成都社区健康儿童携带金黄色葡萄球菌耐药性分析

目的了解成都市部分在校健康儿童鼻前庭金黄色葡萄球菌携带及药物敏感情况。方法收集成都市部分中小学及幼儿园健康儿童鼻前庭拭子,培养并分离金葡菌,同时应用纸片扩散法进行青霉素、红霉素、克林霉素、头孢西丁及万古霉素药敏试验。结果从1416份标本中分离出金葡菌257例,阳性率为18.15%,青霉素耐药率高达89.11%,耐甲氧西林金黄色葡萄球菌(MRSA)占4.28%,未发现耐万古霉素的金葡菌。结论成都在校健康儿童鼻前庭金葡菌携带率较高且对常用抗生素具有较高耐药率。     

儿童与成人感染金黄色葡萄球菌耐药性对比分析

目的了解临床分离的金黄色葡萄球菌儿童株与成人株的耐药性差异。方法对临床分离的102株金黄色葡萄球菌儿童株与39株成人株,用纸片扩散法作12种抗菌药物体外药物敏感性试验,同时用E-test法测定苯唑西林和万古霉素对金黄色葡萄球菌的最低抑菌浓度(MIC)。结果儿童株与成人株对苯唑西林的耐药率分别为8.8%和69.2%,两者差异有统计学意义(2χ=54.15,P<0.01),均未发现对万古霉素耐药菌株;此外,儿童株与成人株对头孢噻肟、头孢曲松、亚胺培南、红霉素、氧氟沙星、四环素、复方新诺明的耐药性差异有统计学意义(P<0.01);儿童株的苯唑西林MIC50和MIC90分别为0.75μg/ml和3.0μg/ml,而成人株的MIC50和MIC90均>256μg/ml,儿童株对苯唑西林敏感程度和敏感率均明显高于成人。结论金黄色葡萄球菌儿童株对绝大部分抗菌药物的敏感率显著高于成人株,临床使用抗菌药物应根据药敏结果进行选择。     

糖尿病患者鼻腔金黄色葡萄球菌携带及耐药性分析

目的了解糖尿病患者鼻腔金黄色葡萄球菌的携带及耐药情况.方法无菌生理盐水棉签前鼻庭取样,直接接种于甘露醇高盐琼脂平板,分离金黄色葡萄球菌,对分离菌株行纸片药敏检查.结果鼻腔金黄色葡萄球菌的总携带率为20.5%,MRSA的携带率为0.5%;分离菌株对万古霉素、阿米卡星、利福平、头孢唑林、环丙沙星和左氧氟沙星敏感率高,对青霉素、红霉素和克林霉素等敏感率较低.结论糖尿病患者鼻腔有较高的金黄色葡萄球菌携带率,但MRSA携带率低,携带的菌株对青霉素和红霉素以外的多数抗菌药物敏感.     

2012 - 2015年某院金黄色葡萄球菌临床分布及耐药性分析

目的 了解某院金黄色葡萄球菌的临床分布及对常用抗菌药物的耐药性,为临床合理使用抗生素和医院感染控制提供依据。方法 回顾性分析该院2012-2015年金黄色葡萄球菌的临床分布及耐药特点。采用VITEK -2 Compact药敏仪对可疑菌落进行鉴定和药敏检测;使用WHONET 5.6软件和SPSS17.0软件统计分析。结果 4年间分离菌株总株数6 777株,检出金黄色葡萄球菌 632株,其中耐甲氧西林177株,甲氧西林敏感455株,金黄色葡萄球菌、耐甲氧西林株、甲氧西林敏感株检出率均低于全国平均水平。SA对青霉素G、红霉素、克林霉素耐药率为94.5%、73.6%、60.0%,对苯唑西林、阿米卡星、利福平、左旋氧氟沙星、复方新诺明总的耐药率均小于30%,对利奈唑胺、万古霉素、替考拉宁不耐药;MRSA对青霉素 G、苯唑西林、阿米卡星、利福平、左旋氧氟沙星、红霉素、克林霉素的耐药率均高于MSSA,差异有统计学意义（P＜0.05）。结论 该院金黄色葡萄球菌总体控制较好,但耐药率较高,耐甲氧西林和甲氧西林敏感金黄色葡萄球菌呈多重耐药性且耐药率高。     

80株食源性金黄色葡萄球菌药敏结果分析

目的研究北京市昌平区2011年-2014年分离获得的80株食源性金黄色葡萄球菌药物敏感性和耐药性,为该地区金黄色葡萄球菌引起的食源性疾病预防及治疗提供参考。方法依据GB 4789.10—2010进行菌株分离和鉴定,用VITEK 2 Compact进行药敏试验,应用检测试剂盒进行β-内酰胺酶检测。结果金黄色葡萄球菌对莫西沙星、喹努普汀、利奈唑胺、万古霉素、替加环素和呋喃妥因的敏感率为100.0%,对青霉素耐药率最高(86.2%),其中多重耐药率为53.7%,检出2株耐苯唑西林(MRSA)金黄色葡萄球菌。68株β-内酰胺酶阳性株除青霉素100.0%耐药外,红霉素耐药率最高,为47.1%,其中多重耐药率为57.4%,12株β-内酰胺酶阴性株,多重耐药率为33.3%,所有菌株对青霉素敏感。结论昌平区食源性金黄色葡萄球菌存在耐药和多重耐药现象,应根据药物敏感性试验结果有针对性选择抗菌药物,减少耐药菌株的产生。     

耐苯唑西林金黄色葡萄球菌的测定及耐药性分析

目的 了解医院产β-内酰胺酶耐苯唑西林金黄色葡萄球菌的阳性率及耐药性.方法 菌株鉴定采用法国生物梅里埃公司的VITEK 60分析仪,药敏试验采用K-B法,纸片扩散确证试验检测MRSA.结果 175株金黄色葡萄球菌中,产β-内酰胺酶的菌株占94.3%,耐苯唑西林的菌株占28.6%,主要分离于脓液/创面占52.0%,其次是痰液/咽拭子占32.0%.结论 β-内酰胺晦阴性的菌株宜首选青霉素;β-内酰胺酶阳性、苯唑西林敏感菌株宜首选一代头孢;β-内酰胺酶阳性、耐苯唑西林菌株宜首选呋哺妥因和利奈唑胺;未发现万古霉素耐药株,应慎用.     

慢性中耳炎的菌群分布及金黄色葡萄球菌耐药性的临床研究

目的研究慢性中耳炎(CSOM)致病菌菌群分布特点以及主要感染菌株金黄色葡萄球菌耐药情况,为CSOM治疗提供指导。方法回顾性分析2016年1月-2018年12月本院237例CSOM细菌培养鉴定阳性结果,统计分析检出病原体及金黄色葡萄球菌的药敏试验。结果237例CSOM患者检出致病菌230株,其中革兰阳性菌182例(79.13%),以金黄色葡萄球菌(53.91%)为主;革兰阴性菌48例(20.87%),以铜绿假单胞菌(8.26%)为主。124株金黄色葡萄球菌对甲氧西林敏感菌株102例,耐甲氧西林金葡萄球菌22株,耐甲氧西林金葡萄球菌检出率为17.7%;金黄色葡萄球菌对青霉素、红霉素、克林霉素耐药较为严重,对替考拉宁、万古霉素、利福平较为敏感,3年左氧氟沙星、环丙沙星、苯唑西林耐药率均增高(P 0.05)。结论对CSOM患者感染菌群分布及耐药的动态变迁研究有利于临床的合理用药,在治疗疗效提高及减少耐药菌株方面均有重要的临床应用价值。     

南宁市生牛奶金黄色葡萄球菌污染状况及其耐药性和肠毒素基因检测

目的了解南宁市生牛奶中金黄色葡萄球菌的污染状况及其耐药性和肠毒素(SE)基因的分布,防止由金黄色葡萄球菌引起的食源性疾病的发生和指导奶场开展危害分析和掌握关键控制点(HACCP)。方法 2006～2007年收集南宁市三大奶场145份生牛奶按全国食源性疾病监测网提供的方法进行检测,采用VITEK32进行药敏试验,用PCR方法检测肠毒素基因并进行分型。结果 145份样本中,检出金黄色葡萄球菌45株,检出率为31.03%。该批菌株对青霉素G、四环素、红霉素、克林霉素的耐药率较高,分别为80.00%、62.22%、48.89%和31.11%;对氨苄西林/舒巴坦、头孢唑啉、苯唑西林、复方新诺明的耐药率相同,均为8.89%;对庆大霉素的耐药率为6.67%;对左旋氧氟沙星、力奈唑烷、莫西沙星、呋喃妥因、万古霉素、利福平为敏感或中度敏感;四重以上耐药菌株有17株,达37.78%;能产生β-内酰胺酶的菌株有36株,阳性率为80%。有3株菌携带肠毒素基因,携带率为6.67%;其中一株菌同时携带2种肠毒素基因,所携带肠毒素基因为SEG和SEI。结论生牛奶中金黄色葡萄球菌污染程度较高,耐药和多重耐药情况比较严重,但肠毒素基因携带率较低,且都是新型肠毒素基因,提示今后应加强对其耐药性和新型肠毒素基因的研究。     

K-B法及VITEK-2 compact法检测青霉素敏感金黄色葡萄球菌的比较研究

目的了解VITEK-2 compact法及K-B法检测青霉素敏感金黄色葡萄球菌的正确性,为常规方法检测金黄色葡萄球菌对青霉素敏感是否可靠提供依据。方法收集VITEK-2 compact检测金黄色葡萄球菌的药敏数据,分析青霉素敏感及耐药金黄色葡萄球菌的耐药性差异;以bla Z基因检测及产色头孢菌素法验证VITEK-2 compact仪器法、K-B法检测青霉素敏感金黄色葡萄球菌的可靠性。结果 VITEK-2 compact共鉴定出126株青霉素耐药金黄色葡萄球菌和59株青霉素敏感金黄色葡萄球菌,其中青霉素敏感菌株的耐药率低于青霉素耐药菌株的药物包括头孢西丁、苯唑西林、红霉素和克林霉素。VITEK-2 compact检测金黄色葡萄球菌对青霉素敏感的符合率为98.3%(57/58),而K-B法的符合率为87.9%(51/58)。结论青霉素敏感金黄色葡萄球菌的耐药率低于青霉素耐药金黄色葡萄球菌;VITEK-2 compact比K-B法预测青霉素敏感金黄色葡萄球菌更为可靠。     

不同来源的金黄色葡萄球菌耐药率比较分析

目的 探讨不同标本来源的金黄色葡萄球菌耐药谱.方法 采用常规方法分离金黄色葡萄球菌,用全自动微生物分析仪进行菌种鉴定和药敏试验,采用苯唑西林纸片扩散法检测耐甲氧西林金黄色葡萄球菌(MRSA),统计分析用χ2检验.结果 分离金黄色葡萄球菌248株,标本随机挑取自血液、导管、脓液、痰液、尿液,分别为25、27、89、93、14株;所有分离株对呋喃妥因和万古霉素敏感,脓液分离的金黄色葡萄球菌对氯霉素、庆大霉素、苯唑西林、青霉素、利福平、四环素、左氧氟沙星的耐药率显著低于痰液分离株的耐药率(P<0.05);MRSA的总分离率为68.0%,脓液分离的MRSA对氯霉素、庆大霉素、青霉素、利福平、四环素、左氧氟沙星的耐药率显著低于痰液分离株的耐药率(P<0.05).结论 脓液分离的金黄色葡萄球菌和MRSA耐药率普遍低于痰液分离株的耐药率.     

Calcium intake in the elderly: validation of a dietary questionnaire

Epidemiological studies of calcium and osteoporosis have been hampered by the lack of a suitable tool for assessing calcium intake. This report describes a new frequency and amount questionnaire for measuring present and past calcium intake in the elderly. The validity of the questionnaire was tested against two commonly used standards of dietary assessment, five-day duplicate diets and seven-day weighed dietary inventories. The resulting correlation coefficients were, respectively, r = 0.76 and r = 0.69, while that for repeatability was r = 0.84. Furthermore, the questionnaire categorized subjects into thirds of the distribution of intake with almost no gross misclassification. It is suggested that the present findings may be extended to the majority of normal, healthy elderly subjects, implying wide application for the questionnaire in the assessment of calcium intake in the elderly.     

Self-reported health problems among Swedish miners one year after unemployment

Unemployment is considered to be a public health concern sincedeterioration in the health of the unemployed is often anticipated.However, for some groups, such as miners, unemployment mightimprove health due to a cessation of potentially harmful occupationalexposures. This study evaluates the health of 79 miners in oneSwedish iron-ore mine, and 226 age-matched controls from thegeneral population, during one year after the closure of themine. The participants received a questionnaire regarding medicalhistory and subjective symptoms at the beginning of the studyperiod, and after one year. Statistically significant negativeeffects on self-reported health attributable to unemploymentwere not found, although neuropsychiatric symptoms were morecommon among the unemployed miners. The miners reported a statisticallysignificant improvement in grip force (p=0.031). They had asignificantly higher prevalence of symptoms associated withmining related exposures when compared with the population controls;pain in the upper extremities [relative risk (RR)=2.27, 95%confidence interval (Cl)=1.44–3.59), back pain (RR=1.84;Cl=1.237–2.75), vasospastic disease of the fingers (RR=2.05;Cl=1.18–3.57) and obstructive respiratory symptoms (attacksof dyspnea and wheezing: RR=3.67; Cl=1.167–11.6).     

Excès de cas humains et animaux de tularémie en France au cours de l’hiver 2007–2008 : émergence ou phénomène isolé ?

Context

Tularemia is a zoonosis affecting humans and hares in France. We describe the results of surveillance in both species, in 2007 and 2008.

Methods

Human tularemia cases are mandatorily notifiable in France since 2003. In hares, surveillance relies on volunteer hunter associations in all districts of the country. Data from mandatory reports and volunteer surveillance in 2007/2008 were analyzed and compared with previous results.

Results

In 2007/2008, 144 cases were reported in humans and 117 cases in hares. This was a 100% increase compared to previous years. Human cases differed from those of previous years only by the frequency of contact with breeding animals. Human cases without any documented risk exposure were also more frequent.

Conclusion

An increase of tularemia cases occurred in 2007/2008 in both species. Complementary studies are needed to identify the species reservoir in France to understand the causes of this peak of cases.     

Occupational health hazards in mining: an overview

This review article outlines the physical, chemical, biological, ergonomic and psychosocial occupational health hazards of mining and associated metallurgical processes. Mining remains an important industrial sector in many parts of the world and although substantial progress has been made in the control of occupational health hazards, there remains room for further risk reduction. This applies particularly to traumatic injury hazards, ergonomic hazards and noise. Vigilance is also required to ensure exposures to coal dust and crystalline silica remain effectively controlled.     

Manufacture and use of nanomaterials: current status in the UK and global trends

This paper provides an overview of the production and use of nanomaterials (NMs), particularly in the UK. Currently, relatively few companies in the UK are identifiable as NM manufacturers, the main emphasis being the bulk markets in metals and metal oxides, and some niche markets such as carbon nanotubes and quantum dots. NM manufacturing in the UK does not reflect the global emphasis on fullerenes, nanotubes and fibres. Some assumptions have been made about the types of NM that are likely to be imported into the UK, which currently include fullerenes, modified fullerenes and other carbon-based NMs including nanotubes. Many university departments, spin-offs and private companies have developed processes for the manufacture of NMs but may only be producing small quantities for research and development (R&D) purposes. However, some have the potential to scale up to produce large quantities. The nanotechnology industry in the UK has strong R&D backup from universities and related institutions. This review has covered R&D trends at such institutions, and appropriate information has been added to a searchable database. While several companies are including NMs in their products, only a few (e.g. manufacturers of paints, coatings, cosmetics, catalysts, polymer composites) are using nanoparticles (NPs) in any significant quantities. However, this situation is likely to change rapidly. There is a need to collect more information about exposure to NPs in both manufacturing and user scenarios. As the market grows, and as manufacturers switch from the micro- to the nanoscale, the potential for exposure will increase. More research is required to quantify any risks to workers and consumers.     

深圳公立医院管理体制改革制度设计

深圳公立医院管理体制改革实行政事分开、管办分开,在理事会架构下按法定机构模式组建市医管中心,落实公立医院运营管理自主权.作者从当前公立医院管理体制的弊端入手,介绍了深圳市进行公立医院管理体制改革的基本思路及改革方案设计的主要举措,深入剖析了的改革方案的特点,并对改革效果进行了预测.     

Effects of nitrogen dioxide on red blood cells of rats: Changes in components of red cell membranes during in vivo exposure to NO2

Red cell membranes, prepared from red blood cells of rats exposed to 4, 10, or 20 ppm nitrogen dioxide (NO₂) for 1 to 10 days, were examined for evidence of changes in membrane components. Appreciable changes were not found in contents of phospholipid and cholesterol during exposure to 10 ppm NO₂. By contrast, protein content altered with the time of exposure. Moreover, changes in protein composition were observed by employing sodium dodecyl sulfate — polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis. Twenty-four-hour exposure to NO₂ at the concentration above 10 ppm resulted in a marked increase in the percentage of lysophosphatidylethanolamine (LysoPE) to the total phospholipids. The prolonged exposure to 10 ppm NO₂ gave rise to a further increase in LysoPE, whereas the percentage of phosphatidylethanolamine (PE) showed a gradual decrease. A 1-day exposure to 4.0 ppm NO₂ also caused an increase in sialic acid content and decreases in those of PE and hexose. In addition to contents of these components the percentage of LysoPE increased 5 days after exposure and the elevated values were maintained up to the end of exposure period. These results demonstrate that red blood cells in circulation exhibit different membrane properties in terms of lipid and carbohydrate composition during 10 days of exposure to 4.0 ppm NO₂.     

Investigating clusters in the workplace and beyond

Clusters of disease are common and occur in the workplace and in the general community. They often arouse considerable concern among the population. Investigations have sometimes lead to exciting new knowledge, but in general the investigation of clusters is difficult and often unrewarding, especially for community clusters. In the workplace, investigations are more likely to find associations and even new causes, but still many clusters remain enigmatic. Despite this, there are many reasons for investigating clusters, including allaying community concern and identifying uncontrolled exposures. A structure for investigating clusters in the workplace is suggested.