急诊室小儿心搏呼吸骤停流行病学调查及初步复苏效果评估

目的 调查儿科急诊室内小儿心搏呼吸骤停情况,分析影响心肺复苏效果的因素,并对复苏效果做初步评估.方法 采用标准的院内Utstein格式(the in-hospital Utstein style)前瞻性收集数据,填写调查表,内容包括:心搏呼吸骤停的原因、影响心肺复苏效果的因素及复苏效果.用自主循环恢复(return of spontaneous circulation,ROSC)评估初步复苏效果.结果 2008年7月1日至2010年2月28日,北京儿童医院急诊室全部就诊患者(29 d至18岁)182 380例,心搏呼吸骤停237例(0.13％).实施心肺复苏169例,其中ROSC 88例(52.1％).性别和年龄对ROSC的影响差异无统计学意义.原发病和初始节律对ROSC的影响有显著性意义.有无院前转运的ROSC分别为64.1％和44.8％；CPR时间≤10 min、10 ～ 30 min及＞30 min的ROSC分别为67.5％、61.4％和30.5％,差异均具有统计学意义.多元逐步Logistic回归分析显示,初始节律和CPR持续时间对ROSC有明显影响.结论 急诊室内小儿心肺复苏的ROSC为52.1％.初始节律和CPR持续时间对ROSC有明显影响.     

The impact of airway management on quality of cardiopulmonary resuscitation: An observational study in patients during cardiac arrest

Background

Minimising interruptions in chest compressions is associated with improved survival from cardiac arrest. Current in-hospital guidelines recommend continuous chest compressions after the airway is secured on the premise that this will reduce no flow time. The aim of this study was to determine the effect of advanced airway use on the no flow ratio and other measures of CPR quality.

Methods

Consecutive adult patients who sustained an in-hospital cardiac arrest were enrolled in this prospective observational study. The quality of CPR was measured using the Q-CPR device (Phillips, UK) before and after an advanced airway device (endotracheal tube [ET] or laryngeal mask airway [LMA]) was inserted. Patients receiving only bag-mask ventilation were used as the control cohort. The primary outcome was no flow ratio (NFR). Secondary outcomes were chest compression rate, depth, compressions too shallow, compressions with leaning, ventilation rate, inflation time, change in impedance and time required to successfully insert airway device.

Results

One hundred patients were enrolled in the study (2008–2011). Endotracheal tube and LMA placement took similar durations (median 15.8 s (IQR 6.8–19.4) vs LMA median 8.0 s (IQR 5.5–15.9), p = 0.1). The use of an advanced airway was associated with improved no flow ratios (endotracheal tube placement (n = 50) improved NFR from baseline median 0.24 IQR 0.17–0.40) to 0.15 to (IQR 0.09–0.28), p = 0.012; LMA (n = 25) from median 0.28 (IQR 0.23–0.40) to 0.13 (IQR 0.11– 0.19), p = 0.0001). There was no change in NFR in patients managed solely with bag valve mask (BVM) (n = 25) (median 0.29 (IQR 0.18–0.59) vs median 0.26 (IQR 0.12–0.37), p = 0.888). There was no significant difference in time taken to successfully insert the airway device between the two groups.

Conclusion

The use of an advanced airway (ETT or LMA) during in-hospital cardiac arrest was associated with improved no flow ratio. Further studies are required to determine the effect of airway devices on overall patient outcomes.     

Mayo Registry for Telemetry Efficacy in Arrest (MR TEA) study: An analysis of code status change following cardiopulmonary arrest

IntroductionCode status discussions are important during a hospitalization, yet variation in its practice exists. No data have assessed the likelihood of patients to change code status following a cardiopulmonary arrest.MethodsA retrospective review of all patients that experienced a cardiopulmonary arrest between May 1, 2008 and June 30, 2014 at an academic medical center was performed. The proportion of code status modifications to do not resuscitate (DNR) from full code was assessed. Baseline clinical characteristics, resuscitation factors, and 24-h post-resuscitation, hospital, and overall survival rates were compared between the two subsets.ResultsA total of 157 patients survived the index event and were included. One hundred and fifteen (73.2%) patients did not have a change in code status following the index event, while 42 (26.8%) changed code status to DNR. Clinical characteristics were similar between subsets, although patients in the change to DNR subset were older (average age 67.7 years) compared to the full code subset (average age 59.2 years; p = 0.005). Patients in the DNR subset had longer overall resuscitation efforts with less attempts at defibrillation. Compared to the DNR subset, patients that remained full code demonstrated higher 24-h post-resuscitation (n = 108, 93.9% versus n = 32, 76.2%; p = 0.001) and hospital (n = 50, 43.5% versus n = 6, 14.3%; p = 0.001) survival rates. Patients in the DNR subset were more likely to have neurologic deficits on discharge and shorter overall survival.ConclusionsPatient code status wishes do tend to change during critical periods within a hospitalization, adding emphasis for continued code status evaluation.     

Outcome of cardiopulmonary resuscitation in hospitalized patients

Background: Information on who is likely to benefit from cardiopulmonary resuscitation (CPR) is essential for decision-making regarding resuscitative efforts. The purpose of the present study was to evaluate the results of CPR in hospitalized patients and to investigate the influence of clinical variables and their value as prognostic tools. Methods: We analysed prospectively collected data of 253 consecutive hospitalized patients in whom CPR was performed. Main outcome measures were: success of CPR, 24-h survival, discharge from hospital, mental status at the time of hospital discharge, diagnosis, age, adequacy of basic life support, duration of CPR, time of CPR. Results: The mean age was 69.5 years, with a range of 27 to 97 years. Distribution of sex was 145 men and 108 women. Of 253 CPR efforts, 141 (56%) were successful, and in 110 (43%), patients were alive after 24 h. Fifty patients (20%) were discharged alive. The mechanism of arrest with the best outcome was ventricular tachycardia or fibrillation. Advanced age and adequacy of basic life support by first-responders did not affect survival to discharge. Prolonged duration of the resuscitative effort was associated with a poor outcome. Among patients whose arrest lasted longer than 30 min, 89% died. Conclusion: 20% of patients who underwent in-hospital resuscitation were discharged alive. Need for prolonged resuscitation as well as certain mechanisms of arrest, such as progression of a shock state, were associated with a poor outcome. Patients who are likely to benefit from CPR performed for >30 min are rare. Therefore, a decision for prolonged CPR should be made only in reasonable cases.     

海南省多中心心肺复苏Utstien模式注册研究

目的 本研究以心肺复苏乌斯坦因(Utstein)评估模式评价海南省13家医院心搏骤停患者流行病学特征、心肺复苏结果及其影响因素。方法 在Utstein指南基础上设计“海南省心肺复苏Utstein注册登记表”,在2007年1月1日至2010年12月31日期间对海南省13家医院急诊科心搏骤停心肺复苏患者实施注册登记。通过方差分析等统计学方法,对心肺复苏患者实施前瞻性描述性研究。结果 1125例心搏骤停患者男性占73.8％,女性26.2％,年龄为(53.9±13.1)岁,既往病史以冠心病最为多见,其次为高血压病;自主循环恢复率为23.8％,成活出院为7.4％。自主循环恢复和成活出院的患者中发病l min内获得心肺复苏患者所占比例分别为41.8％和49.4％。院内心搏骤停(IHCA)患者和院外心搏骤停(OHCA)患者ROSC率分别为36.3％,11.6％,成活出院率分别为11.5％,3.3％。心室纤颤/无脉性室性心动过速患者188例(16.7％),其自主循环恢复率及成活出院率分别为58.0％,21.8％。心源性心搏骤停448例(39.8％);其中院内与院外心搏骤停患者自主循环恢复率分别为36.3％,11.6％,成活出院率分别为11.5％,3.3％。非心源性心搏骤停677例(60.2％)。三级医院和二级医院自主循环恢复率分别为69.8％和30.2％,成活出院率分别为7.4％和7.3％。结论 心搏骤停更常见于男性。慢性疾病在本组患者中普遍存在,其中以冠心病和高血压病最为多见。院内心搏骤停患者自主循环恢复和成活出院率均明显高于院外心搏骤停患者。心室纤颤/无脉室性心动过速患者心肺复苏自主循环恢复及成活出院率高于其他类型初始心律的患者。缩短心肺复苏启动时间有助于提高自主循环恢复率及成活出院率。     

基于乌斯坦因模式的心肺复苏研究报告

目的 心肺复苏Utstein评价模式已被许多国家广泛用于心肺复苏评价研究.本文以心肺复苏结果Utstein评价模式设计心肺复苏注册登记表,以评价中国海南海南省人民医院心搏骤停患者流行病学特征、心肺复苏效果与影响因素.方法 应用心肺复苏Utstein模式注册登记表,对海南省人民医院急诊科511例心肺复苏患者进行前瞻性观察研究,评价本组患者心搏骤停流行病学特征及心肺复苏结果.结果 注册登记的511例心肺复苏患者纳入研究.本研究患者以40 ～ 70岁等年龄段心搏骤停发生率较高.既往史中,心血管系统疾病(190例,37.2％)、脑血管疾病(48例,9.4％)及呼吸系统疾病(39例,7.6％)等慢性疾病较为常见.173例(33.9％)为心源性心搏骤停,其中109例(21.3％)为急性心肌梗死.80例(15.7％)患者首次监测心律为心室纤颤.院内心搏骤停患者自主循环恢复率及成活出院率分别为47.0％和13.5％,院外心搏骤停患者为16.7％和4.7％.结论 本研究表明心血管系统疾病、脑血管疾病及呼吸系统疾病为最常见慢性疾病.急性心肌梗死、中风及创伤为最常见心搏骤停病因.院内心搏骤停组自主循环恢复率及成活出院率均高于院外心搏骤停组,两组差异具有统计学意义.     

Bacteremia following cardiac arrest and cardiopulmonary resuscitation

After but of hospital CPR thirty three resuscitated patients were studied for bacteremic complications. Thirteen patients (39%) had two or more positive blood cultures during the twelve hours following CPR. Source of superinfection was a central venous catheter in one case (staphylococcus). The twelve other bacteremic patients had fetid diarrhea a few hours after admission. The same organism were found in blood and faeces (streptococcus D, Escherichia coli, Pseudomonas aeruginosa, acinetobacter, enterobacter). Mesenteric ischemia caused by a low cardiac output may explain the diarrhea and the intestinal origin of the septicemia. All patients (12 cases) with diarrhoea and bacteremia died. Patients who recovered without neurologic sequelae (4 cases) had never been septic and never had diarrhea.     

A prospective study of outcome of in-patient paediatric cardiopulmonary arrest

BACKGROUND: Few prospective studies of the incidence and outcome of paediatric in-hospital cardiopulmonary arrest have been reported to enable quality assurance comparisons within and between institutions. METHODS: All cardiac and respiratory arrests and their management over a 41-month period in children not subject to palliative treatment or to a 'do not resuscitate' order were recorded and analysed using the Utstein template. RESULTS: Cardiac arrest occurred in a total of 111 of 104,780 admissions (1.06/1000) while respiratory arrest alone occurred in 36 (0.34/1000). Return of spontaneous circulation (ROSC) was achieved in 81 patients (73%) in cardiac arrest but only 40 (36%) were discharged from hospital and 38 (34%) survived for 1 year. The 1-year survival from respiratory arrest alone was 97%. Cardiac arrest was four times more common (89 versus 22) and approximately 90 times the incidence in the intensive care unit compared with wards but 1-year survival was similar (34% versus 36%). The initial heart rhythms were hypotensive-bradycardia in 73 (66%) with 38% survival; asystole in 17 (15%) with 12% survival; ventricular fibrillation (VF) or pulseless ventricular tachycardia (VT) in 10 (9%) with 40% survival; pulseless electrical activity (PEA) in 10 (9%) with 30% survival and SVT in 1 with survival. Secondary ventricular fibrillation occurred in 15 children given adrenaline (epinephrine) for treatment of asystole, hypotensive-bradycardia or PEA of whom 11 had received adrenaline in an initial dose of > 15 mcg/kg and 4 had < 15 mcg/kg (P = 0.0013). Eleven of 15 patients (73%) in secondary VF never achieved ROSC. CONCLUSIONS: In-patient paediatric cardiac arrest has a mediocre outcome with a better outlook if the initial rhythm is hypotensive-bradycardia, VF or pulsatile VT. Doses of adrenaline greater than 15 mcg/kg given for non-shockable rhythms may cause secondary VF which has a worse outcome than primary VF.     

Evaluation of pre-arrest morbidity score and prognosis after resuscitation score and other clinical variables associated with in-hospital cardiac arrest in southern Sweden

Objective

To evaluate pre-arrest morbidity score (PAM), prognosis after resuscitation score (PAR) and to identify additional clinical variables associated with survival after in-hospital cardiac arrest (IHCA) treated with cardiopulmonary resuscitation (CPR).

Methods

A retrospective observational study involving all cases of IHCA at Skåne University Hospital Malmö 2007–2010.

Results

Two-hundred-eighty-seven cases of IHCA were identified (61.3% male; mean age 70 years) of whom 20.2% survived until discharge. The odds ratio (95% confidence interval) for death prior to discharge was 6.49 (1.50–28.19) (p = 0.013) for PAM > 6 and 3.88 (1.95–7.73) (p < 0.001) for PAR > 4. At PAM- and PAR-scores >5, specificity exceeded 90%, while sensitivity was only 20–30%. The odds ratio for in-hospital mortality was 0.38 (0.20–0.72) (p = 0.003) for patients with cardiac monitoring, 9.86 (5.08–19.12) (p < 0.001) for non-shockable vs shockable rhythm, 0.32 (0.15–0.69) (p = 0.004) for presence of ST-elevation myocardial infarction (STEMI), 0.27 (0.09–0.78) (p = 0.016) for patients with independent Activities of Daily Life (ADL) and 13.86 (1.86–103.46) (p = 0.010) for patients with malignancies. Heart rate (HR) on admission (per bpm) [1.024 (1.009–1.040) (p = 0.002)] and sodium plasma concentration on admission (per mmol l⁻¹) [0.92 (0.85–0.99) (p = 0.023)] were significantly associated with in-hospital mortality.

Conclusion

PAM- and PAR-scores do not sufficiently discriminate between in-hospital death and survival after IHCA to be used as clinical tools guiding CPR decisions. We confirm that malignancy is associated with increased in-hospital mortality, and cardiac monitoring, shockable rhythm, STEMI and independent ADL, with decreased in-hospital mortality. Interestingly, our results suggest that HR and plasma sodium concentration upon admission may represent new tools for risk stratification.     

Cardiopulmonary resuscitation quality and patient survival outcome in cardiac arrest: A systematic review and meta-analysis

AimTo conduct a systematic review and meta-analysis to determine whether cardiopulmonary resuscitation (CPR) quality, as indicated by parameters such as chest compression depth, compression rate and compression fraction, is associated with patient survival from cardiac arrest.MethodsFive databases were searched (MEDLINE, Embase, CINAHL, Scopus and Cochrane) as well as the grey literature (MedNar). To satisfy inclusion criteria, studies had to document human cases of in- or out-of hospital cardiac arrest where CPR quality had been recorded using an automated device and linked to patient survival. Where indicated (I² < 75%), meta-analysis was undertaken to examine the relationship between individual CPR quality parameters and either survival to hospital discharge (STHD) or return of spontaneous circulation (ROSC).ResultsDatabase searching yielded 8,842 unique citations, resulting in the inclusion of 22 relevant articles. Thirteen were included in the meta-analysis. Chest compression depth was significantly associated with STHD (mean difference (MD) between survivors and non-survivors 2.59 mm, 95% CI: 0.71, 4.47); and with ROSC (MD 0.99 mm, 95% CI: 0.04, 1.93). Within the range of approximately 100–120 compressions per minute (cpm), compression rate was significantly associated with STHD; survivors demonstrated a lower mean compression rate than non-survivors (MD −1.17 cpm, 95% CI: −2.21, −0.14). Compression fraction could not be examined by meta-analysis due to high heterogeneity, however a higher fraction appeared to be associated with survival in cases with a shockable initial rhythm.ConclusionsChest compression depth and rate were associated with survival outcomes. More studies with consistent reporting of data are required for other quality parameters.     

Quality of cardiopulmonary resuscitation in out-of-hospital cardiac arrest is hampered by interruptions in chest compressions--a nationwide prospective feasibility study

Aim of the study

Quality of cardiopulmonary resuscitation (CPR) is a critical determinant of outcome following out-of-hospital cardiac arrest. The aim of our study was to evaluate the quality of CPR provided by emergency medical service providers (Basic Life Support (BLS) capability) and emergency medical service providers assisted by paramedics, nurse anesthetists or physician-manned ambulances (Advanced Life Support (ALS) capability) in a nationwide, unselected cohort of out-of-hospital cardiac arrest cases.

Methods

We conducted a prospective, observational study of out-of-hospital cardiac arrest with non-traumatic etiology (>18 years of age) occurring from the 1st to the 31st of January 2009 and treated by the primary Danish emergency medical service operator, covering approximately 85% of the population. One hundred and ninety-one cases were eligible for analysis. Follow-up was up to one year or death. Quality of CPR was evaluated using measurements of transthoracic impedance.

Results

The majority of patients were treated by ambulances with ALS capability (54%). Interruptions in CPR related to loading of the patient into the emergency medical service vehicle were substantial, but independent of whether patients were managed by ALS or BLS capable units (222 s versus 224 s, P = 0.76) as were duration of interruptions during rhythm analysis alone (20 s versus 22 s, P = 0.33) and defibrillation (24 s versus 26 s, P = 0.07).

Conclusions

Nationwide, routine monitoring of transthoracic impedance is feasible. CPR is hampered by extended interruptions, particularly during loading of the patient into the emergency medical service vehicle, rhythm analysis and defibrillation.     

溺水儿童非传统顺序心肺复苏成功的原因探讨

目的　探讨溺水儿童院前非传统顺序心肺复苏 (CPR)的可行性。方法　 4 3例因溺水而心搏骤停即行院前CPR的患儿 ,CPR顺序按ABC (开放气道人工呼吸胸外按压 )和CAB (胸外按压开放气道人工呼吸 )分为传统顺序组 (2 1例 )和非传统顺序组 (2 2例 ) ,分析比较两组复苏效果。结果　两组基本情况及初步复苏成功率、复苏无效率、神经系统病残率无明显差异 ,入院初HR、RR、MBP和血气分析基本相似 ;非传统顺序组复苏成功存活及入院初PaCO2 均明显高于传统顺序组 (P <0 0 0 1) ,复苏成功未存活明显少于传统顺序组 (P <0 0 5 )。结论　限于条件 ,儿童溺水院前急救CPR初期 ,先行胸外按压、开放气道 ,人工通气相对延后 ,其方法简单有效 ,值得探索。     

Utstein-style audit of Protocol C: a non-standard resuscitation protocol for healthcare professionals

Introduction

International guidelines for basic life support and defibrillation are identical for lay people and healthcare professionals. In 2002, a small meeting hosted by the Resuscitation Council (UK) debated recent advances in resuscitation science, along with the possibility of more demanding procedures for treating out of hospital cardiac arrest (OHCA) that could take advantage of the expertise available with professional use. The resulting algorithm known as Protocol C could not be tested in a randomized trial for reasons relating to consent, but was introduced by one ambulance service as an observational study. Results from a 2-year period from one city within the service area are presented, using the Utstein style of reporting to show the recommended ‘comparator’ group whilst also providing epidemiological data on the frequency of cardiac arrest within the community and the outcome of all resuscitation attempts.

Methods

Manual methods were used to collect data from 2009 and 2010 for cases of cardiac arrest treated by crews from the two ambulance stations within the city of Brighton and Hove. All transported patients were tracked individually through the hospital because no official method of data linkage is available. Outcome data were obtained for survival to hospital discharge, or to 30 days for the few who remained in hospital care for that duration.

Results

In the epidemiological analysis, 454 patients with OHCA were treated over 2 years, of whom 151 (33%) had sustained return of spontaneous circulation (ROSC) at hospital handover and 59 (13%) survived to discharge or for 30 days. Within the ‘comparator’ group of 79 patients, 47 (59%) achieved sustained ROSC to hospital handover and 24 (30%) survived.

Conclusion

The use of Protocol C has been associated with rates of sustained ROSC to hospital and of survival to discharge that have reached the range of international best practice. The improvement noted in this observational study cannot be ascribed to the new protocol alone; any wider use should await randomized trials to test the impact of this single variable. Meanwhile, wider adoption of the Utstein system to compare results for treatment of OHCA will provide a potent stimulus for emergency services to seek ways of improving outcome.     

急诊科心搏骤停患者心肺复苏预后的影响因素

目的 探讨急诊科心搏骤停(CA)患者心肺复苏(CPR)预后的相关影响因素.方法 按Utstein模式要求登记温州医学院附属第一医院急诊科2005年1月至2011年12月期间的CPR病例,比较不同因素分组的CPR效果,对可能影响CPR预后的相关因素进行单因素和多因素Logistic回归分析.结果 725例CPR病例中,自主循环恢复(ROSC)、24 h存活、出院存活、神经功能良好出院存活分别为187例(25.8％)、100例(13.8％)、48例(6.6％)、23例(3.2％).创伤性、首次监测心律、CPR持续时间、肾上腺素使用剂量是影响ROSC的独立预测因素;创伤性、心源性、首次监测心律、CPR持续时间是影响24 h存活的独立预测因素;CA前状态、心源性、首次监测心律、CPR持续时间是影响出院存活和神经功能良好出院存活的独立预测因素.结论可除颤心律、CPR持续时间≤15 min、肾上腺素使用剂量≤5 mg是影响ROSC的有利因素,创伤性是不利因素.心源性、可除颤心律、CPR持续时间≤15 min是24 h存活的有利因素,创伤性是不利因素.心源性、可除颤心律、CPR持续时间≤15 min是出院存活和神经功能良好出院存活的有利因素,CA前为疾病终末期、多脏器功能衰竭(MOF)是不利因素.     

Examining the contextual effects of neighborhood on out-of-hospital cardiac arrest and the provision of bystander cardiopulmonary resuscitation

Objective

To understand the association between neighborhood and individual characteristics in determining whether or not bystanders perform cardiopulmonary resuscitation (CPR) in cases of out-of-hospital cardiac arrest (OHCA).

Methods

Between October 1, 2005 to November 30, 2008, 1108 OHCA cases from Fulton County (Atlanta), GA, were eligible for bystander CPR. We conducted multi-level non-linear regression analysis and derived Empirical Bayes estimates for bystander CPR by census tract.

Results

279 (25%) cardiac arrest victims received bystander CPR. Provision of bystander CPR was significantly more common in witnessed events (odds ratio [OR] 1.64; 95% confidence interval [CI] 1.21-2.22, p < 0.001) and those that occurred in public locations (OR 1.67; 95% CI 1.16-2.40, p < 0.001). Other individual-level characteristics were not significantly associated with bystander CPR. Cardiac arrests in the census tracts that rank in the highest income quintile, as compared to the lowest income quintile were much more likely (OR 4.98; 95% CI 1.65-15.04) to receive bystander CPR.

Conclusion

Cardiac arrest victims in the highest income census tracts were much more likely to receive bystander CPR than in the lowest income census tracts, even after controlling for individual and arrest characteristics. Low-income neighborhoods may be particularly appropriate targets for community-based CPR training and awareness efforts.     

The impact of a step stool on cardiopulmonary resuscitation: a cross-over mannequin study

Objective

Shallow chest compressions and incomplete recoil are common during cardiopulmonary resuscitation (CPR) and negatively affect outcomes. A step stool has the potential to alter these parameters when performing CPR in a bed but the impact has not been quantified.

Methods

We conducted a cross-over design, simulated study of in-hospital cardiac arrest. Rescuers performed a total of four 2-min segments of uninterrupted chest compressions, half of which were on a step stool. Compression characteristics were measured using a CPR-sensing defibrillator and subjective impressions were obtained from rescuer surveys. Paired analyses were performed to measure the impact of the step stool, taking into account rescuer characteristics, including height.

Results

Fifty subjects, of whom 36% were men, with a median height of 169.8 cm (range 148.6–190.5) volunteered to participate. Use of a step stool resulted in an average increase in compression depth of 4 mm (p < 0.001) and 18% increase in incomplete recoil (p < 0.001). However, unlike with incomplete recoil, the effect was more pronounced in rescuers in the lowest height tertile (9 ± 9 mm vs 2 ± 6 mm for those rescuers taller than 167 cm, p = 0.006).

Conclusions

Using a step stool when performing CPR in a bed results in a trade-off between increased compression depth and increased incomplete recoil. Given the nonlinear relationship between the increase in compression depth and rescuer height, the benefit of a step stool may outweigh the risks of incomplete release for rescuers ≤167 cm in height. The benefit is less clear in taller rescuers.     

Representing resuscitation data—Considerations on efficient analysis of quality of cardiopulmonary resuscitation

Objective

To discuss challenges in representing resuscitation data from Utstein style reports and devices like defibrillators with focus on unified and efficient handling of variety of resuscitation research objectives.

Methods and results

Information on therapy such as shock delivery, chest compressions and ventilation can be extracted from defibrillators. A method for merging this information with cardiac rhythm annotated from ECGs, yields a representation of the resuscitation episode with cardiac rhythm also giving information on response to therapy. These data should be synchronised to an electronic Utstein report. With modern technology for communicating information it is possible to structure, store and transport data flexibly so that data captured with devices from different manufacturers can be combined.

Conclusions

A scheme for representing resuscitation data should combine essential information stored in different locations after a resuscitation attempt. The resulting representation should enable data analysis to enable studies of the relationship between therapy and patient response. As the complexity and amount of data generated during resuscitation efforts are ever increasing, the time is mature for using modern information technology tools to provide infrastructure for efficient data management and analysis to identify and meet future challenges in resuscitation data analysis.     

241例心跳骤停与心肺脑复苏的回顾性分析

目的 探讨心跳骤停患者的临床特点及救治经验，以提高心肺脑复苏成功率。方法 回顾性分析我科1990年10月至2002年10月十二年间院内及院外急救的241例心跳骤停患者的临床资料，初步分析治疗与预后的关系。结果 241例心跳骤停患者中，初步复苏成功10例，最终复苏成功(心肺脑均复苏)仅4例，复苏率分别为4．62％、1．82％。1990至1998年间复苏成功率较低，初步复苏成功率1．38％，最终复苏成功率0。1999至2002年间复苏成功率明显提高，初步复苏成功率8．24％，最终复苏成功率4．12％。自1998年我科开展院外急救以来，尚无一例院外心跳骤停者复苏成功。结论 心跳骤停患者抢救成功与否与抢救人员专业水平、抢救开始时间、抢救措施正确与否、对室颤患者能否早期除颤及患者原发病是否可逆等因素密切相关。     

Extracorporeal cardiopulmonary resuscitation for out-of-hospital cardiac arrest: A review of the Japanese literature

Aim

Although favourable outcomes in patients receiving extracorporeal cardiopulmonary resuscitation (ECPR) for out-of-hospital cardiac arrest have been frequently reported in Japanese journals since the late 1980s, there has been no meta-analysis of ECPR in Japan. This study reviewed and analysed all previous studies in Japan to clarify the survival rate of patients receiving ECPR.

Material and methods

Case reports, case series and abstracts of scientific meetings of ECPR for out-of-hospital cardiac arrest written in Japanese between 1983 and 2008 were collected. The characteristics and outcomes of patients were investigated, and the influence of publication bias of the case-series studies was examined by the funnel-plot method.

Results

There were 1282 out-of-hospital cardiac arrest patients, who received ECPR in 105 reports during the period. The survival rate at discharge given for 516 cases was 26.7 ± 1.4%. The funnel plot presented the relationship between the number of cases of each report and the survival rate at discharge as the reverse-funnel type that centred on the average survival rate. In-depth review of 139 cases found that the rates of good recovery, mild disability, severe disability, vegetative state, death at hospital discharge and non-recorded in all cases were 48.2%, 2.9%, 2.2%, 2.9%, 37.4% and 6.4%, respectively.

Conclusions

Based on the results of previous reports with low publication bias in Japan, ECPR appears to provide a higher survival rate with excellent neurological outcome in patients with out-of-hospital cardiac arrest.     

A rodent model of emergency cardiopulmonary bypass resuscitation with different temperatures after asphyxial cardiac arrest

Background

The use of emergency cardiopulmonary bypass (ECPB) resuscitation after cardiac arrest may offer hope for survival when standard ACLS therapies fail. However, whether cooling adds benefit to ECPB is unknown and we lack an ECPB rodent model for experimental studies. We sought to (a) develop a 72 h survival rodent model using ECPB to treat asphyxial cardiac arrest and (b) use this new model to evaluate early mild and moderate hypothermia versus normothermia during ECPB resuscitation.

Methods

After 8 min of normothermic asphyxia, three groups of rats were resuscitated with ECPB at 37 °C (NORM), 34 °C (MILD) and 30 °C (MOD) for 1 h (n = 10 each). During the second resuscitation hour, ECPB was discontinued, ventilatory support was provided and body temperatures were maintained at 37 °C for NORM, 34 °C for MILD, and from 30 °C gradually up to 34 °C in 1 h for MOD animals. From hours 3 to 8, body temperature was maintained at 37 °C for NORM and 34 °C for MILD and MOD animals.

Results

All rats were initially resuscitated by ECPB. After 72 h, neurological outcome and survival in the MILD (60% survival) and MOD (80%) groups were significantly better than in the NORM (0%) group (p < 0.05). Overall performance recovery in the MOD group was best (vs. the NORM group), while the MILD group had an intermediate outcome.

Conclusions

A rodent model of ECPB is feasible and useful for resuscitation studies. The addition of early mild and moderate hypothermia to ECPB resuscitation significantly improves survival compared with normothermic ECPB in rats.