The Validity of Implicit Association Test (IAT) Measures of Sexual Attraction to Children: A Meta-Analysis

The current study presents a quantitative review of the discriminative and convergent validity of Implicit Association Test (IAT) measures adapted to assess sexual interest in children. IAT measures were able to distinguish sex offenders against children (SOC) from non-SOC (M weighted d from random-effects = 0.63, 95 % CI [0.42–0.83], N = 707, k = 12). The largest group differences were found between SOC and non-offenders, followed by non-sex offenders and rapists. IAT measures using sex versus not sex (and similar attribute categories, such as sex vs. neutral) provided superior discrimination compared to IAT measures using sexy versus not sexy (and similar attribute categories, such as erotic vs. non-erotic). The IAT measures had a moderate relationship to self-report (r = .27, 95 % CI [.13–.40], N = 182), sexual offense history variables (r = .27, 95 % CI [.08–.43], N = 145), and viewing time (r = .30, 95 % CI [.16–.43], N = 180) measures of sexual interest in children. Although these IAT measures can discriminate between groups and show convergence with other measures of sexual interest, a better understanding of the construct validity of these tools is required before their use in the assessment, treatment, and supervision of sex offenders.     

Functional Measures Developed for Clinical Populations Identified Impairment Among Active Workers with Upper Extremity Disorders

Purpose Few studies have explored measures of function across a range of health outcomes in a general working population. Using four upper extremity (UE) case definitions from the scientific literature, we described the performance of functional measures of work, activities of daily living, and overall health. Methods A sample of 573 workers completed several functional measures: modified recall versions of the QuickDASH, Levine Functional Status Scale (FSS), DASH Work module (DASH-W), and standard SF-8 physical component score. We determined case status based on four UE case definitions: (1) UE symptoms, (2) UE musculoskeletal disorders (MSD), (3) carpal tunnel syndrome (CTS), and (4) work limitations due to UE symptoms. We calculated effect sizes for each case definition to show the magnitude of the differences that were detected between cases and non-cases for each case definition on each functional measure. Sensitivity and specificity analyses showed how well each measure identified functional impairments across the UE case definitions. Results All measures discriminated between cases and non-cases for each case definition with the largest effect sizes for CTS and work limitations, particularly for the modified FSS and DASH-W measures. Specificity was high and sensitivity was low for outcomes of UE symptoms and UE MSD in all measures. Sensitivity was high for CTS and work limitations. Conclusions Functional measures developed specifically for use in clinical, treatment-seeking populations may identify mild levels of impairment in relatively healthy, active working populations, but measures performed better among workers with CTS or those reporting limitations at work.     

Sensibility of five at-work productivity measures was endorsed by patients with osteoarthritis or rheumatoid arthritis

ObjectiveTo examine and compare the sensibility attributes (face/content validity and feasibility) of five at-work productivity measures from the perspective of patients with osteoarthritis (OA) or rheumatoid arthritis (RA).Study Design and SettingWorkers with OA or RA (n = 250) completed a survey that includes five at-work productivity (presenteeism) measures and questions asking about their comprehensiveness, understandability, length, and suitability of response options. A final question asked respondents which single measure was considered “best” overall. Measures compared included the Workplace Activity Limitations Scale (WALS), Stanford Presenteeism Scale, Endicott Work Productivity Scale, Work Instability Scale for Rheumatoid Arthritis (RA-WIS), and Work Limitations Questionnaire (WLQ-25). Sensibility performance was assessed quantitatively (% respondent endorsement) and qualitatively via written feedback.ResultsThe WLQ-25 was considered most comprehensive (endorsed by 92.8%), the WALS performed best in terms of understandability (97.6%) and suitability of response options (97.9%), and the RA-WIS was favored in terms of length (91.6%). Consistent sensibility performance between OA and RA was found. The WALS (32.6%) and WLQ-25 (30.0%) were moderately preferred in the final overall appraisal.ConclusionSensibility criteria were generally met by all five at-work productivity measures. Variable endorsement levels across specific sensibility attributes were also revealed across the measures compared.     

Dose-response patterns for vibration-induced white finger

Aims: To investigate alternative relations between cumulative exposures to hand-transmitted vibration (taking account of vibration magnitude, lifetime exposure duration, and frequency of vibration) and the development of white finger (Raynaud's phenomenon).

Methods: Three previous studies have been combined to provide a group of 1557 users of powered vibratory tools in seven occupational subgroups: stone grinders, stone carvers, quarry drillers, dockyard caulkers, dockyard boilermakers, dockyard painters, and forest workers. The estimated total operating duration in hours was thus obtained for each subject, for each tool, and for all tools combined. From the vibration magnitudes and exposure durations, seven alternative measurements of cumulative exposure were calculated for each subject, using expressions of the form: dose = ∑a^m_it_i, where a_i is the acceleration magnitude on tool i, t_i is the lifetime exposure duration for tool i, and m = 0, 1, 2, or 4.

Results: For all seven alternative dose measures, an increase in dose was associated with a significant increase in the occurrence of vibration-induced white finger, after adjustment for age and smoking. However, dose measures with high powers of acceleration (m > 1) faired less well than measures in which the weighted or unweighted acceleration, and lifetime exposure duration, were given equal weight (m = 1). Dose determined solely by the lifetime exposure duration (without consideration of the vibration magnitude) gave better predictions than measures with m greater than unity. All measures of dose calculated from the unweighted acceleration gave better predictions than the equivalent dose measures using acceleration frequency-weighted according to current standards.

Conclusions: Since the total duration of exposure does not discriminate between exposures accumulated over the day and those accumulated over years, a linear relation between vibration magnitude and exposure duration seems appropriate for predicting the occurrence of vibration-induced white finger. Poorer predictions were obtained when the currently recommended frequency weighting was employed than when accelerations at all frequencies were given equal weight. Findings suggest that improvements are possible to both the frequency weighting and the time dependency used to predict the development of vibration-induced white finger in current standards.

     

Precision of total and regional body fat estimates from dualenergy X-ray absorptiometer measurements

Objectives: To evaluate the precision of both total %fat and all the regional %fat measures acquired from both the Lunar Prodigy and Lunar iDXA software. Design: Cross-sectional study. Setting: University-based research laboratory. Participants: The sample consisted of 300 individual test records from men and women who had volunteered to participate in dual-energy x-ray absorptiometer (DXA) technician precision training studies. Subjects ranged in age from 20–84 years and in body mass index from 15.7–52.0 kg.m^?2. Measurements: A total of 27 different technicians performed three total body scan measurements on 10–15 different subjects. The Lunar Prodigy and Lunar iDXA were used for 253 and 47 precision training evaluations, respectively. The regions of interest (ROI) were automatically determined by the enCORE software (autoROI) for total body, android, gynoid, trunk, legs, and arms regions and the region %fat data were used for analyses. Results: The CV for total body %fat was 1.9% and 0.9% for the Prodigy and iDXA, respectively. CV’s for %fat measures at regional sites ranged from 1.2–4.4% for the Prodigy measures and 0.9–2.4% for the iDXA measures. The ICC for both devices ranged from 0.990 to 0.999. Conclusion: Monitoring the status of body composition changes with age is gaining more clinical acceptance. Thus, it is important that practitioners use measures that are both precise and accurate. The findings from the current study add support that DXA measurements can be used with a high level of confidence for serial testing of patients.     

The Effect of Non-Pharmacological and Pharmacological Interventions on Measures Associated with Sarcopenia in End-Stage Kidney Disease: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis

This systematic review and meta-analysis provides a synthesis of the available evidence for the effects of interventions on outcome measures associated with sarcopenia in end-stage kidney disease (ESKD). Thirteen databases were searched, supplemented with internet and hand searching. Randomised controlled trials of non-pharmacological or pharmacological interventions in adults with ESKD were eligible. Trials were restricted to those which had reported measures of sarcopenia. Primary outcome measures were hand grip strength and sit-to-stand tests. Sixty-four trials were eligible (with nineteen being included in meta-analyses). Synthesised data indicated that intradialytic exercise increased hand grip strength (standardised mean difference, 0.58; 0.24 to 0.91; p = 0.0007; I² = 40%), and sit-to-stand (STS) 60 score (mean difference, 3.74 repetitions; 2.35 to 5.14; p < 0.001; I² = 0%). Intradialytic exercise alone, and protein supplementation alone, resulted in no statistically significant change in STS5 (−0.78 s; −1.86 to 0.30; p = 0.16; I² = 0%), and STS30 (MD, 0.97 repetitions; −0.16 to 2.10; p = 0.09; I² = 0%) performance, respectively. For secondary outcomes, L-carnitine and nandrolone-decanoate resulted in significant increases in muscle quantity in the dialysis population. Intradialytic exercise modifies measures of sarcopenia in the haemodialysis population; however, the majority of trials were low in quality. There is limited evidence for efficacious interventions in the peritoneal dialysis and transplant recipient populations.     

Do Early Career Indicators of Clinical Skill Predict Subsequent Career Outcomes and Practice Characteristics for General Internists?

Objective

To study relationships between clinical skill measures assessed at the beginning of general internists'' careers and their career outcomes and practice characteristics.

Data Sources

General Internist Community Tracking Study Physician Survey respondents (2000–2001, 2004–2005) linked with residency program evaluations and American Board of Internal Medicine board certification examination score records; n = 2,331.

Study Design

Cross-sectional regressions of career outcome and practice characteristic measures on board examination scores/success, residency evaluations interacted with residency type, and potential confounding variables.

Principal Findings

Failure to achieve board certification was associated with $27,206 (18 percent, p < .05) less income and 14.9 percent more minority patients relative to physicians scoring in the bottom quartile on their initial examination who eventually became certified (p < .01). Other skill measures were not associated with income. Scoring in the top rather than bottom quartile on the board certification examination was associated with 9 percent increased likelihood of reporting high career satisfaction (p < .05). Among physicians trained in community hospital residency programs, lower evaluations were associated with 14.5 percent higher share of minority patients (p < .05). Both skill measures were associated with practice type.

Conclusions

There are associations between early career skill measures and career outcomes. In addition, minority patients are more likely to be treated by physicians with lower early career clinical skills measures than nonminority patients.     

Candidate measures of whole plant food intake are related to biomarkers of nutrition and health in the US population (National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey 1999-2002)

Indices of overall dietary patterns are used in epidemiologic research to examine the relationship between nutrition and health. The objective of this study was to develop and validate an interpretable summary measure of dietary intake of whole plant foods (WPF; whole grains, vegetables, whole fruit, legumes, nuts, seeds) because of their similar nutritional characteristics and health effects. Six candidate WPF measures were calculated using data from subjects (age ≥6 years) participating in the 1999-2000 and 2001-2002 National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey. Measures differed by the inclusion or exclusion of potatoes and whether they were expressed as total intake or as a proportion of energy (4180 kJ) or mass (kg) consumed. Both standard and nontruncated (allowed to vary proportionally with intake) Healthy Eating Index-2005 (HEI-2005) scores were calculated. Regression analysis examined the associations between WPF and HEI-2005 measures, and between all diet measures and serum carotenoid concentration, serum lipids, fasting glucose, insulin, C-peptide, and C-reactive protein. Mean total WPF intake was 3.6 cup/oz equivalents, or 1.7 cup/oz equivalents per 4180 kJ and per kg. The largest R² between WPF and HEI-2005 measures was found for energy-adjusted WPF including potatoes and nontruncated HEI-2005 (R² = 0.50). All diet measures were positively related to serum carotenoids (P <.001) and were similarly related to health indicators (R² range from 0.003 to 0.16, P <.045 for regressions, indicating significant associations between WPF measures and health indicators). Whole plant food measures are interpretable indicators of dietary intake that are significantly related to nutrition and health biomarkers and may be of public health use.     

Leptospira interrogans serovars hardjo and pomona: causes of infections in dairy cows and humans in Florida

Leptospirosis was diagnosed in 11 milkers on 3 dairy farms in a Florida county. Serologic test results identified Leptospira interrogans serovar hardjo as the infecting organism in milkers and cows on one farm, and hardjo was isolated from two cows. On the second farm, serovars hardjo and pomona were implicated serologically in the cows and milkers, and pomona was isolated from two milkers. On the third farm, hardjo infection was identified by serologic tests in one milker, and hardjo was isolated from another.This was the first isolation of hardjo from a human being reported in the United States. Leptospiral infection is an occupational hazard for dairy milkers in some areas of the United States. Thus, the authors recommend that preventive measures should be taken. These measures should include boots and other protective clothing and protection from urine spray for the eyes and nose.     

Novel Adherence Measures for Infusible Therapeutic Agents Indicated for Rheumatoid Arthritis

Background

Published studies on adherence to biologic medications show that many types of calculation methods are used. However, infused biologics are not well-suited to typical measures of adherence, such as proportion of days covered.

Objective

To construct and assess 7 novel adherence measures potentially applicable to infusible biologic agents and compare outcomes for 2 infusible biologics used for the treatment of patients with rheumatoid arthritis (RA).

Methods

Adults (aged ≥18 years) diagnosed with RA (ie, 2 or more 714.x claims) who received ≥24 months of continuous medical and pharmacy eligibility and who started taking abatacept or infliximab therapy were selected from a large commercial insurer database of medical and pharmacy claims. The 7 new adherence measures included cumulative amount of time with a refill gap ≥20% (CG20) beyond the expected infusion interval, cumulative time off treatment, days of uninterrupted use (DoUU), observed versus expected refill ratio (OvERR), repeated observations of underuse (RoUU), variance in time between infusions, and time to discontinuation (TTD). Mean observed infusion intervals were calculated and served as a reference measure of adherence.

Results

The mean maintenance intervals approximated recommended guidelines. The mean observed infusion interval for abatacept recipients was 33 days (recommended, 28 days); it was 53 days (recommended, 56 days) for patients receiving infliximab. Three measures demonstrated a significant positive relationship to the mean observed infusion interval—CG20 (r = .258), DoUU (r = .212), and TTD (r = .081; P <.05). OvERR (r = −.072) and RoUU (r = −.189; P <.05) showed significant negative correlations. Real-world comparisons showed that adherence was significantly (P <.001) greater for the infliximab group according to most measures.

Conclusion

New measures of adherence correlate significantly with mean maintenance intervals. Future studies should examine relationships between these adherence measures and clinically relevant end points and/or cost outcomes to determine their predictive utility. Alternative methods of reporting adherence may have greater clinical significance than traditional measures.     

Self-report versus performance measure in gauging level of function with multiple sclerosis

BackgroundMultiple sclerosis (MS) is a debilitating, progressive disease with no known cure. Symptoms vary widely for persons with MS and measuring levels of fine motor, gross motor and cognitive function is a large part of assessing disease progression in both clinical and research settings. While self-report measures of function have advantages in cost and ease of administration, questions remain about the accuracy of such measures and the relationship of self-reports of functioning to performance measures of function.ObjectiveThe purpose of this study was to compare scores on a self-report measure of functional limitations with MS with a performance-based measure at five different time points.MethodsSixty participants in an ongoing longitudinal study completed two measures of function annually over a five-year period – the self-report Incapacity Status Scale and the MS Functional Composite (MSFC), a performance test. Pearson correlations were used to explore the association of self-report and performance scores.ResultsThere were moderate to strong correlations among the ISS total (r = −.53 to −.63, p < .01) and subscale scores of gross (r = .79 to .87; p < .01)) and fine (r = .47 to .69; p < .01) motor function and the corresponding MSFC performance measure. The pattern of change over time in most scores on self-report and performance measures was similar.ConclusionFindings suggest that the self-report measure examined here, which has advantages in terms of feasibility of administration and patient burden, does relate to performance measurement, particularly in the area of gross motor function, but it may not adequately reflect cognitive function.     

Misspecification issues in risk adjustment and construction of outcome-based quality indicators

Hospital “report cards” reporting risk-adjusted health outcomes are increasingly used to benchmark quality of care. However, risk adjustment methods that do not fully account for the interrelationship between quality, risks and outcomes may lead to biased quality measures. This study aims to determine whether the current approach based on logistic regression and observed-to-expected outcome comparisons (O?E difference or O/E ratio) provides unbiased measures of quality. We first provided a conceptual framework to demonstrate that O?E difference or O/E ratio is inconsistently specified when estimates are based on logistic risk adjustment models. To examine the misspecification issue empirically, risk adjustment was performed based on coronary artery bypass graft (CABG) surgery data from New York’s Cardiac Surgery Reporting System, and quality indicators (QI) of different specifications were calculated for hospital profiling. Computer simulations further explored the issue of misspecified QIs. Results showed that risk-adjusted mortality rates (RAMR) calculated from different QIs identified the same hospital outliers based on 95% confidence intervals, but generated different rank orders for hospitals in both high-quality and low-quality tails of the quality distributions. Simulation results further showed that, compared to O?E and O/E, logistically transformed QIs were superior regarding their abilities to identify hospitals of true extreme rankings, especially when the outcome was less prevalent or the number of patients per hospital was small. Based on our findings, we recommend that analysts consider the use of logistically transformed QI prior to publicly releasing quality rankings using measures based on O?E or O/E.     

Practice‐site‐level measures of primary care comprehensiveness and their associations with patient outcomes

ObjectivesTo develop two practice‐site‐level measures of comprehensiveness and examine their associations with patient outcomes, and how their performance differs from physician‐level measures.Data SourcesMedicare fee‐for‐service claims.Study DesignWe calculated practice‐site‐level comprehensiveness measures (new problem management and involvement in patient conditions) across 5286 primary care physicians (PCPs) at 1339 practices in the Comprehensive Primary Care initiative evaluation in 2013. We assessed their associations with practices’ attributed beneficiaries’ 2014 total Medicare expenditures, hospitalization rates, ED visit rates. We also examined variation in PCPs’ comprehensiveness across PCPs within practices versus between primary care practices. Finally, we compared associations of practice‐site and PCP‐level measures with outcomes.Principal FindingsThe measures had good variation across primary care practices, strong validity, and high reliability. Receiving primary care from a practice at the 75th versus 25th percentile on the involvement in patient conditions measure was associated with $21.93 (2.8%) lower total Medicare expenditures per beneficiary per month (P < .01). Receiving primary care from a practice at the 75th versus 25th percentile on the new problem management measure was associated with $14.77 (1.9%) lower total Medicare expenditures per beneficiary per month (P < .05); 8.84 (3.0%) fewer hospitalizations (P < .001), and 21.27 (3.1%) fewer ED visits per thousand beneficiaries per year (P < .01). PCP comprehensiveness varied more within than between practices.ConclusionsMore comprehensive primary care practices had lower Medicare FFS expenditures, hospitalization, and ED visit rates. Both PCP and practice‐site level comprehensiveness measures had strong construct and predictive validity; PCP‐level measures were more precise.     

不同手卫生方式及干手措施对手卫生效果的影响

 

目的 调查不同手卫生方式和干手措施对手卫生效果的影响,提高手卫生质量。方法 选择河南省8所哨点医院不同科室的医务人员为调查对象。观察医护人员手卫生方式及干手措施,比较不同手卫生方式及干手措施的手卫生微生物检测合格率。结果 共调查医护人员699人次,执行手卫生者572人次,手卫生依从率为81.83%。洗手是最常用的手卫生措施,占39.34%。监测结果显示,采用速干手消毒剂进行卫生手消毒的合格率最高,为97.92%,不同手卫生方式的手卫生合格率比较,差异有统计学意义（χ²=20.203,P<0.001）。干手措施以自然风干为主（79.37%）,一次性纸巾、自动风干机和其他方式所占比率分别为14.69%、1.75%和4.20%。不同干手措施后的手卫生合格率比较,差异有统计学意义（P=0.013）。洗手组和先洗手后卫生手消毒组别中,均为使用一次性纸巾干手后的合格率最高,分别为80.70%、96.30%。结论 涂抹速干手消毒剂进行卫生手消毒效果可靠,最佳干手措施应首选一次性干手纸巾。

     

Measurement of outcomes,mediators, and moderators in behavioral obesity prevention research

Background. Measurement enables intervention scientists to determine whether their interventions had the intended outcome effects and the expected pathways of effects across mediating variables. Low reliability of measurement (i.e., substantial random error) attenuates the relationships of these measures to other variables, including treatment effects. This attenuation may indicate that interventions were not effective, when in truth they were. There has been little assessment of the quality of measurement in obesity prevention trials.Method. A brief review is provided of measurement issues within classical test theory. Seventeen obesity prevention trials were then identified in the literature. The extent to which the reliability and validity of the measures were reported in the articles was assessed.Results. With few exceptions reliability coefficients of measures were not reported in the obesity prevention literature. When they were reported, there was evidence that low reliability attenuated reported intervention outcome relationships.Conclusions. The quality of measurement is important in intervention science and consequently should be clearly presented in scientific reports of outcomes. Better measures are needed in obesity prevention to provide appropriate tests of state of the art interventions. A brief overview is provided of each of the articles in this special issue on measurement in the Girls health Enrichment Multisite Studies (GEMS).     

Concurrent and Predictive Validity of FRAIL-NH in Hospitalized Older Persons: An Exploratory Study

ObjectivesThe FRAIL-NH was originally developed for frailty assessment of nursing home (NH) residents. We aimed to compare concurrent, predictive, and known-groups validity between FRAIL-NH and FRAIL, using the Frailty Index (FI) as gold standard reference. We also examined for ceiling effect of both measures in the detection of severe frailty.DesignA secondary analysis of a prospective cohort study.Setting & ParticipantsOlder adults (mean age 89.4 years) hospitalized for an acute medical illness in a 1300-bed tertiary hospital.MeasurementsBaseline data on demographics, comorbidities, severity of illness, functional status, and cognitive status were gathered. We also captured outcomes of mortality, length of stay (LOS), institutionalization, and functional decline. For concurrent validity, we compared areas under the operating characteristic curves (AUCs) for both measures against the FI. For predictive validity, univariate analyses and multiple logistic regression were used to compare both measures against the adverse outcomes of interest. For known-groups validity, we compared both measures against comorbidities and functional status via 1-way analysis of variance, and dementia diagnosis via independent t test. Box plots were also derived to investigate for possible ceiling effect.ResultsBoth measures had good concurrent validity (both AUC > 0.8 and P < .001), with FRAIL-NH detecting more frailty cases (79.5% vs 50.0%). Although FRAIL-frail was superior for in-hospital mortality [6.7% vs 1.0%, P = .031, odds ratio (OR) 9.29, 95% confidence interval (CI) 1.09-79.20, P < .042] and LOS (10 vs 8 days, P = .043), FRAIL-NH-frail better predicted mortality (OR 6.62, 95% CI 1.91-22.94, P = .003) and institutionalization (OR 6.03, 95% CI 2.01-18.09, P = .001) up to 12 months postenrollment. Known-groups validity was good for both measures with FRAIL-NH yielding greater F values for functional status and dementia. Lastly, box plots revealed a ceiling effect for FRAIL in the severely frail group.Conclusions and ImplicationsThis exploratory study highlights the potential for expanding the role of FRAIL-NH beyond NH to acute care settings. Contrasted to FRAIL, FRAIL-NH had better overall validity with less ceiling effect in discrimination of severe frailty.     

The use of an epidemiological model for estimating the effectiveness of tuberculosis control measures. Sensitivity of the effectiveness of tuberculosis control measures to the coverage of the population

Given an adequate definition of the disease problem in epidemiological terms, it is possible to measure the epidemiological effectiveness of control measures in terms of problem reduction. This is to be distinguished from the clinical efficacy of the same measures. The practical difficulty in assessing the epidemiological effectiveness of control measures experimentally can be overcome by the construction of simulation models and the use of computers, whereby the problem reduction associated with various control strategies can be estimated numerically.     

Assessing people with dementia participating in cognitive stimulation activities—A qualitative pilot video analysis exploring the importance of facilitating the participation

BackgroundThis pilot video analysis was part of a feasibility control study, which aimed to gain information about the size and variability of the changes in outcome measures to plan a substantive effect study. It compared a cognitive stimulation programme named Lifelong Learning with other existing dementia services.ObjectiveThe pilot video analysis explored how facilitation is performed, when assessing people with dementia with standardized measures, to ensure their participation in research.DesignA test battery of five measures (Mini‐Mental State Examination (MMSE), Quality of Life in Alzheimer''s Disease Scale (QoL‐AD), General Self‐Efficacy Scale, Rosenberg Self‐Esteem Scale and Hawthorn Friendship Scale) was used. Each assessment was video‐recorded. The findings from a microanalysis of 10 videos are presented in this article.SettingThe study involved 55 active participants with mild‐to‐moderate dementia in six municipalities in Northern Denmark.ResultsThe identified themes related to supportive facilitation: Positive facilitator strategies; Creating a safe and comfortable environment; and to dilemmas in facilitation: Balancing multiple dilemmas and Balancing the MMSE test.DiscussionResults are discussed in relation to using standardized measures.ConclusionThe quality of facilitation when using standardized measures is of great importance as it may influence the participant, the assessment and the answers given. The facilitation role needs to be thoroughly planned and executed with ethical consideration to improve the participation of vulnerable groups in research and ensure a person‐centred approach.Patient or public contributionThe identified measures were chosen based upon previous qualitative results and user‐involvement workshops with people with dementia.