rats

Aging is associated with morphologic and functional alterations of the rat's left ventricle. However, the time-course of valvular function and morphology in normal aging rats has not yet been studied. For this purpose, 30 male Wistar rats (318 ± 5g, 10 weeks old) underwent serial echocardiograms for 58 weeks under sodium pentobarbital 50 mg/kg IP anesthetization followed by necropsy. Histopathology was also performed in two additional groups of 10 rats at 10 and 30 weeks of age. Regurgitations were considered as any retrograde flow on 2-D or M-mode color Doppler echocardiography. Tricuspid regurgitation was already found at 10 weeks of age and became more frequent with age. Pulmonary, mitral and aortic regurgitation was seldom observed at 10 weeks but became more frequent after 30 weeks. For the mitral and aortic valve, this was also associated with an increase in valvular thickness because of nodular or segmental myxoid leaflet changes. The severity of valvular regurgitations did not increase with age. In conclusion, aging leads to morphologic and functional valvular changes in normal rats. This is important when investigating models of valvular heart disease in small animals. (E-mail: steven_droogmans@yahoo.com)