距骨骨软骨损伤的MRI研究进展

距骨骨软骨损伤（OLT）常见于曾有踝关节创伤史的病人,对本病的准确评价有助于治疗方法的选择。MRI可检出OLT并对其进行分级,是目前评价OLT的最佳无创检查手段。就OLT的MRI研究进展进行综述。     

踝关节牵引状态下小视野线圈BLADE序列对距骨软骨损伤的MRI研究

目的:评估在牵引状态下应用MR小FOV表面线圈BLADE序列对踝关节距骨软骨损伤MR成像的应用价值。方法:前瞻性分析2018年12月至2020年7月南京医科大学附属苏州医院53例踝关节软骨损伤患者的临床及影像资料。所有患者均接受以下MR序列检查：序列Ⅰ为表面线圈小FOV的快速自旋回波质子密度加权的刀锋（FSE-PD-B...     

距骨骨软骨损伤的诊断与治疗研究进展

距骨骨软骨损伤(osteochondral lesions of the talus,OLT)是指在创伤或非创伤性因素作用下,距骨滑车局限性关节软骨剥脱,通常累及深部软骨下骨损伤,并往往引发关节疼痛、积液肿胀等症状,严重者可致关节功能障碍的踝关节疾病。病变通常与踝关节扭伤及骨折等创伤性因素相关,因此大部分患者有踝关节扭伤或不稳定病史,而非创伤性因素也已被报道可导致该病变。X线、计算机断层扫描(computed tomography,CT)、磁共振成像(magnetic resonance imaging,MRI)、锝-99m骨扫描、单光子发射计算机断层成像术(single-photon emission computed tomography,SPECT)及关节镜均已被用于诊断该疾病。保守治疗多用于骨软骨块无移位的儿童患者,疗效尚可,对于成人效果多不佳。多种手术方式如关节镜下病灶清理、微骨折及钻孔术、骨软骨块复位内固定术、自体或异体骨软骨移植术、自体软骨细胞移植术、自体骨-骨膜移植术、关节腔内注射生物附加物技术、组织工程技术等均已被大量文献报道,并取得良好的临床疗效。     

自体骨软骨移植术治疗Hepple Ⅴ型距骨骨软骨损伤

目的:探讨自体骨软骨移植术治疗Hepple Ⅴ型距骨骨软骨损伤的近期疗效。方法:回顾性分析2015年1月～2018年12月54例Hepple Ⅴ型距骨骨软骨损伤的治疗,分别采用直径4.5 mm与直径8.0mm自体骨软骨移植器械完成植骨手术。内踝截骨暴露距骨病变部位,制备软骨损伤区受区,取自体股骨外髁非负重区骨软骨柱修复距骨软骨缺损区。随访期间记录并发症发生情况及摄X线片。末次随访时获得磁共振成像(MRI)随访,明确软骨移植区愈合情况。采用美国足踝外科学会(AOFAS)评分评价足踝功能,对比大直径组与小直径组骨软骨移植术后优良率。结果:54例均获得随访,随访时间12～48个月,平均18个月。随访期间出现1例供区疼痛,1例踝关节内大量瘢痕形成影响功能行二次关节镜下清理,无皮肤伤口感染、内固定失效、截骨端不愈合、畸形愈合等其他并发症,并发症发生率为3.7%。随访证实术后10～14周(平均12周)截骨端愈合,MRI检查显示骨软骨移植区愈合良好,无明显退变。AOFAS评分术后(90.3±7.3)与术前(69.5±3.4)差异有统计学意义(t=18.05,P<0.01)。大直径组与小直径组骨...     

隐性骨与软骨损伤的MRI诊断

目的探讨隐性骨与软骨损伤的MRI特点,分析骨挫伤、隐性骨折和关节软骨损伤间的关系。方法回顾性分析了101例隐性骨与软骨损伤,其中骨挫伤70例,隐性骨折13例,关节软骨损伤18例。观察病变的MRI特点、分布,检出骨挫伤的序列敏感性。结果T1WI,STIR或PDWI(f/s)检出骨挫伤的敏感性为95.7%及100%。骨挫伤病变在关节主要分布于骨骼的边缘,脊椎主要分布于椎体上缘终板下。隐性骨折骨折线走行方向不定,平均宽度为1.8 mm,邻近区域的骨挫伤是其重要的间接征象。关节软骨损伤MRI表现为关节软骨变薄、断裂或缺损,软骨下骨挫伤出现率为100%。结论隐性骨折和关节软骨损伤均合并有骨挫伤,MRI是诊断隐性骨与软骨损伤的敏感方法。     

骨软骨损伤愈合过程的MRI与病理对照研究初探

目的：研究骨软骨损伤愈合过程的MRI表现及其与病理学表现之间的对应关系。方法：18只家兔分6组用外科手术的方法分离股骨内侧髁一骨软骨块，再放回原位后制成动物模型，分别于术后第2、5、10、15、23、30天摄取X线正侧位平片，并行MRI轴位T1WI，矢状位T1WI、T2WI、D(N)WI、梯度回波FLASH准T2WI检查，于每次检查后处死一组动物行病理检查，分析MRI表现与病理结果之间的关系。结果：①骨软骨块与股骨髁交界面的变化规律：第2天，交界面在各序列呈低信号，对应病理改变为交界面主要是血肿；第5、10天，交界面呈长T1、T2信号，病理结果主要为机化血肿性肉芽组织；第15天，交界面T2值缩短，病理示肉芽组织向纤维组织过渡；第23、30天，交界面在MR各序列均呈低信号，病理为纤维骨痂和骨性骨痂。②15只膝关节骨软骨块在MR各序列均呈中等信号，病理学检查提示骨软骨块内有少量骨细胞坏死，形成空骨陷窝，轻度炎性细胞浸润，骨髓内有水肿。3例T1WI为高信号，梯度回波FLASH准T2WI呈低信号，其余序列呈等信号，病理示骨髓腔内造血组织减少，脂肪增多。结论：骨软骨损伤的愈合过程中交界面要经历血肿形成、肉芽组织吸收和血肿机化、纤维组织和纤维性骨痂形成、骨性骨痂形成几个阶段，与之相应，MRI T2WI也经历了从低到高再到低的过程，T1WI一直呈低信号。大多数骨软骨块MRI各序列均呈等信号，病理改变轻微。     

锝亚甲基二膦酸盐注射液治疗距骨骨软骨损伤的临床研究

目的:总结锝亚甲基二膦酸盐注射液(~(99m)Tc-MDP)对距骨骨软骨损伤(OLT)的治疗效果。方法:收集45例OLT的MRI、SPECT-CT资料,根据病程分期对32例符合保守治疗患者的治疗效果进行回顾性分析,依据美国足与踝关节外科协会(AOFAS)踝与后足功能评分标准及视觉模拟评分法(VAS)评定患者的临床疗效。结果:所有患者MRI见距骨滑车关节面不规则条状、带状异常长T_1、长T_2信号,连续或不连续,部分呈地图样或囊变影,Ⅰ期5例,Ⅱ期13例,Ⅲ期14例,Ⅳ期8例,Ⅴ期5例;SPECT-CT治疗前后病灶核素浓聚范围缩小,显效11例,有效18例,无效3例。AOFAS评分显著高于治疗前(P0.05);VAS评分显著低于治疗前(P0.05)。随访临床疗效优良率为73.33%。结论:MRI对OLT诊断明确,~(99m)Tc-MDP注射液治疗OLT效果良好。     

自体髂骨植骨治疗距骨软骨损伤17例

目的:探讨经内踝截骨、取髂骨植骨治疗距骨骨软骨损伤的手术技巧及预后疗效。方法:回顾性分析2012年7月至2015年10月,采用取同侧髂骨松质骨植骨术治疗且获得完整随访的内侧距骨软骨损伤17例(17足)的病历资料。男10例;女7例;左足7例,右足10例;年龄16-50岁;平均年龄35岁;14例患者病灶位于内侧,3例患者病灶位于外侧,病灶平均面积为为60±52.8 mm2;按照MRI的Hepple距骨软骨损伤分型,Ⅲ型8例;Ⅳ型6例;Ⅴ型3例;所有患者术前及术后均行CT及MRI检查。采用美国足与踝协会踝与后足评分(AOFAS)及视觉疼痛量表(VAS)对术后踝关节的功能及疼痛评定治疗效果。结果:17例患者术后随访4~39个月;平均18.6个月。AOFAS评分由术前的77.32±6.67分提高到术后的93.10±8.24分,VAS评分由术前的7.80±1.38分降低到术后的1.96±1.67分,差异均具有统计学意义(P<0.001)。术后随访未见伤口感染、皮肤坏死、内固定失效、截骨端不愈合或畸形愈合等并发症。结论:对于HeppleⅢ、Ⅳ、Ⅴ型的距骨软骨损伤,经内踝截骨、髂骨植骨术治疗距骨软骨损伤是有效的治疗方式;手术治疗可以改善踝关节的功能、缓解踝关节的疼痛。     

发散式体外冲击波治疗距骨骨软骨损伤的效果

 目的 评价发散式体外冲击波疗法治疗距骨骨软骨损伤的效果。方法 选取2010-01至2016-06武警总医院就诊,并采用发散式冲击波治疗的距骨骨软骨损伤54例60个距骨,治疗方案为能量1.5～2.5 bar,5Hz,冲击2000～3000次,5次为一疗程,共治疗3～4疗程。治疗结束后3、6、12个月进行随访,通过患者踝关节VAS疼痛评分、美国足与踝协会踝与后足评分和MRI矢状面损伤面积大小评价治疗效果。结果 治疗结束后3个月,患者VAS评分降低,AOFAS评分升高,与治疗前比较均有统计学差异(P＜0.05)。治疗结束后6、12个月,患者踝关节疼痛持续缓解,功能评分不断提高(P＜0.01);治疗前平均损伤面积(2.67±1.14)cm²,治疗结束后3个月(1.97±0.77)cm²,6个月(1.04±0.61)cm²和12个月(0.46±0.25)cm²缩小更明显(P＜0.01),部分患者损伤区可完全消失。结论 发散式体外冲击波治疗轻中度距骨骨软骨损伤可获得良好疗效。     

自体胫骨带骨膜骨移植治疗距骨内侧骨软骨损伤

目的:探讨经内踝截骨、胫骨带骨膜骨移植治疗距骨内侧骨软骨损伤的临床疗效。方法:总结第三军医大学西南医院2014年1月至2015年8月,采用内踝截骨、病灶清理、胫骨带骨膜骨移植治疗距骨内侧骨软骨损伤28例。术中经内踝截骨,显露内侧距骨顶,清理碎裂软骨,去除病灶及囊肿,自同侧胫骨钻取带骨膜骨柱,采取打压固定技术将骨柱植入受区钻好的孔中,固定内踝截骨块。观察患者术前术后踝关节X线片、MRI,在PACS系统测量比较距骨骨软骨损伤水肿区域的左右径、前后径及深度变化,比较术前及术后末次随访时美国足踝外科协会(AOFAS)踝与后足评分。结果:本组共23例患者获最终随访,随访时间15个月(10~28月),X线片证实术后平均11周(9~14周)内踝截骨端愈合,MRI检查显示患者术后病灶骨髓水肿区域较术前明显减小,差异具有统计学意义(P<0.01),1例患者形成软骨组织稍高于周围关节软骨,2例患者软骨下骨囊肿未完全消失,6例取内固定时行关节镜检,其中5例移植物与周围关节软骨愈合良好,表面被软骨样组织覆盖,其色泽、光滑度等与周围软骨面差异较小,患者AOFAS踝与后足评分均较术前明显改善(P<0.05),随访期间未见供区疼痛、伤口感染、内固定失效等并发症。结论:对于Ⅲ~Ⅴ期距骨骨软骨损伤,经内踝截骨、病灶清理、胫骨带骨膜骨移植可修复软骨缺损,减轻疼痛,改善关节功能,是一种有效的治疗方法。     

Arthroscopic treatment of osteochondral lesions of the talus

A retrospective study of the arthroscopic treatment of transchondral fractures of the talar dome in 18 patients was conducted. Followup ranged from 3 months to 3 years; 10 patients had an average followup of 2 years (Group A) and 8 of 6.5 months (Group B). The 10 male and 8 female patients ranged in age from 14 to 40 years. Thirteen lesions were posteromedial while five were anterolateral. Fourteen of the 18 patients reported an inversion type injury to the ankle from playing various sports on weekends. One patient had a bimalleolar fracture of the ankle sustained in a car accident 18 months prior to referral, while the last patient in the series had a bilateral fracture of the os calcis from a work-related falling incident. All patients underwent conservative care for at least 4 months prior to referral. Arthroscopic treatment consisted of partial synovectomy, debridement of osteochondral lesions with removal of loose fragments, curettage, abrasion, and, in one case, drilling. For analysis of postoperative management, patients were divided into two groups, 10 with the 2 year followup comprising Group A and the 8 with the 6.5 month followup in Group B. Group A was nonweightbearing for 6 weeks while Group B was ambulatory 2 weeks postoperatively. Group A was fully ambulatory when the 6 week nonweightbearing period expired. All patients had a full range of motion at the time of suture removal (1 week to 10 days). Both groups were evaluated objectively and subjectively. Excellent or good results were obtained in 88% of the patients.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)     

Arthroscopic microfracture for osteochondral lesions of the talus

The purpose of the present study was to evaluate the outcomes of arthroscopic microfracture for isolated osteochondral lesions of the talus without combined lesions, in patients of less than 50 years old with lesions of <1.5 cm². Thirty-five patients (35 ankles) with isolated osteochondral lesions of the talus were treated by arthroscopic microfracture. There were 27 men and 8 women of average age 35 years (range 17–50) and mean body mass index (BMI) 25 kg/m² (range 20–34) at the time of surgery. Clinical outcome evaluations were performed at a mean follow-up of 33 months. Overall results, as determined using American Orthopaedic Foot and Ankle Society (AOFAS) Ankle-Hindfoot scores, were excellent in 16 (46%), good in 15 (43%), and fair in 4 (11%). Mean AOFAS scores improved from 63 points (range 52–77) preoperatively to 90 points (range 73–100) at final follow-up, median Ankle Activity Score (AAS) from 3 points (range 1–5) to 6 points (range 3–8), mean Visual Analogue Scale (VAS) scores from 7 points (range 5–8) to 2 points (range 0–5), and mean Short Form-36 scores showed improvements in physical function, role limitation, bodily pain, social function, and general health (P < 0.05). In terms of prognostic factors, a longer symptom duration was found to negatively affect outcome, as determined by AOFAS scores, AAS, and VAS scores. Arthroscopic microfracture for isolated osteochondral lesions of the talus is a safe and effective procedure, which provides good clinical outcomes in the majority of patients.     

MR imaging of osteochondral lesions of talus

Ten patients with osteochondral lesions of the talus had magnetic resonance (MR) imaging to determine if this modality could accurately characterize the bone lesion and overlying articular cartilage. Eight patients had arthroscopy, five of whom also had arthrotomy. Magnetic resonance detected abnormal cartilage in all eight patients and disruption of cartilage in four of five, proven at surgery. One patient had disrupted cartilage at surgery not diagnosed by MR. Four patients had excision of the osteochondral fragment and curettage of the talar defect and in these patients MR accurately characterized the bony lesion. Three patients had conservative surgical procedures (drilling) and the extent of the bony lesion could not be determined at surgery. Magnetic resonance can accurately characterize the osteocartilaginous components of talus lesions and even though it should not replace plain radiography for diagnosis, it is ideally suited for evaluation of the articular cartilage and has proven to be useful in planning surgical procedures.     

A comparison of arthroscopic and MRI findings in staging of osteochondral lesions of the talus

The purpose of the present study was to evaluate the accuracy of MRI compared with arthroscopy in staging of osteochondral lesions of the talus (OLTs). The authors prospectively investigated 50 patients (52 cases) who had undergone both MRI and ankle arthroscopy for OLTs. The 30 males (32 ankles) and 20 females (20 ankles) had an average age of 43 years (range 19-64 years). The correlations between MRI and arthroscopic stagings were also investigated. Preoperative MRI resulted in 7 stage I, 11 stage II, 25 stage III, and 9 stage IV lesions, and ankle arthroscopic findings in 3 stage I, 5 stage II, 35 stage III, and 9 stage IV lesions. No stage V lesion was encountered. A comparison of MRI and arthroscopic stagings revealed that MRI had an accuracy of 81% (42 of 52) for staging of OLTs. MRI correctly staged 3 of 7 stage I lesions, 5 of 11 stage II, 25 of 25 stage III, and 9 of 9 stage IV lesions. Ten mismatched cases were of arthroscopic stage III lesions, which MRI classified as four stage I lesions and six stage II lesions. Thus, MRI staging tended to understate lesion severity. We re-reviewed the ten MR images of the mismatching cases to identify reasons for these mismatches, and subchondral edema was found in six cases. The authors conclude that MRI has accuracy of 81% in staging of OLTs, however, MRI had some limitation in correct staging isolated cartilage lesions of OLTs, especially combined with subchondral edema.     

Role of arthroscopic microfracture for cystic type osteochondral lesions of the talus with radiographic enhanced MRI support

Purpose  

Comparatively little literature is available on treatment evaluations of individual osteochondral lesions of the talus (OLT), such as cystic type OLT. It is also noteworthy that controversy still exists regarding the best primary treatment option for cystic type OLT. The purpose of this study was to evaluate the clinical outcomes of arthroscopic microfracture of symptomatic cystic type OLT, irrespective of lesion size, and to verify the efficacy of enhanced ankle MRI for predicting the nature of cystic osteochondral lesions.     

Arthroscopic autologous chondrocyte implantation in osteochondral lesions of the talus: mid-term T2-mapping MRI evaluation

Purpose  

Autologous chondrocyte implantation (ACI) in the ankle has become an established procedure to treat osteochondral lesions. However, a non-invasive method able to provide information on the nature of the repair tissue is needed. Recently, MRI T2 mapping was identified as a method capable of qualitatively characterizing articular cartilage. The aim of this study was to evaluate the mid-term results of a series of patients arthroscopically treated by ACI and investigate the nature of the repair tissue by MRI T2 mapping.     

Treatment of osteochondral lesions of the talus: a systematic review

The aim of this study was to summarize all eligible studies to compare the effectiveness of treatment strategies for osteochondral defects (OCD) of the talus. Electronic databases from January 1966 to December 2006 were systematically screened. The proportion of the patient population treated successfully was noted, and percentages were calculated. For each treatment strategy, study size weighted success rates were calculated. Fifty-two studies described the results of 65 treatment groups of treatment strategies for OCD of the talus. One randomized clinical trial was identified. Seven studies described the results of non-operative treatment, 4 of excision, 13 of excision and curettage, 18 of excision, curettage and bone marrow stimulation (BMS), 4 of an autogenous bone graft, 2 of transmalleolar drilling (TMD), 9 of osteochondral transplantation (OATS), 4 of autologous chondrocyte implantation (ACI), 3 of retrograde drilling and 1 of fixation. OATS, BMS and ACI scored success rates of 87, 85 and 76%, respectively. Retrograde drilling and fixation scored 88 and 89%, respectively. Together with the newer techniques OATS and ACI, BMS was identified as an effective treatment strategy for OCD of the talus. Because of the relatively high cost of ACI and the knee morbidity seen in OATS, we conclude that BMS is the treatment of choice for primary osteochondral talar lesions. However, due to great diversity in the articles and variability in treatment results, no definitive conclusions can be drawn. Further sufficiently powered, randomized clinical trials with uniform methodology and validated outcome measures should be initiated to compare the outcome of surgical strategies for OCD of the talus.